{"title":"Active STARS Assisted Ambient Backscatter Communication Using NOMA for Uplink Networks","authors":"Xinwei Yue;Yang Zhou;Peng Yang;Aryan Kaushik;Zhiping Lu;Hongxu Jin;Wei Xiang","doi":"10.1109/TGCN.2026.3706483","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TGCN.2026.3706483","url":null,"abstract":"Ambient backscatter communication (AmBC) coupled with non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) constitutes a transformative technological synergy, which have the ability to provide the enhanced energy-efficient for internet of things devices. This paper investigates the application of active simultaneously transmitting/reflecting surfaces (ASTARS) aided uplink AmBC-NOMA architectures. ASTARS facilitates signal propagation through concurrent amplification and reflection mechanisms, thereby enabling AmBC device connectivity. Through rigorous mathematical analysis, we establish solutions for asymptotic characterizations of outage probability and ergodic capacity for non-orthogonal signals and backscatter signal. In light of the asymptotic analyses, the diversity order and data rate slope of users’ signals and backscatter signal are obtained at the high signal-to-noise ratio region. In addition, the system throughput and energy efficiency of ASTARS-AmBC-NOMA networks are discussed in detail. Simulation outcomes validate three key findings: i) ASTARS-AmBC-NOMA exhibits significantly enhanced outage performance compared to conventional PSTARS-AmBC-NOMA implementations and ASTARS-AmBC based orthogonal multiple access (OMA) networks; ii) The ASTARS-AmBC-NOMA networks has higher ergodic data rates compared to PSTARS-AmBC-NOMA and ASTARS-AmBC-OMA networks; and iii) As the reflection coefficient increases, the outage probability and ergodic data rate of ASTARS-AmBC-NOMA enhanced.","PeriodicalId":13052,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Green Communications and Networking","volume":"10 ","pages":"3446-3460"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148442542","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Practical Cross-Domain Quantum Fair Exchange for Next-Generation Networks via Functional Decoupling","authors":"Yinghua Jiang;Liquan Chen;Yaqing Zhu;Hao Liu;Fei Gao","doi":"10.1109/TGCN.2026.3712323","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TGCN.2026.3712323","url":null,"abstract":"Quantum Fair Exchange (QFE) is a critical primitive for secure multi-party cooperation in the emerging distributed Quantum Internet. However, extending QFE to cross-domain scenarios remains challenging. Existing schemes typically rely on centralized Bell State Measurements (BSM) during the fair-exchange phase, which impose stringent hardware and synchronization requirements and become difficult to deploy in wide-area settings due to transmission latency, quantum decoherence, and photon loss. To address these barriers, we propose a practical cross-domain QFE protocol based on Functional Decoupling and Reconstruction. Instead of performing demanding joint measurements on user-encoded quantum states, the proposed protocol decouples the required correlation-extraction functionality into distributed Z-basis measurements and classical result reconstruction. Thus, it obtains the information required by the fair-exchange rule without relying on centralized BSM in the fair-exchange phase, thereby simplifying physical implementation and improving cross-domain feasibility. We analyze the correctness, fairness, security, and efficiency of the proposed protocol under the stated assumptions, and compare its measurement requirements with those of conventional QFE designs. We further validate the core reconstruction logic on real superconducting and NMR quantum processors, and analyze the impact of representative noise models under different encoding strategies and noise regimes. The analytical, experimental, and simulation results show that the proposed scheme preserves the intended fair-exchange functionality while reducing engineering requirements, and that encoding selection affects protocol success under device-specific noise conditions.","PeriodicalId":13052,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Green Communications and Networking","volume":"10 ","pages":"3568-3581"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148627949","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"IEEE Transactions on Green Communications and Networking Publication Information","authors":"","doi":"10.1109/TGCN.2025.3645840","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TGCN.2025.3645840","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13052,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Green Communications and Networking","volume":"10 ","pages":"C2-C2"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11318132","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148505971","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Siwen Huang;Xuxun Liu;Huan Zhou;Victor C. M. Leung
{"title":"Conservation-Oriented Resource Scheduling for Interference Mitigation in Dynamic Coexisting Wireless Body Area Networks","authors":"Siwen Huang;Xuxun Liu;Huan Zhou;Victor C. M. Leung","doi":"10.1109/TGCN.2025.3579752","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TGCN.2025.3579752","url":null,"abstract":"The severe interferences can significantly degrade the comprehensive performance of Wireless Body Area Networks (WBANs). However, current interference mitigation solutions cannot accommodate to the network scale diversity and cannot guarantee light enough transmission conflicts. In this article, we propose a conservation-oriented resource scheduling (CORS) strategy to address the current problems. For ordinary data transmissions, we design an economical resource allocation scheme based on a specific Latin square, which is divided into several groups to economically allocate channels and timeslots for nodes, resulting in great resource saving and interference reduction. For data retransmissions, we design a differentiated resource allocation scheme based a specific hash function, in which a large module is designed to obtain significant difference of retransmission timeslots for different nodes, resulting in further interference reduction. CORS has three main characteristics: broad application range due to its adaptation