HIV Medicine最新文献

{"title":"Response to letter by Kumar et al. on \"Exploring the cascade of mental health care among people with HIV experiencing depressive symptoms in the UK and Ireland: The POPPY study\".","authors":"Hajra Okhai, Caroline A Sabin","doi":"10.1111/hiv.70081","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/hiv.70081","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13176,"journal":{"name":"HIV Medicine","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144642480","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"CROI 2025 BHIVA working group summary.","authors":"Caroline A Sabin, Tristan J Barber, Laura Waters, Nicola Mackie, Clare van Halsema, Anna Maria Geretti, Iain Reeves, Laura Byrne, Yvonne Gilleece","doi":"10.1111/hiv.70077","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/hiv.70077","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13176,"journal":{"name":"HIV Medicine","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144649395","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of three different interventions designed to improve the implementation of an opt-in targeted strategy of HIV testing in emergency departments.","authors":"Juan González Del Castillo, Begoña Espinosa, Nayra Cabrera, María Teresa Sánchez Moreno, Plácido Mayán, Alexis Rebollo, Julio Javier Gamazo, Hugo Martinez Faya, María Esperanza Puga Montalvo, Isidro Baez, Rocío de Paz, Javier Cabañas, Jesús Álvarez Manzanares, Òscar Miró","doi":"10.1111/hiv.70074","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/hiv.70074","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Undiagnosed HIV infection remains the main driver of new HIV cases in Western countries. Emergency Departments (EDs) offer a key opportunity for detection. In 2020, Spanish emergency and infectious diseases societies recommended an opt-in strategy for targeted conditions for HIV testing in EDs. This study evaluates the efficacy of three strategies for targeted HIV testing.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Twelve Spanish EDs, selected based on predefined structural criteria, assessed HIV testing from April to June 2024. Hospitals applied: no strategy (control, three EDs), an educational programme (strategy A, three EDs), strategy A plus preconfigured electronic orders (strategy B, three EDs) or strategy B plus electronic alerts in medical records (strategy C, three EDs). The impact on HIV testing was measured overall and by targeted condition, using absolute differences with 95% confidence intervals (CIs).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Of the 612 909 ED visits, 210 039 occurred in control hospitals (1232 patients [0.59%] had targeted conditions), 172 806 in hospitals applying strategy A (1497 [0.87%]), 132 835 in strategy B hospitals (1761 [1.33%]) and 97 229 in hospitals applying strategy C (1269 [1.31%]). Testing rates were 0.16%, 0.38%, 1.17% and 2.16% in the control, and strategy A, B and C EDs., respectively. Among patients with targeted conditions, testing reached 13.1%, 22.9%, 30.7% and 78.1%. Compared to no strategy, testing increased by 0.22% (95% CI = 0.18-0.25) with strategy A, 0.79% (95% CI = 0.73-0.86) with B, and 0.98% (95% CI = 0.88-1.09) with C. In targeted conditions, testing rose by 9.8%, 7.8% and 47.5% for strategies A, B and C, respectively. All strategies improved testing in sexually transmitted infections (STI), meningitis/neurological syndromes and community-acquired pneumonia (CAP); strategy C also increased testing in herpes zoster (HZ) and post-exposure prophylaxis.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>All the strategies evaluated enhanced targeted HIV testing, especially strategy C (electronic alerts), which was associated with the highest testing rates observed, particularly in STI, CAP and HZ.</p>","PeriodicalId":13176,"journal":{"name":"HIV Medicine","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144636937","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Trends in HIV/AIDS cases in Kyrgyzstan between 2012 and 2022: An ecological study.","authors":"Iana Kirillova, Nimetcan Mehmet Orhun","doi":"10.1111/hiv.70078","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/hiv.70078","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>HIV/AIDS continues to exert a significant toll on health care systems and governments worldwide, including in Kyrgyzstan, impacting the health and well-being of millions. The aim of this study was to examine how the patterns of HIV transmission in Kyrgyzstan evolved between 2012 and 2022.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This ecological study employed retrospective data collection. Quantitative methods were employed to assess and analyse changes in patterns of HIV transmission, as well as co-infections such as HIV + hepatitis B virus (HBV) and HIV + hepatitis C virus (HCV), across individuals with varying modes of HIV acquisition. Data encompassed all diagnosed HIV cases from 2012 to 2022 across Chui, Talas, Naryn, Issik-Kol, Batken, Osh, Jalal-Abad oblasts, Bishkek and Osh.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>HIV incidence increased from 8.36 to 14.56 per 100 000 populations between 2013 and 2022, with the most significant rise among females, from 8.42 per 100 000 in 2020 to 11.72 per 100 000 in 2022. The study also highlighted an increase in new HIV cases via heterosexual transmission (from 71.7% in 2020 to 81.9% in 2022), and men who have sex with men (MSM)transmission (from 40 cases in 2020 to 75 cases in 2022), while transmission among people who inject drugs dropped significantly (from 201 cases in 2017 to 21 cases in 2022). Notably, there were reductions in new HIV infections through vertical transmission, medical procedures and co-infections with HIV + HBV and HIV + HCV.