Qingwei Jiang;Mingqing Liu;Mingliang Xiong;Wen Fang;Hao Deng;Qingwen Liu;Bin He
{"title":"Simultaneous Resonant Beam Powering and DoA Estimation for RF-Passive IoT Devices","authors":"Qingwei Jiang;Mingqing Liu;Mingliang Xiong;Wen Fang;Hao Deng;Qingwen Liu;Bin He","doi":"10.1109/TGCN.2026.3721928","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TGCN.2026.3721928","url":null,"abstract":"Emerging mobile IoT, augmented/virtual reality (AR/VR) and robotic applications require continuous wireless power delivery together with accurate spatial awareness. Millimeter-wave (mmWave) array beamforming can enhance power focusing and angular resolution, but it usually requires stringent beam control, phase alignment, and feedback signaling. To address these challenges, this paper proposes a resonant beam-based power and direction-sensing system (RB-PDS), which employs retrodirective antenna arrays (RAAs) and closed-loop resonant propagation to establish a self-aligned focused beam between the base station (BS) and an RF-passive user device (UD). The same resonant beam is reused as both the energy-transfer carrier and the direction-sensitive sensing signal, thereby enabling simultaneous wireless power transfer (WPT) and direction-of-arrival (DoA) estimation without independent localization waveforms or active RF transmission from the UD. To improve DoA accuracy in the Fresnel range, a two-step modified multiple signal classification (M-MUSIC) algorithm is developed to compensate for the wavefront curvature of the converged beam. Analytical modeling and system-level simulations show that under the considered short-range operating conditions, RB-PDS can deliver watt-level net DC power while achieving centimeter-level lateral localization accuracy. These results demonstrate the potential of RB-PDS as a low-overhead framework for integrated wireless powering and direction sensing in short-range intelligent systems.","PeriodicalId":13052,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Green Communications and Networking","volume":"10 ","pages":"3971-3985"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148747225","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Obstruction-Aware Gateway Mesh for LoRaWAN via Grid-Based Multi-Loss Propagation Modeling","authors":"Shubham Pandey;Hari Prabhat Gupta;Preti Kumari;Seela Veerabhadreswara Rao","doi":"10.1109/TGCN.2026.3720376","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TGCN.2026.3720376","url":null,"abstract":"Long Range Wide Area Network (LoRaWAN) enables scalable, long-range Internet of Things (IoT) connectivity, but physical obstructions often reduce coverage and link reliability. Gateway mesh architectures mitigate this limitation by allowing relay gateways to forward packets to border gateways over multi-hop paths. However, existing approaches are largely oblivious to environmental obstructions, which can lead to unstable connectivity, coverage gaps, and insufficient redundancy in critical zones, such as operationally important buildings and key open areas. To address this, we propose an obstruction-aware gateway mesh framework that integrates environmental modeling with gateway placement. The framework constructs a 3D representation of the deployment area from satellite imagery, shadow geometry, and semantic segmentation, and uses a multi-loss propagation model to estimate device-to-gateway and inter-gateway link strength under obstruction-induced attenuation. Using these estimates, the framework determines relay and border gateway placements to improve coverage, ensure reliable relay-to-border gateway connectivity, and provide redundancy in critical zones. Real-world campus evaluations show that the proposed solution achieves higher coverage, reliability, and network efficiency than baseline strategies under a fixed gateway budget in obstruction-prone environments.","PeriodicalId":13052,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Green Communications and Networking","volume":"10 ","pages":"3999-4012"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148836491","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Min Hua;Jianan Wei;Cong Zhang;Zhongqiu Wu;Yadong Ru;Xiaoming Liu;Yijin Zhang;Wen Zhou
{"title":"Design of Power Allocation and Device Grouping in PD-NOMA Communication Systems","authors":"Min Hua;Jianan Wei;Cong Zhang;Zhongqiu Wu;Yadong Ru;Xiaoming Liu;Yijin Zhang;Wen Zhou","doi":"10.1109/TGCN.2026.3678581","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TGCN.2026.3678581","url":null,"abstract":"Power domain non-orthogonal multiple access (PD-NOMA) is considered an effective means of enabling massive connectivity and improving spectral efficiency in next-generation (6G) wireless communication networks, particularly for the massive Internet of Things (mIoT). This paper optimizes power allocation and device grouping to address energy efficiency and resource scarcity challenges. We investigate optimal power allocation under two distinct successive interference cancellation (SIC) decoding orders at