{"title":"Improving Energy Efficiency in Satellite-to-Ground Communications With Multiple Reflecting Intelligent Surfaces","authors":"Muhammad I. Khalil;Jiao Lin;Ke Wang","doi":"10.1109/TGCN.2024.3408295","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TGCN.2024.3408295","url":null,"abstract":"This study introduces two novel approaches to enhance the energy efficiency of satellite-to-ground communication systems by using multiple Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces (RISs) on terrestrial platforms. We explore scenarios in both ideal environments (IE), which assume no shadowing loss, and non-ideal environments (NIE), which consider practical environmental influences such as shadowing. In the IE scenario, energy efficiency is optimized through a dual strategy: first, by maximizing power reception through precise phase shift adjustments of each RIS element; second, by employing Selective Diversity combined with Binary Particle Swarm Optimization (BPSO) to minimize power consumption. This theoretical benchmark in the IE scenario sets the stage for the NIE scenario, where the Adaptive Moment Estimation (Adam) optimization algorithm is employed to systematically enhance energy efficiency under real-world operational conditions. Simulation results demonstrate the significant potential of the proposed methods for energy savings in satellite-RIS systems.","PeriodicalId":13052,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Green Communications and Networking","volume":"8 4","pages":"1985-1999"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2024-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142679362","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Pareto Optimal Energy Efficiency Power Allocation: Coping With Highly Constraints in NOMA Uplink Dense Access VLC Network","authors":"Yuchao Dang;Xuefen Chi;Linlin Zhao","doi":"10.1109/TGCN.2024.3408160","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TGCN.2024.3408160","url":null,"abstract":"Aiming at the heavy requirement of bandwidth and delay for immersive communication, we propose the optical heterogeneous network and focus on enhance network capacity and dense access capacity as well as energy efficiency (EE). An optical MIMO network based on NOMA is developed, and we design the power allocation optimization problem (OP) with the saturation throughput as the optimization objective. However, since the severity of the successive interference cancellation (SIC) inequality constraint are positively correlated with the number of users, the solution of OP exhibits inefficient convergence of the pareto front, and the solution of the OP often triggers a chain violation effect in the power allocation. We propose a power allocation scheme based on the Fuzzy Constraint Window Gradient Descent Differential Evolution (FCWGD-DE) algorithm. We design a FCWGD strategy to expand the population search area, together with the information sharing reproduction, the suitable factor sequence, and the proportional selection, to protect the distribution and diversity of the population, and drive the population to converge to the pareto optimal frontier while avoiding local convergence. The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed scheme achieves high EE, significantly improves system throughput, and provides stable quality of service guarantee for users.","PeriodicalId":13052,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Green Communications and Networking","volume":"8 4","pages":"1781-1795"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2024-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142713814","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Energy Efficient Query Processing Mechanism for IoT-Enabled WSNs","authors":"Vaibhav Agarwal;Shashikala Tapaswi;Prasenjit Chanak","doi":"10.1109/TGCN.2024.3394908","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TGCN.2024.3394908","url":null,"abstract":"Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) act as an integral part of any Internet of Things (IoT) based system. In IoT-based applications such as disaster management, industry automation, and healthcare, the end user demands real-time data for decision-making. In these applications, query-driven WSNs play a vital role in real-time decision-making. Existing state-of-the-art query-driven approaches suffer from a huge query processing delay, end-to-end delay, and poor network lifetime. Therefore, this paper presents an energy-efficient query processing mechanism for IoT-enabled WSNs where mobile sinks-based query processing is performed to reduce end-to-end delay and improve overall network performance. The proposed scheme uses a minimal set cover algorithm to identify the optimal number of rendezvous points. Furthermore, it selects the optimal number of mobile sinks using an improved shark smell optimization algorithm. Extensive simulations and mathematical analysis have shown that the proposed scheme outperformed as compared to the existing state-of-the-art algorithms such as LEDC, QDWSN, QWRP, and QDVGDD. The proposed scheme depicts 41.26%, 39.84%, 40.77%, 39.74%, and 40.15% improvement in terms of average energy consumption, query processing delay, end-to-end delay, network lifetime, and data delivery ratio, respectively.","PeriodicalId":13052,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Green Communications and Networking","volume":"8 4","pages":"1632-1644"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2024-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142713810","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ruiyan Du;Long Li;Zhiqing Guan;Baozhu Shi;Zhuoyao Duan;Fulai Liu
