IEEE Transactions on Green Communications and Networking最新文献

{"title":"Channel-Correlation-Based Access Point Selection and Pilot Power Allocation for Cell-Free Massive MIMO","authors":"Saeed Mohammadzadeh;Rodrigo C. de Lamare;Kanapathippillai Cumanan;Hien Quoc Ngo","doi":"10.1109/TGCN.2026.3669076","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TGCN.2026.3669076","url":null,"abstract":"This paper proposes a dynamic access point (AP) selection and pilot power allocation (DAPPA) framework for uplink cell-free massive multiple-input multiple-output (CFmMIMO) systems, aiming to mitigate inter-user interference and improve overall spectral efficiency (SE). A hierarchical correlation-based clustering algorithm is developed to group APs according to their channel correlation, enabling each user to be associated with APs that simultaneously provide strong channel gains and low mutual correlation. This association ensures reliable connectivity, maximizes coherent combining gains, and reduces inter-user interference, while also allowing the number of AP clusters to be adjusted flexibly, without the need to reorganize the network completely. By maintaining links to low-correlated APs, the proposed scheme reduces the need for frequent channel state information (CSI) estimation and minimizes network-wide update overhead. To enhance scalability, a user-capacity constraint per AP is incorporated, preventing hardware overload and alleviating the effects of pilot reuse. Furthermore, an effective pilot power allocation strategy is introduced to boost the signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) during channel training. This is formulated as a weighted sum-rate maximization (WSRM) problem and solved iteratively using a quadratic transform, which enables efficient optimization while ensuring fairness and high-quality service across all users. Numerical results demonstrate that the proposed method delivers significant SE gains, maintains performance in high-density multi-user scenarios, and converges faster than benchmark schemes.","PeriodicalId":13052,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Green Communications and Networking","volume":"10 ","pages":"2379-2393"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2026-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147440664","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"DPM-RPL: Routing-Based Distributed Dynamic Power Management for NVP IoT Networks","authors":"Bardia Safaei;Mohammadali Khodabandelou","doi":"10.1109/TGCN.2026.3668703","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TGCN.2026.3668703","url":null,"abstract":"The RPL routing protocol suffers from inefficient energy consumption, often leading to energy holes in IoT networks. Although RDC-based routing protocols try to reduce energy consumption by accounting for MAC radio duty-cycling, their gains are limited to transceiver-level optimization. These approaches neglect system-level power management, and do not push IoT devices into deep sleep state, keeping the processor, memory, and peripherals active because nodes are assumed unable to retain routing state when powered down. Achieving deeper energy savings requires preserving routing state across power cycles, which is only possible with Non-Volatile Memory (NVM). Building on this observation, this paper proposes DPM-RPL, a distributed routing-based Dynamic Power Management protocol for Non-Volatile Processor (NVP) IoT networks. By embedding system-level power management directly into the network layer, DPM-RPL enables nodes to safely enter deep sleep states while retaining essential routing and operational states. DPM-RPL revolutionizes energy savings by allowing the device’s always-on components to be fully powered down. To provide routing state retention and node synchronization across power cycles, DPM-RPL introduces a novel Deep Sleep Cycle (DSC) metric, enabling nodes to estimate the sleep and active periods of candidate parents and select those with the longest overlapping active durations. This metric improves synchronization between nodes, reducing missed channel checks, strobe-induced energy drain, retransmissions, network disconnections, and control overhead, thereby improving energy efficiency, Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR), and network stability. Additionally, when calculating DSC, DPM-RPL uses Exponential Moving Average (EMA) forecasting to estimate the time between application events, allowing it to adjust sleep and wake periods to match activity patterns. This approach minimizes energy waste due to peripheral re-initializations and excessive cold start and ramp-up phases of critical hardware components such as phase-locked loops, providing energy-efficiency, communication reliability, and reduced latency. DPM-RPL primarily targets dynamic energy reduction, while the incorporation of NVM further decreases energy consumption by minimizing leakage during deep sleep. Extensive simulations demonstrate that DPM-RPL reduces average energy consumption by up to <inline-formula> <tex-math>$2.4times $ </tex-math></inline-formula> (140%) compared to the state of the art, while improving PDR by 37%, reducing latency by more than threefold, and decreasing retransmissions by 57%.","PeriodicalId":13052,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Green Communications and Networking","volume":"10 ","pages":"2262-2280"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2026-02-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147362548","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Location-Sensing-Based Beamforming for Multi-IRS-Aided