International Journal of Tea Science最新文献

{"title":"Comparative Analysis of Tea And Non-Tea Consumers In South West, Nigeria","authors":"O. ., Yetunde O.M.","doi":"10.20425/ijts1611","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20425/ijts1611","url":null,"abstract":"African nations that produce tea include Kenya, Malawi, Tanzania, Zimbabwe, South Africa, and Nigeria. Tea drinking is widespread across all demographic groups in Nigeria. Revenue from tea production is US$4.62bn in 2023 and the market is expected to grow yearly by 11.04%.  The study did a comparative analysis of tea and non-tea consumers in Southwest, Nigeria. The study was carried out in the South west geopolitical zone of Nigeria. Two states were selected (Oyo and Osun States). Information was obtained from 252 respondents using a well-structured questionnaire. Descriptive analysis and linear regression analytical techniques were used in this study. The mean age of tea consumers is 40.1 ± 13.8 while the mean age of non-tea consumers is 40.8 ± 15.6. Females consume tea compared to their male counterparts in South west. The mean household size of tea consumers is 4.4 ± 3.6, for non-tea consumers it is 3.7 ± 2.0. Fifty-one percent of tea consumers reside in rural areas and 60% of non-tea consumers reside also in rural areas. The brand of tea mostly consumed in South west is Lipton. The variables significant at different levels are age, educational level, income, price of tea, brand of tea and tea affordability. The reasons why respondents were not consuming tea were high cost, availability, causes harm, low/no knowledge, taste and no/low budget. It is recommended that the public should be sensitised on the need to consume tea and companies should produce tea of different tastes and flavours for consumers to choose from.","PeriodicalId":130789,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Tea Science","volume":"54 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130450818","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Removal of Old Leaves and Soil Touching Unproductive Branches of Tea Bushes for Controlling Red Rust Disease in Bangladesh.","authors":"Mohammed Syeful Islam, R. Himel","doi":"10.20425/ijts1615","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20425/ijts1615","url":null,"abstract":"Only leaf reduction (Cultural measure), in treatment T4 [treated with leaf removal above 15 inches (38.10 cm) from ground level], maximum yield (2185.00 kgha-1) was found resulted 21.64% more over the control. T3 [10 inches (25.40 cm)] and T5 [20 inches (50.80 cm)] gave similar response having 20 and 20.68% increased yield over the control. The lowest severity (21.38 PDI) was found in T5 [20 inches (50.80 cm)] that was statistically identical to T4 [15 inches (38.10 cm)] and T3 [10 inches (25.40 cm)] having a decrease trend of 58.28%, 50.26% and 42.59% respectively. There is 92.99% impact of leaf reduction in reducing disease severity of red rust having a decrease trend of 7.2 PDI for removal of leaf by 5 inches (12.70 cm) from the soil level. Similarly there is 81.44% impact of leaf reduction in increasing yield of made tea (kg ha-1) having an increase trend of 103.01 unit for removal of leaf by 5 inches (12.70 cm) from the soil level. In leaf reduction (Cultural measure) with one round chemical application, treatment T13 [treated with leaf removal above 15 inches (38.10 cm) from ground level with one round of Carbendazim 50 WP] gave maximum yield (2,310.00 kgha-1) resulted 28.61% more over the control followed by T15 [20 inches (50.80 cm) with one round of Carbendazim 50 WP] and T14 [20 inches (50.80 cm) with one round of Copper-oxichloride 50 WP] having 28.18 and 27.69% increased yield of made tea.  Lowest severity (9.63 PDI) was found in T15 [20 inches (50.80 cm) with one round of Carbendazim 50 WP] having 41.21% reduction over control followed by identical PDI in T12 [15 inches (38.10 cm) with one round of Copper-oxichloride 50 WP], T13 [15 inches (38.10 cm) with one round of Carbendazim 50 WP] and T14 [20 inches (50.80 cm) with one round of Copper-oxichloride 50 WP] having 77.40, 77.31 and 77.79% reduction respectively. There is 78.24% impact in reducing disease severity of red rust having a decrease trend of 2.23 PDI for removal of leaf by 5 inches (12.70 cm) from the soil level with one round chemical fungicide application. Similarly there is 51.76% impact in increasing yield of made tea (kg ha-1) having an increase trend of 30.21 unit for removal of leaf by 5 inches (12.70 cm) from the soil level with one round chemical fungicide. From the benefit cost analysis it is projected that the treatment T3 [10 inches (25.40 cm)] received the highest marginal rate of return (1202.17%) followed by 1152.17% in treatment T4 [treated with leaf removal above 15 inches (38.10 cm). One round of systemic fungicides like Carbendazim 50 WP with this cultural practice gave 1034.21% and 1091.42% marginal rate of return respectively. Considering yield of made tea, disease severity and benefit cost analysis viewpoint, it can be concluded that, the cost effective treatment is removal of soil touching old leaves attached with tea bushes of MSK and LSK pruned sections within 10 inches (25.40 cm) to 15 inches (38.10 cm) from the soil level.","PeriodicalId":130789,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Tea