{"title":"AFC-TH Hybrid Precoding With High Energy Efficiency for Millimeter Wave Communication Systems","authors":"Ruiyan Du;Long Li;Zhiqing Guan;Baozhu Shi;Zhuoyao Duan;Fulai Liu","doi":"10.1109/TGCN.2024.3394834","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TGCN.2024.3394834","url":null,"abstract":"As a structure with lower power consumption and hardware cost, the adaptive fully-connected (AFC) structure can improve energy efficiency significantly for hybrid precoding. Based on this, this paper proposes an energy-efficient AFC Tomlinson-Harashima (AFC-TH) hybrid precoding algorithm. Specifically, to alleviate inter-user interference and enhance system performance, a TH algorithm based on the mean square error minimization of signals (S-MMSE-TH) is proposed to obtain the optimal digital precoding matrix. Furthermore, to reduce the computational complexity of optimization the switch precoding matrix, a branch-and-bound based on subspace projection method is developed. Different from the traditional branch-and-bound method by the convex relaxation, the subspace projection method is used to obtain a closed-form lower bound of the objective function. It can reduce the computational cost effectively. Moreover, according to the norm and the nonlinear programming theories, a phase shifters precoding matrix optimization method is proposed. In this method, the phase-shifter precoding matrix optimization problem is transformed into a positive semidefinite quadratic form satisfying the KKT condition. Especially, a diagonal loading factor is introduced to satisfy the KKT condition to reduce the computational cost. Simulation results and complexity analysis show that the proposed method provides high energy efficiency while enjoying satisfactory spectral efficiency with a low computational complexity.","PeriodicalId":13052,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Green Communications and Networking","volume":"8 4","pages":"1622-1631"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2024-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142713795","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"SNNOT: Spiking Neural Network With On-Chip Training for MIMO-OFDM Symbol Detection","authors":"Honghao Zheng;Jiarui Xu;Lingjia Liu;Yang Yi","doi":"10.1109/TGCN.2024.3393854","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TGCN.2024.3393854","url":null,"abstract":"Advancing 5G and beyond communications require innovative solutions for symbol detection in MIMO-OFDM. Our research leverages Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs), surpassing the efficiency of traditional Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) and Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) in dynamic wireless contexts. The SNNOT architecture features a novel triplet Spike-Timing-Dependent Plasticity (STDP) learning circuit, utilizing 22FDX technology from GlobalFoundries, which overcomes STDP’s supervised learning limitations and enhances dynamic learning by converting spikes into voltages. This innovation leads to substantial efficiency gains, with a minimal energy requirement of \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$20.92 mu W$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 and a small silicon footprint of \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$37 times 62 mu m^{2}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000. Performance evaluations show the triplet STDP rule in SNNOT considerably improves image classification and symbol detection, with over 3% error rate reduction in MNIST and CIFAR-10. Additionally, it achieves a 0.07 symbol error rate (SER) at 5 dB \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$E_{b}/N_{o}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 in 4 pulse amplitude modulation (4-PAM) Gaussian channel symbol detection, outperforming other methods. With 8-PAM, it surpasses other methods by at least 0.03 SER and maintains lower or comparable SERs in scenarios using the WINNER II channel model and 16 quadrature amplitude modulation (16-QAM). Importantly, our method offers up to 32% faster processing, providing a potent, efficient solution for receiver processing in cutting-edge wireless systems.","PeriodicalId":13052,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Green Communications and Networking","volume":"8 4","pages":"1809-1823"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2024-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142713812","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jian Chen;Yuchen Sun;Jie Jia;Baoxin Yin;Xingwei Wang