OFDM Communication Systems","authors":"Xueyan Cao;Jun Cui;Shubin Wang","doi":"10.1109/TGCN.2026.3665797","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TGCN.2026.3665797","url":null,"abstract":"Intelligent reflecting surface (IRS)-aided orthogonal frequency division multiplexing communication has great potential to enhance system performance. Still, it faces the high overhead of acquiring cascaded channel state information. To address this, we propose a location-sensing-based beamforming scheme that avoids cascaded channel estimation, thereby reducing system overhead while maintaining communication performance. Specifically, a three-phase data transmission protocol is designed, comprising a location-information-aided beam-training phase, an equivalent-channel estimation phase, and a data transmission phase. The practical channel angle information for all IRS-associated links can be obtained from the sensed location information. Based on this, a bisection-search-based passive beam training method, an equivalent-channel estimation method, and an active beamforming method are proposed, corresponding to three phases that maximize the system communication rate. Finally, the advantages of the proposed location-sensing-based beamforming scheme and the effects of various system parameters are investigated. Simulation results suggest that the beamforming scheme can effectively obtain the base station transmit and IRS-reflection beams without the need for complicated cascaded channel estimation. Under the same achievable system rate, the proposed scheme reduces the channel estimation cost by 40%.","PeriodicalId":13052,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Green Communications and Networking","volume":"10 ","pages":"2232-2246"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2026-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147299563","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Adaptive PSD-Guided Filtering for Interference Mitigation in LoRa–Wi-Fi Coexistence at 2.4 GHz","authors":"Arij Naser Abougreen;Hamza Haif;Hüseyin Arslan","doi":"10.1109/TGCN.2026.3664907","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TGCN.2026.3664907","url":null,"abstract":"Long Range (LoRa) technology is one of the most promising Low-Power Wide-Area Network (LPWAN) technologies that has attracted much attention from research and academia owing to its wide area coverage, robustness to the Doppler effect and low energy consumption. The main purpose for moving from Sub-GHz to 2.4 GHz was to take advantage of the globally available 2.4 GHz ISM band. The major challenge of LoRa 2.4 GHz is the coexistence with other various technologies that currently utilize the 2.4 GHz ISM band such as Wi-Fi. This paper investigates the impact of Wi-Fi interference on LoRa communication in the 2.4 GHz band and presents an effective approach to mitigate the interference of Wi-Fi on LoRa and enable the coexistence between technologies in the 2.4 GHz Unlicensed Band. In this approach, frequency domain tracking and adaptive filtering are utilized. Thus, the interference from the OFDM subcarriers that interfere with LoRa’s transmissions is identified and tracked via the power spectral density (PSD). The paper employs a simulation framework to assess the effectiveness of an Infinite Impulse Response (IIR) Butterworth adaptive filtering to mitigate the interference. This method dynamically adjusts to interference to ensure efficient LoRa communication despite Wi-Fi interference. Simulation results demonstrate that an adaptive filter targeting the primary OFDM subcarrier frequencies can improve Bit Error Rate (BER) performance of LoRa system. With Butterworth filtering (order = 4, 4 bands), the LoRa BER under Wi-Fi interference is reduced (from <inline-formula> <tex-math>$approx 3times 10^{-1}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> to <inline-formula> <tex-math>$approx 10^{-4}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> at <inline-formula> <tex-math>$mathrm {SNR}=8$ </tex-math></inline-formula> dB), enabling near-unity packet success probability (normalized throughput) and a near-zero packet loss rate (PLR) in the 2.4 GHz ISM coexistence scenario.","PeriodicalId":13052,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Green Communications and Networking","volume":"10 ","pages":"2247-2261"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2026-02-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147299590","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Channel Estimation for mmWave mMIMO Systems With Mixed-ADC: Conditional Generative Adversarial Network and Deep Transfer Learning","authors":"Lizheng Wang;Lijun Ge;Changcheng Qi;Gaojie Chen","doi":"10.1109/TGCN.2026.3664748","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TGCN.2026.3664748","url":null,"abstract":"Millimeter wave (mmWave) massive multiple input multiple output (mMIMO) systems have the advantages of abundant spectrum resources, high transmission rate, and high multiplexing gain. However, the large number of antennas leads to high power consumption and difficult channel estimation. Although the problem of high power consumption can be addressed by reducing the analog-to-digital converter (ADC) resolution of radio frequency (RF) links, considering the accuracy of channel state information (CSI), high-resolution antennas are still needed to be deployed on a small number of RF terminals. Therefore, a mixed-resolution ADC should be used for signal transmission to consider channel estimation and power consumption tradeoff. To reduce the influence of quantization noise generated by the