Science","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133310884","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Significance of Microbes and their Role in Pest Management in Tea Ecosystem","authors":"B. Deka, S. Sarkar, Debrishi Modak, Somnath Roy, A. Babu, D. Centre","doi":"10.20425/ijts1614","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20425/ijts1614","url":null,"abstract":"Tea crop damage is caused by mites and insect pests, and each year a significant amount of crop loss is occurring due to their damage. Synthetic pesticides' efficiency has allowed them to be widely used as a control tool for several decades. Synthetic pesticides, on the other hand, have resulted in the development of insect pest resistance, pollution, and pesticide residues in the finished product, among many other issues, forcing the planting community to look for an alternative strategy. Microbial pesticides have been used to combat mite and insect pest-damaging tendencies, and a substantial portion of scientific evidence indicates that their actions are both desirable and environmentally beneficial. In recent years, there has been a lot more emphasis on the use of natural enemies such as entomopathogens for pest control. entomopathogenic microorganisms (EM) expands the range of pest control possibilities. Eco-friendly alternatives to existing agricultural pesticides that are employed to manage insect pests and improve agricultural sustainability are being developed. The study summarises current knowledge on EM (entomopathogenic fungi, nematodes, viruses, bacteria, etc) as it relates to their present application as biological pest management.","PeriodicalId":130789,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Tea Science","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114549396","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of Indigenous Entomopathogenic Nematodes from Tea Soil of Assam as Potential Biocontrol Agents against Termite and Cockchafer Grub in Tea","authors":"A. Rahman","doi":"10.20425/ijts1612","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20425/ijts1612","url":null,"abstract":"This study aimed to isolate native entomopathogenic nematodes (EPN) in the tea growing areas of Assam and to determine their potential for control of Termite and Cockchafer grub Soil samples were collected from three tea estates of jorhat, Assam for EPN isolation.A total of 30 soil samples were tested for the study. Larva of meal moth, Corcyra cephalonica was use as insect bait. Out of 30 samples 9 were found to be positive for EPNs. The infected host larvae were separated for extraction using “white trap method”. All the isolates were evaluated to ascertain their pathogenicity against Termite and cockchafer grub. From the experiment the isolated strain @ 50IJ, 75IJ and 100 IJ was found to be highly pathogenic to Termite and cockchafer grub, which recorded 94- 100% mortality in termite and 100% in all concentrations against cockchafer grub. After infection to prove the cause of mortality EPN could be recovered from the termite and cockchafer cadavers.","PeriodicalId":130789,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Tea Science","volume":"2012 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133676852","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Indigenous plant extracts and their role in pest management in tea ecosystem","authors":"B. Deka, S. Sarkar, Debrishi Modak, Somnath Roy, A. Babu","doi":"10.20425/ijts1613","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20425/ijts1613","url":null,"abstract":"India is the world's second largest producer of black tea. Insects, mites, nematodes, and plant pathogenic diseases all damage the tea plant which severely hampered tea production causing about 10-15% crop loss every year. It would be 100% in extreme circumstances. In India, many synthetic pesticides are commonly employed to control tea pests. The use of an excessive amount pesticides could lead to a number of issues, including the development of resistance, negative impacts on non-target species such as insect predators and parasitoids, disruption of the ecological balance, and the accumulation of pesticide residues on tea leaves. In the international market, there is an increasing demand for organic tea or tea that is pesticide residue free, which influences the export price. Plant extracts having insecticidal qualities contains secondary metabolites such as alkaloids, terpenoids, phenolics, and minor secondary compounds can be used as an alternative to synthetic insecticides and these are environmentally safe, selective, biodegradable, cost-effective, and renewable options for use in IPM programmes in this context. Biopesticides are natural plant products that can be grown at a minimal cost by planters and extracted using indigenous methods.","PeriodicalId":130789,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Tea Science","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123558424","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nitrogenous Fertilizer Rates and Plucking Intervals Effects on Soil Organic Carbon, pH and Tea Yields and Their Relationships in Eastern Africa Tea Growing Regions","authors":"R. O. Ombori, P. Owuor, D. Kamau, B. O. Kwach, Wilson