to different scales of WBANs, high network reliability resulting from its low-frequency transmission conflicts, and high channel utilization derived from its Latin square grouping. Extensive simulation results show that our strategy has distinct performance advantages in terms of five metrics: average packet loss rate, average delay, average throughput, average power consumption, and channel utilization.","PeriodicalId":13052,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Green Communications and Networking","volume":"10 ","pages":"355-365"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148508095","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Joint Optimization of UAV Deployment and Ground Users Clustering in Air-Ground Networks: A Hierarchical Coalition-Formation Game Approach","authors":"Haoran Du;Runfeng Chen;Tianyao Zhong;Zhifeng Hou;Yuli Zhang;Dianxiong Liu;Haichao Wang;Yuhua Xu","doi":"10.1109/TGCN.2025.3610747","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TGCN.2025.3610747","url":null,"abstract":"With the development of communication technology, uncrewed aerial vehicles (UAVs) have been widely used to enhance ground communication services. However, the limited number of UAVs and the massive data requirements of ground users (GUs) restrict information transmission in air-ground networks. To satisfy the requirements of more GUs and reduce the communication overhead of GUs, this paper investigates a joint deployment of UAVs and GUs clustering optimization for collective data acquisition in air-ground networks. In light of the problem’s complexity, this paper builds a hierarchical game, where the outer game is modeled as a UAV deployment game and the inner game is modeled as a coalition formation game. A Pareto order under resource constraints is proposed in the inner game to enable more GUs to join the coalition set. The outer game is proven to have at least one Nash equilibrium (NE), and the inner game is proven to have at least one stable coalition partition. To obtain the stable solution of the hierarchical game, a joint optimization algorithm for UAV deployment and GUs clustering based on the partial space adaptive play and best response algorithm is proposed. Specially, in light of the impact of data requirements among GUs, a GU processing sequence is designed, and the coalition merging and exchange mechanism is improved in the coalition formation algorithm. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm performs better than traditional methods, with a performance improvement of around 10% in scenarios involving around fifty GUs.","PeriodicalId":13052,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Green Communications and Networking","volume":"10 ","pages":"1091-1105"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148508604","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface Code Index Modulation With Quadrature Receive Spatial Modulation","authors":"Ali Tugberk Dogukan;Ertugrul Basar","doi":"10.1109/TGCN.2025.3587881","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TGCN.2025.3587881","url":null,"abstract":"This paper introduces a novel reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS)-aided wireless communication scheme, termed RIS code index modulation with quadrature receive spatial modulation (RIS-CIM-QRSM), designed to enhance the error performance of RIS-aided index modulation (IM) systems. The proposed RIS-CIM-QRSM scheme combines <italic>M</i>-pulse amplitude modulation (PAM) with the indices of spreading codes (SCs) and receive antennas (RAs) to convey information effectively. In this system, the RIS is partitioned into two parts for in-phase and quadrature operations, with each part dynamically configured at a rate faster than the symbol period, enabling code index modulation (CIM). In RIS-CIM-QRSM, orthogonal SCs are generated at the RIS for increased IM bits, achieved by introducing a <inline-formula> <tex-math>$pi /2$ </tex-math></inline-formula> phase shift. Additionally, both maximum-likelihood (ML) and low-complexity (LC) detectors are proposed and analyzed for RIS-CIM-QRSM, where the LC detector offers a computationally efficient detection performance. Comparative error performance, spectral and energy efficiency analyses, supported by extensive computer simulations, demonstrate the superior performance of RIS-CIM-QRSM over benchmark schemes, RIS-CIM and RIS-CIM-RSM, across various scenarios and system configurations.","PeriodicalId":13052,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Green Communications and Networking","volume":"10 ","pages":"522-532"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148509266","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Analysis of Age-Energy Trade-Off in IoT Networks Using Stochastic Geometry","authors":"Songita Das;Gourab Ghatak","doi":"10.1109/TGCN.2025.3574810","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TGCN.2025.3574810","url":null,"abstract":"We study an internet of things (IoT) network where devices harvest energy from transmitter power. IoT devices use this harvested energy to operate and decode data packets. We propose a slot division scheme based on a parameter <inline-formula> <tex-math>$xi $ </tex-math></inline-formula>, where the first phase is for energy harvesting (EH) and the second phase is for data transmission. We define the joint success probability (JSP) metric as the probability of the event that both the harvested energy and the received signal-to-interference ratio (SIR) exceed their respective thresholds. We provide lower and upper bounds of (JSP), as obtaining an exact JSP expression is challenging. Then, the peak age-of-information (PAoI) of data packets is determined using this framework. Higher slot intervals for EH reduce data transmission time, requiring higher link rates. In contrast, a lower EH slot interval will leave IoT devices without enough energy to decode the packets. We demonstrate that both non-preemptive and preemptive queuing disciplines may have the same optimal slot partitioning factor for maximizing the JSP and minimizing the PAoI. For different transmit powers and deployment areas, we recommend the optimal slot partitioning factor for the above two metrics under both queuing disciplines.","PeriodicalId":13052,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Green