low- resolution ADC on channel estimation performance, we propose two deep learning-based channel estimation methods for mmWave mMIMO systems with mixed-resolution ADCs. Based on the conditional generative adversarial network, the first method has the advantage of generating more useful CSI with less available high-resolution CSI, which fits the characteristics of the mixed ADC system. Moreover, the second proposed method exploits deep transfer learning to train low-resolution antenna data using network parameters that have been trained at high-resolution antennas. Both methods can fully utilize the information from high-resolution antennas while mining the effective information from low-resolution antennas, thereby achieving high-resolution channel estimation while reducing mMIMO system overhead. Simulation results demonstrate that both methods can perform better than deep neural networks in mixed-resolution ADC scenarios.","PeriodicalId":13052,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Green Communications and Networking","volume":"10 ","pages":"2206-2219"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2026-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147299569","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Loss-Aware Element Selection Framework for Unit-Cell Splitting in Energy Harvesting Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces","authors":"Parul Rattanpal;Ashwani Sharma","doi":"10.1109/TGCN.2026.3664696","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TGCN.2026.3664696","url":null,"abstract":"Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces (RISs) offer a low-cost, energy-efficient alternative to conventional repeaters and relays, enhancing wireless coverage and spectral efficiency through dynamic electromagnetic wave manipulation. The potential of a self-powered RIS is explored in the literature by employing element splitting (ES) on the RIS surface. This approach allocates some elements for beam steering, while the remaining elements are used for RF energy harvesting (EH) to meet RIS energy needs, aiming to create self-sustainable communication systems. The heuristic algorithms existing in the literature for such element allocation are valid only for ideal EH circuits, therefore, the proposed work incorporates combiner losses into the analysis to identify the most effective algorithm for maintaining system performance in terms of maximizing signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and meeting the energy requirements of the RIS. Subsequently, the analysis reveals the necessity for a new loss-aware element selection algorithm (LA-ESA), which is proposed in this work. The results finally underscore the need for an innovative architectural paradigm shift in developing self-powered RIS, particularly in light of combiner losses. This shift is anticipated to enable a more robust software solution for self-powered RIS that meets hardware needs, thereby advancing the concept of self-sustainability and supporting environmentally friendly innovations in wireless communication.","PeriodicalId":13052,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Green Communications and Networking","volume":"10 ","pages":"2136-2146"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2026-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146223795","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sparse Antenna Array Synthesis Method for Higher Efficiency and Lower Cost via Adaptive Multipoint Mutation Genetic Algorithm","authors":"Zhiheng Yang;Wei Wang;Bowen Ding;Bin Rao;Dan Song","doi":"10.1109/TGCN.2026.3664395","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TGCN.2026.3664395","url":null,"abstract":"Large-scale uniform arrays encounter critical challenges due to dense element arrangements, including excessive hardware, elevated computational complexity, high costs, strong mutual coupling, and suboptimal sidelobe suppression. To address these issues, sparse array design offers notable advantages. In this study, we innovatively propose a sparse synthesis approach for array sparsification. The method employs an adaptive multipoint mutation genetic algorithm (AMPMGA) to optimize element layout, targeting both peak SLL (PSLL) reduction and radiation gain enhancement. The incorporation of an equidistant sampling cross-strategy in AMPMGA enhances operational efficiency and a multipoint mutation strategy to avoid getting stuck in a local optimal solution, which also accelerates the convergence speed of the algorithm. Compared to existing methods, our approach demonstrates faster convergence, stronger global search capability, and robust beam-sweeping characteristics that are unconstrained by update speed or trajectory limitations. The verification of AMPMGA effectiveness was also conducted through full-wave simulation experiments. The optimized sparse arrays achieved an efficient balance among technical performance, cost, and system complexity. This method delivers practical value to array systems and offers an innovative solution for array sparsification design.","PeriodicalId":13052,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Green Communications and Networking","volume":"10 ","pages":"2190-2205"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2026-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147299683","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Waveform Design for Partial-Time Superimposed ISAC Systems","authors":"Xi Nan;Rugui Yao;Ye Fan;Ruikang Zhong;Xiaoya Zuo;Theodoros A. Tsiftsis;Alexandros-Apostolos