Dufitumukiza, S. Msomba","doi":"10.20425/IJTS1513","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20425/IJTS1513","url":null,"abstract":"Eastern Africa tea grows in high rainfall areas where nutrients depletion through leaching, and surface run-off can be high, in addition to removal with crop. Nutrients replenishment through fertilizer applications is therefore necessary. But inappropriate fertilizer use can cause nutrients imbalance, change soil pH, and organic carbon contents. Variations in plucking intervals result in differences in tea productivity. Although environmental factors vary within Eastern Africa tea growing regions, recommended fertilizer type and rates and harvesting intervals are largely uniform. Fertilizer use and harvesting policy may influence soil chemical parameters within the region to varying degrees. Effects of NPKS 25:5:5:5 fertilizer rates and plucking intervals on soil organic carbon, pH and the relationship between soil organic carbon, pH and tea yields in Eastern Africa were evaluated. Trials were conducted on clone TRFK 6/8 at Timbilil, Changoi, Arroket (Kenya), Maruku, Katoke (Tanzania), Kitabi and Mulindi (Rwanda). Soil organic carbon contents ranged from 4.16 to 17.61% and were sufficient. Increasing nitrogen rates increased (p less than or eqaul to 0.05) soil organic carbon but lowered (p less than or eqaul to 0.05) soil pH. The pH values ranged between 3.22 and 4.84. The increase in soil acidity due to high rates of nitrogen rates reduce tea productivity in the long run. Periodic monitoring of soil pH is necessary in tea production to invoke mitigation activities when decline below 3.5. Plucking intervals had no influence on SOC and pH at all sites. Soil organic carbon and pH varied significantly (p less than or eqaul to 0.05) from location to location, though the values were within acceptable range. Soil organic carbon directly correlated (r.>0.878; p less than or eqaul to 0.05 for all sites except Mulindi and Maruku) with yields and inversely (r less than or eqaul to -0.878, p less than or eqaul to 0.05 for most sites) with pH. The correlation between SOC and yields suggest that tea production management need to maintain SOC at optimal levels realization of sustained tea yields.","PeriodicalId":130789,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Tea Science","volume":"104 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124036938","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of Nitrogenous Fertilizer Rates and Plucking Intervals on Tea in Peatland and Highland Ultisol Soils of Rwanda: 1 Tea Yields","authors":"Wilson Dufitumukiza, P. Owuor, J. Bigirimana, Ange R. Akingeneye, Balthazar Murenzi","doi":"10.20425/IJTS1516","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20425/IJTS1516","url":null,"abstract":"Tea in Rwanda, is grown in different agro-ecosystems comprising highlands and drained low elevation peatlands. The plantations use uniform agricultural practices imported from Eastern Africa countries, but without re-testing for suitability. The practices include nitrogenous fertilizer use and harvesting, which are most expensive agronomic inputs in tea cultivation. These practices need optimization for tea the growers to realise maximum tea production. Trials were conducted for eight years using clone TRFK 6/8 fields in Kitabi and Mulindi to evaluate influence of nitrogen fertiliser rates and plucking intervals on tea yields. Nitrogen (NPKS 25:5:5:3) rates used were 0, 75, 150, 225 and 300kg N/ha/year and plucking intervals were 7, 14 and 21 days. Tea yields were higher (p less than or equal to 0.05) in Kitabi than in Mulindi, implying tea productivity in Rwanda vary with geographical region of production. Although mean site yields demonstrated increase (p less than or equal to 0.05) with nitrogenous fertiliser rates, responses varied between the two sites. At Kitabi, annual yields increased (p less than or equal to 0.05) with nitrogen rates, peaking at 225 N ha/year. At Mulindi, significant (p less than or equal to 0.05) response to nitrogen rates was observed in only one year. Application of fertiliser was therefore necessary in Kitabi, while in Mulindi, little benefit was realised from nitrogen fertiliser use. Yields increased (p less than or equal to 0.05) with short plucking intervals at both sites throughout the eight years. Shortening plucking intervals can therefore improve tea production in Rwanda.","PeriodicalId":130789,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Tea Science","volume":"59 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121537208","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative Economic Analysis of Clonal Tea Yield Response to Nitrogen Fertiliser Rates within Selected Geographical Areas in Kenya","authors":"R. Owuor, A. Odondo, P. Owuor, D. Kamau","doi":"10.20425/IJTS1514","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20425/IJTS1514","url":null,"abstract":"Tea sector contributes approximately 30% of export earnings in Kenya. Despite the industry continuing to realize positive gross margins, high costs of production coupled with weak trends in export prices threaten its future contributions. Nitrogen fertiliser is mandatory in tea production and its appropriate use promotes tea growth rate and yields. Previous studies using