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Between 2012 and 2022, HIV incidence saw a significant rise, especially among individuals aged 18-29 and 30-39 years, with a marked increase among females. The study revealed a shift in transmission modes over this period. While new infections among people who inject drugs declined, there was an uptick in cases reported among MSM and the general population in the country.</p>","PeriodicalId":13176,"journal":{"name":"HIV Medicine","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144636938","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effectiveness of switching to doravirine-based antiretroviral therapy: A real-world study in Germany.","authors":"Christoph Wyen, Michael Sabranski, Celia Jonsson-Oldenbüttel, Johannes Bogner, Heribert Knechten, Stefan Esser, Nazifa Qurishi, Sven Schellberg, Irina Kolobova, Jann-Patrick Pelz, Yohance O Whiteside, Bekana K Tadese, Jürgen K Rockstroh","doi":"10.1111/hiv.70061","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/hiv.70061","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Doravirine (DOR)-based antiretroviral therapy (ART) has been shown in clinical trials to be effective and well tolerated in treating HIV-1. The EffectiVeness of SwItChing to DORavirine-based Antiretroviral Therapy (VICDOR) study characterized the use, effectiveness and impact on body weight and lipids of DOR-based ART in a virologically suppressed switch population using real-world data from Germany.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>VICDOR was a multicentre, retrospective chart review study of virologically suppressed adults with HIV in Germany who switched to DOR-based ART between January 2019 and February 2021. Demographic, clinical and laboratory data were collected up to 15 months after the switch.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 193 individuals were included, with a median age of 49 years (range = 21-78), 85.0% were male, 23.8% were obese (BMI ≥30 kg/m²) and 80.8% had at least one comorbidity. Overall, 84.5% switched to DOR/3TC/TDF. The most common reason for switching was to improve tolerability regarding weight gain (37.3%). Of the 161 individuals who remained on DOR and had HIV-1 RNA results, 99.4% remained virologically suppressed after 12 months (with one individual having ≥50 to <200 copies/mL at month 12 and following visit). No virological failures occurred. Median LDL-C change was -7.1 mg/dL (IQR = -23.0 to 8.0; n = 89). Individuals switched to DOR/3TC/TDF had a median weight change of -0.9 kg (IQR = -4.0 to 2.0; n = 50) at month 12; for those switched to DOR/3TC/TDF to improve tolerability regarding weight gain, median weight change was -2.0 kg (IQR = -5.0 to -1.0; n = 23) after 12 months.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>DOR-based ART is effective in maintaining virological suppression without evidence of ART-related weight increase in a switch population of individuals with a high prevalence of comorbidities.</p>","PeriodicalId":13176,"journal":{"name":"HIV Medicine","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144560009","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Retention outcomes during same-day antiretroviral therapy initiation in health facilities and outreach settings of Rakai, Uganda, 2016-2021.","authors":"Jesca Basiima, Victor Ssempijja, Anthony Ndyanabo, Grace Mong Bua, Denis Bbaale, Larry W Chang, David Serwadda, Joseph Kagaayi, Arthur G Fitzmaurice, Kate Grabowski, Fred Nalugoda, Godfrey Kigozi, Ronald Gray, Maria Wawer, Gertrude Nakigozi, Steven J Reynolds","doi":"10.1111/hiv.70064","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/hiv.70064","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>The antiretroviral therapy (ART) initiation policy in Uganda recommends that ART is initiated on the same day of HIV diagnosis to those who do not have contraindications. We assessed determinants of retention in ART care at the first follow-up (FFU) after same-day ART initiation and retention in long-term care beyond the FFU visit.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We conducted a retrospective longitudinal analysis among persons living with HIV aged ≥18 years who initiated ART during April 2016-February 2021 after the inception of Uganda's Test-and-Treat ART policy, which states that 'all individuals diagnosed with HIV should initiate ART regardless of clinical stage CD4 count'. Missing the FFU after ART initiation (missing FFU) was defined as not returning for FFU within 1 month of ART initiation; loss to follow-up long-term (LTFU-LT) was defined as delaying more than 3 months to return for a scheduled ART drug refill after the FFU appointment. LTFU-LT time was defined as the time from the FFU visit date to the last follow-up visit date during the study period. We used log-binomial distributions to estimate unadjusted and adjusted relative risks (adjRRs) of missing FFU, and we used Cox proportional hazard models to estimate unadjusted and adjusted hazard ratios (adjHRs) for LTFU-LT.