the receiver, incorporating constraints on limited transmit power, quality of service (QoS), and SIC decoding requirements. Using Karush-Kuhn-Tucker (KKT) conditions, we derive rigorous criteria for grouping IoT devices on shared subchannels and determine their optimal power coefficients. Analytical results prove that channel-gain-ascending SIC maximizes downlink subchannel capacity, while channel-gain-descending SIC optimizes uplink performance. Furthermore, we propose a resource-efficient device grouping scheme that reduces the required number of orthogonal subchannels compared to conventional orthogonal multiple access (OMA). Simulations demonstrate that the proposed scheme not only conserves the number of orthogonal subchannels compared to the OMA system, but also exhibits superior overall system capacity. This work directly contributes to energy-efficient resource management in sustainable IoT communications by minimizing spectral resources and enhancing network longevity.","PeriodicalId":13052,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Green Communications and Networking","volume":"10 ","pages":"2535-2550"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147665457","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Khodr Hammoud;Hubregt J. Visser;Hazem Sallouha;Dominique Schreurs;Sofie Pollin
{"title":"Light First, RF Assist: Spatial Optimization for Minimum Energy Guarantees in Battery-Less IoT Network","authors":"Khodr Hammoud;Hubregt J. Visser;Hazem Sallouha;Dominique Schreurs;Sofie Pollin","doi":"10.1109/TGCN.2026.3693467","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TGCN.2026.3693467","url":null,"abstract":"The rapid expansion of battery-less Internet of Things (IoT) deployments demands energy delivery strategies that minimise maintenance while ensuring reliable operation. This paper studies the placement optimisation of photovoltaic (PV)-equipped donor IoT nodes that harvest dedicated/ambient light power and redistribute surplus energy via radiofrequency (RF) transmissions, together with targeted ceiling-mounted RF transmitters. We formulate an illuminance-informed donor placement problem across heterogeneous light zones and extend it to a co-design framework that integrates dedicated RF support with donor placement. To address these problems, we develop a greedy illuminance-aware algorithm and a joint greedy–genetic algorithm for co-design, supported by a complexity analysis. Numerical results in a <inline-formula> <tex-math>$5times 5$ </tex-math></inline-formula> m2 indoor simulation testbed demonstrate that the co-design approach reduces donor counts by up to 33% while maintaining the required energy thresholds. These results indicate that deployment-aware optimisation can effectively sustain dense IoT networks under practical illumination and RF constraints.","PeriodicalId":13052,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Green Communications and Networking","volume":"10 ","pages":"4161-4173"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148925858","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"On Secondary Throughput Maximization and Eavesdropping Protection in RIS-Aided Underlay Green Cognitive Radio Networks","authors":"Avik Banerjee;Santi P. Maity;Riku Jäntti","doi":"10.1109/TGCN.2026.3730981","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TGCN.2026.3730981","url":null,"abstract":"In this work, a reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS)-aided energy harvesting (EH) scheme on cognitive radio network (CRN), operating in an underlay mode, is considered in presence of an eavesdropper. Both primary user (PU) and secondary user (SU) networks, each one consisting of one transmitter-receiver pair, share the same spectrum simultaneously with a single antenna. The aim of the study is to maximize the secondary throughput while meeting PU data rate, SU energy causality and secrecy capacity constraints. The present work adopts an SU-centric RIS design, where the RIS phases are configured to coherently enhance the received signal at the SU receiver. Based on this design, the optimal phase and amplitude of each RIS element are determined, and the resulting configuration is employed in the joint optimization of SU transmit power (<inline-formula> <tex-math>$P_{S}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>) and the EH time allocation factor (<inline-formula> <tex-math>$alpha $ </tex-math></inline-formula>). The optimal values of <inline-formula> <tex-math>$P_{S}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> and <inline-formula> <tex-math>$alpha $ </tex-math></inline-formula> are calculated through Lagrange method. The impact of RIS placement on SU throughput near/far to SU transmitter/receiver, PU receiver and eavesdropper are analyzed. SU throughput analysis with the change in the number of reflecting elements (‘M’) and amplitude attenuation of RIS are also analyzed in this work. Simulation results show efficacy of RIS on SU throughput as ~41.88% and ~96.85% gain over the existing