A. Boulogeorgos","doi":"10.1109/TGCN.2026.3664405","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TGCN.2026.3664405","url":null,"abstract":"Nowadays, waveforms of integrated sensing and communication (ISAC) are almost based on conventional communication and sensing signal, which bounds both the communication and sensing performance. To deal with this issue, in this paper, a novel waveform design is presented for the partial-time superimposed (PTS) ISAC system. At the base station (BS), a parameter-adjustable linear frequency modulation (LFM) pulse signal and a continuous communication orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) signal are employed to broadcast public information and perform sensing tasks, respectively, using a PTS scheme. Pulse compression gain enhances the system’s long-range sensing capability, while OFDM ensures the system’s high-speed data transmission capability. Meanwhile, the LFM signal is utilized as superimposed pilot for channel estimation, which has higher time-frequency resource utilization and stronger real-time performance compared to orthogonal pilots. We present an accurate parameter estimation method of multi-path sensing signal for reconstructing and interference cancellation in communication users. Additionally, a cyclic maximum likelihood method is introduced for channel estimation and the Cramér-Rao lower bound (CRLB) of channel estimation is derived. Simulations demonstrate the accuracy and robustness of the proposed parameter estimation algorithm as well as the improved channel estimation performance over traditional methods. The proposed waveform design method can achieve reliable data transmission and accurate target sensing.","PeriodicalId":13052,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Green Communications and Networking","volume":"10 ","pages":"2164-2177"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2026-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146223794","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Clustering Routing Protocol for Dynamic UASN Based on Voronoi Dynamic Clustering and Multi-Index Cluster Head Selection","authors":"Zhixin Liu;Rong Gui;Jiawei Su;Yazhou Yuan;Xinping Guan","doi":"10.1109/TGCN.2026.3663133","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TGCN.2026.3663133","url":null,"abstract":"Underwater Acoustic Sensor Network (UASN) faces significant challenges in dynamic environments, including frequent topology changes, high propagation delay, and limited node energy, which collectively shorten network lifetime and degrade performance. This paper proposes a clustering routing protocol for dynamic UASN based on Voronoi dynamic clustering and multi-index cluster head selection, named CRDVM. This paper constructs a 3D dynamic underwater acoustic network model, and a multi-index cluster head node (CH) selection scheme is designed, which comprehensively considers the residual energy, connectivity, hop-count, and distance to the sink node, and then dynamically selects CHs through a fuzzy inference system. Then, the intra-cluster routing employs a distance weighted minimum spanning tree (MST) to shorten transmission paths, whereas inter-cluster routing uses an MST weighted by dual metrics to balance CH energy consumption while low delay. Voronoi graph theory is introduced to realize adaptive clustering in a dynamic environment. Simulation results demonstrate that, compared with QD-DCR, UCPSO, LCOA-ASPPM, and CCCS, the proposed CRDVM achieves a longer network lifetime and better energy balance while keeping delay low.","PeriodicalId":13052,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Green Communications and Networking","volume":"10 ","pages":"2220-2231"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2026-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147299635","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Attention-Driven Multi-Objective Optimization for AAV-Assisted Cellular Networks","authors":"Na Lin;Xia Wu;Ammar Hawbani;Ammar Muthanna;Liang Zhao","doi":"10.1109/TGCN.2026.3662393","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TGCN.2026.3662393","url":null,"abstract":"With the explosive growth of users and data-hungry applications, cellular networks are increasingly turning to Autonomous Aerial Vehicles (AAVs) as agile, on-demand aerial base stations. AAV-assisted cellular networks face challenges in multi-objective optimization under dynamic environments, as conventional fixed-weighting schemes fail to adapt to real-time conditions. To address this limitation, we propose a Multi-objective Attention-based Proximal Policy Optimization (MOAPPO) framework, which leverages a multi-head attention mechanism to dynamically generate context-aware objective weights. These adaptive weights guide an enhanced k-means user clustering process and a Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO)-based strategy for joint AAV trajectory planning and power allocation under parameterized Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA) control. By integrating all components into a unified closed-loop architecture, the framework continuously adapts to the dynamic mobility of both AAVs and users. Extensive experimental results demonstrate that MOAPPO outperforms existing baselines in terms of system performance, while ensuring improved load balancing and stable convergence behavior.","PeriodicalId":13052,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Green Communications and Networking","volume":"10 ","pages":"2178-2189"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2026-02-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146223802","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}