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Overall, 8332 clients initiated ART on the same day of HIV diagnosis. Most were female (55%), aged 25-34 years (44%), resided in the semi-urban or rural district (41% and 41%, respectively) and had a median age of 25 years (IQR = 24-35). Overall, missing FFU was 15.1%. Increased likelihood/risk of missing FFU was seen in clients who initiated ART at outreach health service centres versus health facilities (adjRRs = 1.79, 95% CI = 1.6-2.0), in younger clients aged 18-24 years and 25-34 years versus ≥45 years [(adjRRs = 1.65, 95% CI = 1.3-2.0) and (adjRRs = 1.31, 95% CI = 1.1-1.6), respectively], and clients residing in agrarian districts versus fishing districts (adjRRs = 1.24, 95% CI = 1.1-1.4). Overall, the LTFU-LT rate was 25 clients/100 pys (95% CI = 23.9-25.9) and was associated with younger age (18-34 years versus ≥45 years, adjHRs = 1.77, 95% CI = 1.5-2.1), residence in semi-urban (adjHRs = 1.33, 95% CI = 1.2-1.5) or agrarian district (adjHRs = 1.30, 95% CI = 1.2-1.5) versus fishing-community district.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Retention-strengthening strategies in tandem with same-day ART initiation efforts for younger clients and clients initiated on ART from mobile and outreach health service settings might improve HIV treatment retention. Best practices for retaining fishing-community clients might improve health outcomes if applied to agrarian and semi-urban communities.</p>","PeriodicalId":13176,"journal":{"name":"HIV Medicine","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144560010","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Patient-reported outcomes in clinical trials assessing the effectiveness of cabotegravir + rilpivirine long-acting injections as antiretroviral therapy: A systematic review.","authors":"Dhruv Vinay, Iresh Jayaweera, Meghan Bowman, Don Thiwanka D Wijeratne","doi":"10.1111/hiv.70058","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/hiv.70058","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) continues to have a high global burden, with approximately 39.9 million people currently living with the virus. Despite the clinical success of antiretroviral therapy (ART), adherence remains a significant challenge, often due to emotional distress and HIV-related stigma. Long-acting injectables (LAIs) such as the combination of cabotegravir (CAB) and rilpivirine (RPV) have emerged as promising alternatives, reducing the burden of daily pill regimens.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This systematic review explores the role of CAB + RPV-LA injectables in antiretroviral therapy (ART), with a focus on patient-reported outcomes from five key clinical trials.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Findings reveal that CAB + RPV-LA maintains high levels of viral suppression comparable to daily ART while improving patient satisfaction and quality of life. Meta-analysis of HIV Treatment Satisfaction Questionnaire (HIVTSQc) scores across multiple trials demonstrated consistent positive outcomes, with a mean score of 28.83 out of a possible range from -33 to +33, indicating a substantial improvement in patient satisfaction compared to baseline. Qualitative data highlight the psychological and logistical benefits of LAIs, including reduced stigma and enhanced treatment convenience.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This review underscores the potential of CAB + RPV-LA in improving patient adherence and satisfaction while offering insights for future studies on longer-term outcomes of LAI use.</p>","PeriodicalId":13176,"journal":{"name":"HIV Medicine","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144553413","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mode of administration matters: Willingness of people with HIV to switch to future long-acting treatments, and health care professionals' intention to discuss these options.","authors":"Kyra F Mendes de Leon, Kevin Moody, Jeannine F Nellen, Michelle van Vugt, Jan M Prins, Pythia T Nieuwkerk, Marc van der Valk","doi":"10.1111/hiv.70066","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/hiv.70066","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Understanding preferences for long-acting regimens (LAR) of people with HIV and health care professionals (HCPs) is important to optimize and personalize care. We identified preferences for current and future LAR among people with HIV and investigated HCPs' willingness to discuss these options.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This study was conducted during routine clinic visits at Amsterdam UMC between September 2023 and March 2024. Six hypothetical descriptions of LAR represented through vignettes, illustrating administration mode, frequency, location, administrator and side effects, were presented to people with HIV. We asked if people with HIV were willing to consider a switch to each of these vignettes or preferred to continue their current oral regimen. We asked HCPs if they would be likely to discuss each of the vignettes as potential treatment options with people with HIV.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Of the 427 people with HIV [median age 56 (46-63) years; 79% males], 89% would be willing to switch to at least one and 10% to all options. The majority, namely, 76%, would consider switching to weekly tablets. Willingness to switch to intramuscular and subcutaneous injections, infusions and implants varied from 33% to 44%. HCPs (n = 23) indicated that they would discuss the different LAR options with 53% to 88% of people with HIV. All LAR options would be discussed in 32% of people with HIV. In 40%-43% of cases when people with HIV would be willing to switch to either intramuscular or intravenous regimes, the HCPs indicated that they would not discuss this treatment option.