{"title":"Cooperative Beamforming for Double-RIS Assisted CoMP Systems","authors":"Jian Chen;Yuchen Sun;Jie Jia;Baoxin Yin;Xingwei Wang","doi":"10.1109/TGCN.2024.3393554","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TGCN.2024.3393554","url":null,"abstract":"Energy efficiency (EE) has become a key performance indicator in designing future wireless networks. In this regard, we propose a novel two reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RISs) assisted coordinated multipoint (CoMP) network, where two RISs cooperate to reduce energy consumption by constructing an intelligent radio environment. Aiming to maximize this system’s energy efficiency (EE), the joint optimization problem on the cooperative beamforming among base stations (BSs) and passive beamforming among RISs, subject to each user’s data rate requirement, is formulated. An alternative optimization algorithm is proposed by decoupling it into a cooperative beamforming subproblem among BSs and a cooperative reflective coefficients design subproblem among RISs. Dinkelbach’s transform and complex fractional programming algorithms are also invoked to transform these two subproblems into convex optimization problems and obtain the optimal solution for each sub-problem. Numerical results validate the proposed algorithm’s feasibility, fast convergence, and flexibility. It also shows that the proposed scheme with cooperative beamforming design for both BSs and RISs outperforms that without RIS and that with randomly initialized RISs.","PeriodicalId":13052,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Green Communications and Networking","volume":"8 4","pages":"1917-1929"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2024-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142679325","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Sustainable Virtual Network Function Placement and Traffic Routing for Green Mobile Edge Networks","authors":"Junbin Liang;Shaodong Huang;Yu Qiu;Lu Liu;Furqan Aziz;Min Chen","doi":"10.1109/TGCN.2024.3392813","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TGCN.2024.3392813","url":null,"abstract":"Green Mobile Edge Networks (GMENs) are emerging networks that harvest green energy for powering mobile edge nodes, thereby reducing carbon dioxide emissions and energy costs. In GMENs, network service providers can flexibly place multiple virtual network functions (VNFs) that form a service function chain (SFC) in a specific order on geographically distributed edge nodes based on the level of harvested green energy, providing customized and sustainable network services for users. To meet the diversified availability requirements of users, backup SFCs need to be provided in addition to the primary SFC. These backup SFCs can be activated for providing uninterrupted services when the primary SFC is unavailable. However, due to the dynamic nature of wireless communication links, the uncertainty and unpredictability of green energy, and the limited resources available at edge nodes, optimizing the VNF placement and route traffic in real-time is challenging to minimize energy costs of all nodes and form expected SFCs with higher availability than user demand value. In this paper, the above problem is first formulated as an integer nonlinear programming and proven to be NP-hard. Then, it is discretized into a sequence of one-slot optimization problems to handle real-time changes in green energy and link availability. Finally, an online approximation strategy with a constant approximation ratio is proposed to solve the one-slot problems in polynomial time. This is the first study into online link availability-aware VNF placement and traffic routing problems in GMENs, motivated by sustainability concerns. The evaluation results indicate that the proposed scheme can ensure service availability while reducing the energy costs of all edge nodes and has achieved better performance when compared with other state-of-the-art methods.","PeriodicalId":13052,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Green Communications and Networking","volume":"8 4","pages":"1450-1465"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2024-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142672042","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Power Allocation of Integrated Sensing and Communication System for the Internet of Vehicles","authors":"Zhiwei Pu;Wei Wang;Zhiwei Lao;Ye Yan;Hongde Qin","doi":"10.1109/TGCN.2024.3391015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TGCN.2024.3391015","url":null,"abstract":"In terms of enhancing the spectrum-sharing capability of the Internet of vehicles (IoV), the integrated sensing and communication (ISAC) systems of the communication transmission and radar detection in the IoV are discussed. Firstly, the optimal power allocation of communication and radar is considered, respectively, and the joint optimization problem of maximizing the communication rate and the Fisher information (FI) of radar sensing is constructed. Then, an adaptive optimization weight factor is introduced to optimize the power allocation of the ISAC system, to achieve a trade-off performance between sensing and communication in the IoV system. Subsequently, the alternating optimization fractional programming and KKT (AO-FP-KKT) algorithm is proposed based on the coupled characteristics of the problem. This algorithm introduces dual variables to construct the Lagrange function, combines