different tea cultivars established that optimal fertiliser rates varied with clones and geographical area of production. However, economics of nitrogenous fertilisers use on same tea cultivar in different tea growing regions in Kenya remains undefined. This study evaluated response of NPKS 25:5:5:5 fertiliser applied at 0, 75, 150, 225 and 300 kg N/ha/year on clone BBK35 to determine the viable economic rate under uniform management in different locations (Karirana, Timbilil, Changoi, Sotik Highlands and Kipkebe) within Kenya. The study used time series tea yield data and corresponding variable costs from field experiments running from 1997 to 2007. The data were subjected to Partial Budget Analysis (PBA) procedures for economic analysis of on-farm experiments. The economic returns varied with rate of nitrogen and region of production. Maximum marginal rate of return (MRR) were achieved at 75 kg N/ha/year at Kipkebe, Changoi and Timbilil, and 150 at Sotik Highlands and Karirana. However best economic returns were recorded at 300 kg N/ha/year in Kipkebe and Sotik Highlands, 225 kg N/ha/year in Changoi, and at 150 kg N/ha/year in Timbilil and Karirana. These results demonstrate that current uniform fertiliser recommendation rate of 100 to 220 kg N/ha/year may not be suitable for all regions. There is need to develop region specific nitrogen fertiliser requirements for tea growing areas in Kenya.","PeriodicalId":130789,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Tea Science","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122991470","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of Morphological Attributes in Tea Progenies Arising from Gamma-Treated Seeds","authors":"R. C. Muoki, P. Kamau, S. Kamunya, O. Kiplagat, C. Kawira","doi":"10.20425/IJTS1512","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20425/IJTS1512","url":null,"abstract":"A key step in characterization of germplasm is the identification of phenotypic variation present in a given population. A study was carried out to determine the effect of different dosages of gamma rays (50 and 100Gy) on phenotypic variation using 21 standardized morphological descriptors of the UPOV Tea Test Guidelines. The trial comprised of open-pollinated seed stocks from six commercial tea cultivars namely TRFCA SFS150, TRFK 303/1199, EPK C12, GW Ejulu-L, TRFK 301/1 and TRFK 301/4 along with untreated controls. Data was collected for three seasons (dry, warm wet and cold wet) using five randomly selected plants from each treatment. Principle Component Analysis using 17 informative descriptors showed the first eight principal components accounted for 78% of the total variance, with 15 being highly informative. Cluster analysis further identified characters such as young shoot anthocyanin colouration at base of the petiole, leaf blade shape/color/length, shoot color/length, density of pubescence, plant vigour and density of branches as most discriminating descriptors resulting in four phenotypically well-defined groups. Most traits showed significant correlation, an indication that the traits could be used for indirect selection. The study provides a basis for rapid and early screening of base populations for identification of elite cultivars.","PeriodicalId":130789,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Tea Science","volume":"81 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133002542","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mining and Validation of Polymorphic EST-SSR Markers for Analysing Genetic Diversity among Interspecific Hybrids of Tea","authors":"R. C. Muoki, J. Maangi, R. Korir, Joel L. Bargul, S. Kamunya","doi":"10.20425/IJTS1515","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20425/IJTS1515","url":null,"abstract":"Molecular markers are useful tools for studying gene flow and genetic diversity within a population. With the establishment of online databases, sequence can be now be downloaded for identification of Expressed Sequence Tags- Simple Sequence Repeat (SSR) markers designed to amplify the microsatellite loci present in the genes. Of the 170 microsatellites detected from the downloaded 789 ESTs belonging to the nine Camellia spp, only fourteen showed functional EST-SSR markers. Among them, five polymorphic markers specific to tri-nucleotide SSRs were randomly selected and screened alongside five established primers on four tea genotypes (TRFK 570/2, TRFK 688/1, TRFK 83/1, and TRFK 6/8,) The polymorphism information content (PIC) of the SSR markers had mean of 0.33 that ranged between 0.16 and 0.53, whereas discriminating power (D) had mean value of 0.23 ranging between 0.00 and 0.75 with. A total of 64 alleles were detected with an average of 6.4 alleles per SSR locus. Based on a PIC greater than or equal to 0.40, D value greater than or equal to 0.20 and number of polymorphic bands greater than or equal to 1, five functional SSR markers comprising two novel EST-SSRs (Camjap A1, Camjap A4) and three adapted microsatellite markers (TM 134, A37, and A47) were recommended for use in discriminating interspecific hybrids of tea.","PeriodicalId":130789,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Tea Science","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126344031","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}