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Most people with HIV would be willing to switch to weekly oral tablets. For the other LAR, lower levels of willingness were observed. Our findings suggest that HCPs may underestimate the willingness to switch to intramuscular injections and intravenous infusions in people with HIV.</p>","PeriodicalId":13176,"journal":{"name":"HIV Medicine","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144553412","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Anal cancer screening in a cohort of women with HIV: Uptake and outcomes from a prospective study in Northern Italy.","authors":"Maria Mazzitelli, Davide Leoni, Egidio Campagnolo, Claudia Cozzolino, Cesare Ruffolo, Marco Scarpa, Elisa Franchin, Stefania Ferrari, Cristina Putaggio, Vincenzo Scaglione, Lolita Sasset, Vincenzo Baldo, Dagny Krankowska, Angelo Paolo Dei Tos, Gaya Spolverato, Deborah Konopnicki, Annamaria Cattelan","doi":"10.1111/hiv.70068","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/hiv.70068","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Women with HIV face a significantly elevated risk of developing anal cancer (AC). However, data about screening (S) implementation in clinical practice and women's acceptability are still scarce.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Since October 2022 our clinic implemented anal cancer screening (ACS) using anal HPV-DNA/cytology for women with HIV. Women with at least one positive result from these tests were referred for a high-resolution anoscopy (HRA). We collected demographic and clinical data, ACS adherence rates and reasons for refusal. Multivariable analyses were conducted to identify factors associated with ACS refusal and the presence of high-risk human papilloma virus (HPV) genotypes, HSIL and AC.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>ACS was offered to 331 women with HIV, but 150 (45.3%) refused testing: main reasons for refusal included lack of specific concerns, no history of anal sex and a perception of not being at risk of having AC. One hundredmeightyone women underwent ACS. Cytology and HPV-DNA were positive in 54 (29.8%) and 139 (76.8%) cases. High-risk HPV genotypes were detected in 94 (67.6%) women with HIV. HSIL, LSIL and ASC-US were detected in 8 (4.4%), 43 (23.7%) and 3 (1.6%) women with HIV, respectively. Of the 135 women (93.7%) who underwent HRA, 19 (14.1%) had lesions requiring biopsies: 6 were negative, 5 were positive for dysplastic polyps, and 8 (5.5%) were diagnosed with AC. Older age, lower nadir CD4 counts, and a previous history of cervical HPV-related disease were significant risk factors for HSIL and AC. Conversely, partial or complete HPV vaccination were protective factors against high-risk HPV infection.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Despite the high prevalence of anal HR-HPV genotypes and the high risk of AC among women with HIV, the uptake of ACS in our cohort was notably low. Among those who participated, a high prevalence of HPV infection and associated cytological abnormalities was observed, indicating an urgent need for increased awareness and education regarding AC in this population. The findings identify crucial risk factors, such as older age and lower CD4 counts, while also suggesting that HPV vaccination may offer protective benefits against high-risk HPV infections. These insights emphasize the importance of targeted screening programmes and interventions to improve health outcomes for women with HIV.</p>","PeriodicalId":13176,"journal":{"name":"HIV Medicine","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144540061","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"False-positive reactivity of fourth-generation HIV enzyme immunoassay caused by COVID-19 and other infections.","authors":"Haidi Karam-Allah Ramadan, Ahmed Elhussiny Salah, Zeinab R Mohamed, Abanoub Ayoub, Abdel-Rahman AboDief, Salma H Badry","doi":"10.1111/hiv.70069","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/hiv.70069","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Diagnosis of acute human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and rapid initiation of antiretroviral therapy (ART) are the cornerstones in HIV elimination. Fourth- and fifth-generation HIV enzyme immunoassays (EIAs) can detect patients with acute infection. However, HIV false-positive results can occur, requiring confirmatory nucleic acid amplification testing, which is expensive and may not be available.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>This review highlights reports on various infections and vaccines causing false-positive reactivity in fourth-generation HIV immunoassays.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Despite the improvements in tests of HIV immunoassays, false-positive results may occur, which require continuous updates in testing algorithms to be used appropriately with newer assays. Many factors can result in false-positive HIV serological assays, such as COVID-19, several viral, bacterial or parasitic infections, and vaccines.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Physicians should be aware of the causes of false-positive HIV reactions and include them in the clinical assessment of suspected cases and consider confirmatory testing.</p>","PeriodicalId":13176,"journal":{"name":"HIV Medicine","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144540062","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}