works at <inline-formula> <tex-math>$M=64$ </tex-math></inline-formula> for ideal unit modulus reflection.","PeriodicalId":13052,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Green Communications and Networking","volume":"10 ","pages":"4353-4368"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149033777","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A Novel Multi-Strategy Nonlinear Multi-Objective Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm for Sparse Planar Antenna Array Synthesis","authors":"Ruiyou Li;Min Li;Liang Zhu;Wen Liao;Jiayi Ju","doi":"10.1109/TGCN.2026.3701739","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TGCN.2026.3701739","url":null,"abstract":"Recent research on the optimization of sparse antenna arrays has concentrated on minimizing the sidelobe level (SLL), which often leads to an imbalanced performance in the overall radiation pattern synthesis. To address this issue, we present a novel multi-strategy nonlinear multi-objective particle swarm optimization (MSNL-MOPSO) algorithm based on global learning integration strategy and local mutation joint mechanism. First, a hybrid multi-objective optimization problem (MOP) model is constructed to jointly minimize the peak sidelobe level (PSLL) and beamwidth (BW), mitigating the imbalance problem encountered in radiation pattern synthesis. Then, a global learning integration method based on adaptive inertia weight and dandelion flight mechanism is designed to enhance population diversity and global search capabilities. Furthermore, a local mutation joint approach based on logarithmic spiral opposition-based learning (LSOBL) and Cauchy-golden sine inverse cumulative mutation (CGSICM) strategy is employed to improve convergence precision. Finally, experimental evaluations on four classical benchmark functions demonstrate the superior performance of the proposed MSNL-MOPSO algorithm. Additionally, the experimental results of two sparse planar antenna arrays synthesis show that MSNL-MOPSO achieves a 2.1 dB reduction in PSLL and a 20% improvement in convergence speed compared to mainstream algorithms (NSGA-II, MOGWO, MORIME, and MOPSO). These findings confirm the significant potential of MSNL-MOPSO for optimizing complex sparse planar antenna array configurations.","PeriodicalId":13052,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Green Communications and Networking","volume":"10 ","pages":"3284-3297"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148433181","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"NEMESI: 5G Non-Invasive EMF Multi-User Exposure Surveillance and Inspection","authors":"Daniele Franci;Ivan Palamá;Stefano Mangione;Sara Adda;Mattia Vaccarono;Giuseppe Bianchi","doi":"10.1109/TGCN.2026.3695297","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TGCN.2026.3695297","url":null,"abstract":"Surveillance of electromagnetic field exposure in 5G networks is crucial for regulatory compliance but currently relies on intrusive and expensive active traffic injection. We propose a hardware-agnostic, automated, and non-invasive framework for exposure assessment in real-world deployments. By leveraging a blind Downlink Control Information (DCI) decoding mechanism, our method extracts scheduling information to isolate user-specific Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH) resources. Experimental validation in frequency range (FR)1 and FR2 demonstrates that this approach enables a procedural mapping of radiated power while obviating the need for full carrier bandwidth saturation. By abstracting the acquisition hardware as an IQ sample provider, the pipeline is designed to operate across heterogeneous receivers, including low-cost Software-Defined Radios (SDRs). While absolute metrological accuracy remains dependent on specific device calibration, this methodology supports a streamlined, user-specific Maximum-Power Extrapolation (MPE) analysis workflow at the signal-processing level that is independent of network traffic conditions.","PeriodicalId":13052,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Green Communications and Networking","volume":"10 ","pages":"3246-3258"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11534942","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148433157","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ruiyan Du;Chenglong Li;Xiaobing Zhang;Luyao Suo;Huiyang Shi;Fulai Liu