fractional programming architecture, and utilizes KKT conditions to obtain closed-form solutions. In particular, the scope of the dual variable is analyzed in detail and proved strictly. Finally, the numerical simulation results show that the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm and its superior performance compared with the existing state-of-the-art power allocation methods are demonstrated. The proposed algorithm enhances the system spectrum-sharing capability and achieves a trade-off between sensing and communication performance.","PeriodicalId":13052,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Green Communications and Networking","volume":"8 4","pages":"1717-1728"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2024-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142713817","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"VISE: QoS-Aware Virtual Sensor Orchestration in Green Multi-Sensor-Cloud","authors":"Anudipa Mondal;Sudip Misra;Goutam Das","doi":"10.1109/TGCN.2024.3391628","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TGCN.2024.3391628","url":null,"abstract":"This work presents the problem of optimal resource orchestration for green Sensor-as-a-Service (Se-aaS) in the presence of multiple sensor-cloud service providers (SCSPs) and vehicle owners (VOs). It leads to an oligopolistic market, where the shareholders may adopt unfair means to maximize revenue. Therefore, we consider the trust factors among the SCSPs and the VOs and ensure high QoS to minimize service delay, maximize service availability, and maximize energy efficiency. We propose a virtual sensor orchestration scheme, VISE, to ensure high QoS in green multi-sensor-cloud systems. VISE is a multi-level expected utility game-theoretic scheme. In VISE, the requested SCSP initially aims to find an optimal set of vehicles to send the sensed data from its own sensor-equipped vehicles to the roadside units (RSUs). We consider that the intermediate nodes may belong to other SCSPs. Further, to address the inadequacy of resources, the requested SCSP in VISE relies on selecting an optimal SCSP from the other SCSPs to serve vehicular Se-aaS. We evaluate the performance of VISE both theoretically and experimentally and compare it with benchmark schemes. Simulation results depict 33.33 – 53.34% and 21.57 – 29.13% increase in end-user satisfaction and network lifetime, respectively, while ensuring a 37.25 – 42.85% increase in revenue sharing among the VOs.","PeriodicalId":13052,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Green Communications and Networking","volume":"8 4","pages":"1440-1449"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2024-04-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142672041","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Wireless Energy Transfer Using Chirp Waveform With Joint Subband Selection and Max-Min Power Control for IoT Networks","authors":"Arijit Roy;Salil Kashyap;Ratnajit Bhattacharjee","doi":"10.1109/TGCN.2024.3391270","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TGCN.2024.3391270","url":null,"abstract":"Wireless energy transfer (WET) is a promising method to extend the operation time of sensors in energy-constrained wireless networks. Specially, for the low-power applications such as the Internet-of-Things (IoT) and machine-to-machine communications, most of the existing works have so far focused on using fixed-frequency waveforms for WET. In this paper, we investigate the potential of superposed chirp waveforms for downlink (DL) WET from a multi-antenna access point (AP) to a group of sensors over orthogonal subbands while satisfying the peak power constraint. To this end, we first propose the general design of superposed chirp waveforms and establish key properties required to optimize WET. We derive novel closed-form analytical expressions using order statistics for average received energy based on DL WET via superposed chirps and via fixed-frequency waveforms over subbands selected independently for each sensor based on their estimated channel gain, and evaluate average harvested energy (HE) considering both linear and nonlinear energy harvesting models. For both superposed chirps and fixed-frequency based DL-WET, we then derive max-min optimal power control coefficients in closed-form to ensure that the sensors placed at different distances from the AP receive the same amount of energy. As a benchmark, we present the corresponding analysis considering perfect channel knowledge. Through our analytical and numerical results, for the considered setup, we prove and elucidate that superposed chirp-based WET over select subbands and under max-min power control provides an improvement of 40% in average HE performance as compared to multisine waveforms consisting of a set of fixed-frequency cosine signals, and extends the operating range of energy transfer by about 17.5% over fixed-frequency waveforms.","PeriodicalId":13052,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Green Communications and Networking","volume":"8 4","pages":"1607-1621"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2024-04-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142713809","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}