Communications and Networking","volume":"10 ","pages":"236-248"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148509364","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"UAV Trajectory Planning for IoT Data Collection and Offloading With Energy Constraints","authors":"Teng-Wu Chang;Jang-Ping Sheu;Nguyen Van Cuong","doi":"10.1109/TGCN.2025.3592263","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TGCN.2025.3592263","url":null,"abstract":"This work studies unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) for data collection and offloading. The UAV collects data from different types of Internet of Things (IoT) devices on the ground and offloads the collected data to their corresponding edge servers. Due to limited energy, the UAV must replace its battery at a battery station before the energy is exhausted. We aim to minimize the total completion time by optimizing the UAV trajectory. The formulated problem is an NP-hard problem, which is intractable in finding optimal solutions in large-scale cases. To solve the problem, we propose an efficient solution with a three-stage heuristic time minimization trajectory planning (TMTP) algorithm. In the first stage, we simplify the problem as a traveling salesperson problem (TSP) with precedence constraints and solve it to find the main visiting order. In the second stage, we propose a dynamic programming-based algorithm to insert battery stations in the trajectory to satisfy the energy constraints. In the last stage, we refine sub-trajectories and reinsert battery stations by an iterative algorithm to further reduce the previous time cost. Simulation results demonstrate that our proposed algorithms are more efficient than the baselines while evaluating the objective and the running time.","PeriodicalId":13052,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Green Communications and Networking","volume":"10 ","pages":"573-584"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148509435","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Robert Guirado;Randy Verdecia-Peña;Gerardo Perez-Palomino;Eduardo Carrasco;José I. Alonso
{"title":"Prototype and Performance Assessment of mmWave Active RIS-Enhanced 6G Wireless Communications","authors":"Robert Guirado;Randy Verdecia-Peña;Gerardo Perez-Palomino;Eduardo Carrasco;José I. Alonso","doi":"10.1109/TGCN.2025.3587012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TGCN.2025.3587012","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents an innovative approach for the millimeter-wave (mmWave) band that utilizes an active reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) to implement a mmWave end-to-end wireless communication system. We propose a new type of RIS based on Liquid Crystals (LC), called LC-RIS, where each cell of the RIS array is electronically reconfigurable and can reflect the incident signal with an adjustable phase shift. For easy and low-cost manufacturing, we designed and fabricated a single polarization active LC-RIS that operates at 27 GHz and that can be used in 6G mobile communication networks. To the best of the authors knowledge, this is the first study to integrate an active LC-RIS prototype in a realistic environment into a fully open and flexible platform. A series of experiments were conducted with the fabricated active LC-RIS prototype to verify its effectiveness in both laboratory and corridor scenarios. The experiments and resulting studies revealed significant improvements in the signal strength and signal-to-noise ratio in the deployed RIS-aided mmWave wireless communication system.","PeriodicalId":13052,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Green Communications and Networking","volume":"10 ","pages":"412-425"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11073183","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148509687","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"System Cost Optimization-Based Task Offloading for UAV-Assisted LEO Satellite Networks","authors":"Elhadj Moustapha Diallo;Rong Chai;Amayika Kakati;Chao Yang;Mohamed Basher Omer;Linji Ye;Chengchao Liang;Qianbin Chen","doi":"10.1109/TGCN.2026.3654247","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TGCN.2026.3654247","url":null,"abstract":"The integration of uncrewed aerial vehicles (UAVs) and low Earth orbit (LEO) satellites is expected to provides flexible, scalable and efficient computing support for Internet of things (IoT) applications. In this paper, we study the task execution problem in a UAV-assisted satellite offloading network, where UAVs fly over the network coverage region to gather tasks from IoT devices. The collected tasks can be executed at the UAVs or offloaded to satellites for processing. Jointly considering the energy consumption and task dropping cost, we define system cost function as the weighted sum of the two metrics, and formulate a constrained system cost minimization problem, where the power allocation strategy, task offloading and scheduling, and UAV flight trajectory planning is jointly optimized. As the formulated problem is a mixed integer nonconvex optimization problem, which cannot be solved conveniently, we decompose it into subproblems, and propose an alternate iteration-based algorithm to solve the subproblems. In particular, to tackle the IoT device task transmission subproblem, we relax binary variables into continuous ones and transform the original problem into a standard linear problem which can be addressed using existing optimization tools. To resolve UAV trajectory design subproblem, we employ successive convex optimization and first order Taylor expansion method to convert the problem into a convex problem which can then be solved conveniently. For the power allocation subproblem, an iterative method and Lagrange dual approach are applied to obtain the optimal result. To obtain task offloading and computing scheduling strategy, a heuristic approach is proposed. The simulation results reveal that our proposed method achieves superior performance compared to the existing algorithms.","PeriodicalId":13052,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Green Communications and Networking","volume":"10 ","pages":"1980-1993"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148509985","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}