{"title":"SERN-BT Algorithm for Beam Training in Extremely Large-Scale MIMO System","authors":"Ruiyan Du;Chenglong Li;Xiaobing Zhang;Luyao Suo;Huiyang Shi;Fulai Liu","doi":"10.1109/TGCN.2026.3744271","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TGCN.2026.3744271","url":null,"abstract":"Considering the problem that traditional near-field beam training requires joint angle-distance optimization, which increases the pilot overhead as the antenna size grows. To reduce the pilot overhead while maintaining achievable rate performance, an efficient beam training (BT) algorithm is proposed based on Residual Network with Squeeze-and-Excitation (SERN) in this paper, named as SERN-BT algorithm. Inspired by the hierarchical codebook, the SERN network utilizes received signals from far-field wide beams to infer the optimal near-field codeword. The strategy results in a substantial decrease in pilot overhead when contrasted with traditional narrow beam sweeping. Furthermore, the SERN framework incorporates a dual-branch structure to decouple the nonlinear mapping of angle and distance. Within the SE-ResNet blocks, the squeeze-and-excitation mechanism is innovatively integrated to adaptively recalibrate channel weights. The mechanism enables the network to suppress noise interference and selectively emphasize the sparse spatial features inherent in wide-beam signals. Finally, the well-trained SERN model is capable of rapidly inferring the near-optimal near-field codeword. Simulation results demonstrate that the presented algorithm can dramatically reduce the pilot overhead while sustaining achievable rate in the near-field domain.","PeriodicalId":13052,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Green Communications and Networking","volume":"10 ","pages":"4472-4482"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149250417","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"STAR-RIS Aided Fluid Antenna System: A Joint Optimization With Discrete Positions and Phases","authors":"Rui Shi;Haisu Wu;Hong Ren;Cunhua Pan;Jiaju Zhu","doi":"10.1109/TGCN.2026.3690783","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TGCN.2026.3690783","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, we investigate a simultaneously transmitting and reflecting reconfigurable intelligent surface (STAR-RIS)-aided fluid antenna downlink communication system, where the antennas’ locations are limited to discrete positions. Specifically, the beamforming and the positions of fluid antennas at the base station (BS), the transmission and reflection coefficients of the STAR-RIS are jointly optimized to maximize the minimum signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) of the users, while satisfying the transmit power constraint at the BS and the discrete phase constraint at the STAR-RIS. To address the non-convex optimization problem, an alternating optimization (AO) algorithm is proposed. Within this framework, the non-convex SINR constraints for the BS beamforming subproblem are tackled using the successive convex approximation (SCA), while the STAR-RIS coefficients are optimized via a penalty-based method. Furthermore, to handle the discrete antenna position variables, an iterative approach based on the McCormick envelope technique is developed to find the optimal locations. Numerical results are provided to confirm the effectiveness of our proposed algorithm.","PeriodicalId":13052,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Green Communications and Networking","volume":"10 ","pages":"2992-3006"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148003493","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Mobility-Behaviour Aware Access Point Assignment Technique for LiFi-Based Vehicle in Smart Building Access Control","authors":"Sallar Salam Murad;Rozin Badeel;Zixin Xu;Mohammad Dehghani Soltani;Salman Yussof","doi":"10.1109/TGCN.2026.3678526","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TGCN.2026.3678526","url":null,"abstract":"The building access control (BAC) is an emerging trend for the smart buildings that is expected to leverage the wireless technology such as hybrid Light-Fidelity (LiFi)/WiFi networks that provides high speed connection for access point (AP) assignment and data exchange purposes. Due to LiFi access points’ short coverage areas and user mobility, such networks have a difficult handover (HO) process. So far, most of the existing APA studies in LiFi networks consider pedestrian users in indoor environment and no study considered APA in vehicle-to-building scenario. The orientation of the device due to the mobility of the vehicle, including speed and pausing behavior, can impact the HO process and therefore cause delay. This study proposes a novel access point assignment (APA) technique for hybrid LiFi/WiFi wireless networks that is suitable for BAC. Unlike mobile users in an indoor area, it considers varying speed with pausing (VSP) and the orientation-based random waypoint (ORWP), user location, user speed, and optical gain data rate for making the decision called mobility-behavior aware APA (MBA-APA).The proposed method is designed for multi-band network where RFID is added as an alternative AP if both LiFi and WiFi failed, and aims to eliminate the HO in such environment with optimal network selection. The proposed MBA-APA achieves better APA and eliminates HO in all cases compared with benchmark works.","PeriodicalId":13052,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Green Communications and Networking","volume":"10 ","pages":"2626-2640"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147696508","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}