Head & Face Medicine最新文献

{"title":"Evaluation of precision and trueness of intraoral scanners for newborns with cleft lip and palate: 3D analysis of digital models.","authors":"Juliana-Theresa Schell, Bert Braumann, Teresa Kruse, Sarah Achterrath, Tamara N Shamlian, Isabelle Graf","doi":"10.1186/s13005-026-00650-w","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13005-026-00650-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Children born with cleft lip and palate (CLP) require intensive interdisciplinary care from birth onward. Intraoral scanners (IOS) have emerged as a promising alternative for neonatal maxillary data acquisition. This study evaluated the precision and trueness of five commonly used IOS using a standardized landmark-based methodology complemented by full-surface deviation analysis, applied to neonatal maxillary models with increasing morphological complexity.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Three neonatal plaster casts were digitized: An edentulous maxilla without cleft, a unilateral and a bilateral cleft maxilla. Ten pyramidal landmarks defining five transversal distances were constructed along the alveolar ridge. These resulting digital master models (DMM) were 3D-printed (Formlabs Form 2, 25 μm) and their dimensional fidelity independently verified by digital caliper (± 0.01 mm). Each printed model was scanned ten times by the same operator using Primescan, CS3600, Trios 3, iTero Element 2 and Medit i500. Linear trueness and precision were quantified in Rhinoceros 3D. Full-surface trueness was assessed in Geomagic Control 3D using a standardized alignment protocol. Statistical analysis was performed using the Kruskal-Wallis test and Mann-Whitney U post-hoc tests (p < 0.05).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Trueness varied between IOS and depended on the combination of device and cleft morphology. Mean signed linear deviations were minimal in the non-cleft model (all scanners within ± 0.03 mm) and reached - 0.147 mm for Medit in the bilateral cleft model, where Primescan and Trios remained essentially unbiased in the non-cleft and bilateral cleft models. Between-scanner differences were significant in both cleft models (p < 0.001). Intra-scanner reliability, an aspect of precision, ranged from ICC 0.832 to 1.000. Full-surface trueness differed significantly between scanners in all three models (p < 0.01). Mean RMS deviations remained below 0.07 mm for four of the five devices in every model, whereas iTero reached 0.224 mm in the bilateral cleft model. Compared with the non-cleft model, in-tolerance percentages decreased in both cleft models, most markedly in posterior and undercut regions.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Under in-vitro conditions, all IOS digitized neonatal maxillary anatomy with high technical accuracy. Trueness and precision depended on the combination of device and cleft morphology rather than on morphological complexity alone, but all IOS captured the relevant morphological features. Clinical feasibility in neonates was not assessed and remains to be established in in-vivo studies.</p><p><strong>Clinical trial number: </strong>Not applicable.</p>","PeriodicalId":12994,"journal":{"name":"Head & Face Medicine","volume":"22 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13560194/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148929772","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring the association between genetic polymorphisms in FGFR2 and children's facial morphology.","authors":"Christian Rinnert, Svenja Beisel-Memmert, Peter Proff, Cristiano Miranda de Araujo, Maria Julia Pugsley Baratto, Camila Paiva Perin, Juliane Corá, Christian Kirschneck, Erika Calvano Küchler","doi":"10.1186/s13005-026-00649-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13005-026-00649-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Studies on animal models and fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR2)-associated craniosynostosis syndromes suggest that FGFR2 plays a crucial role in craniofacial development. Therefore, the present exploratory study aims to investigate the relationship between functional genetic polymorphisms of FGFR2 and variations in facial morphology.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Frontal and lateral photographs of healthy boys (aged 9 to 14 years) and girls (aged 9 to 13 years), taken before the start of orthodontic treatment, were used for the study. Saliva samples from the patients were also analyzed. Patients with syndromes, skull trauma, or cleft lip and palate were excluded from the study. The measurements and determinations of proportions were performed using the Image J image processing program. DNA was extracted from the saliva samples to investigate seven genetic polymorphisms in FGFR2 using real-time PCR (rs2162540, rs2981578, rs10736303, rs1078806, rs11200014, rs1219648, and rs4752566). ANOVA and t-tests were used to investigate the relationship between the genotypes and the horizontal as well as lateral facial proportions.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 102 children (60 boys and 42 girls) were included in the analysis. No significant sex-related differences in relative facial dimensions or angles were observed. FGFR2 polymorphisms were significantly associated with distinct facial parameters. The rs10736303 variant was associated with frontal facial proportions related to the eye and midface region, with larger relative dimensions observed in carriers of the AA genotype compared to the AG genotype. The rs2162540 polymorphism was associated with lateral profile measurements, including the relative vermilion height of the lower lip and the mentolabial angle. In addition, rs11200014 showed a significant association with the mentolabial angle, with larger angles observed in AA genotype carriers.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This exploratory study suggested that FGFR2 polymorphisms may be involved in specific facial parameters, supporting a role of FGFR2 in facial development.</p>","PeriodicalId":12994,"journal":{"name":"Head & Face Medicine","volume":"22 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13479409/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148792515","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correction: Occlusal function and masticatory efficiency of sagittal malocclusions: a cross-sectional cohort study of orthognathic therapy.","authors":"Lisa-Marie Mai, Jérémy Mouchoux, Philipp Meyer-Marcotty, Anja Quast, Phillipp Brockmeyer, Henning Schliephake, Jonas Q Schmid, Bernhard Wiechens","doi":"10.1186/s13005-026-00648-4","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13005-026-00648-4","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":12994,"journal":{"name":"Head & Face Medicine","volume":"22 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13476931/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148759015","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Association between single-nucleotide polymorphisms in endochondral development-related genes and 3D phenotypic variation of the cranial base.","authors":"Guido Artemio Marañón-Vásquez, Mônica Tirre de Souza Araújo, Antônio Carlos de Oliveira Ruellas, Mírian Aiko Nakane Matsumoto, Alejandro David Avalos Chávez, Marcio Figueiredo, Thaís de Oliveira Fernandes, Lívia Azeredo Alves Antunes, Manuel Lagravère Vich, Rafaela Scariot, Carlos Flores-Mir, Christian Kirschneck, Leonardo Dos Santos Antunes, Erika Calvano Küchler","doi":"10.1186/s13005-026-00644-8","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13005-026-00644-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>This study aimed to evaluate the association between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in endochondral development-related genes and cranial base 3D phenotypes.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>CBCT scans and the genomic DNA of 118 individuals were evaluated (age range: 15-66 years; 82 females). Data from eleven 3D landmarks identified at the cranial base were subjected to geometric morphometric analysis, including Procrustes fit, principal component (PC) analyses, and estimation of centroid sizes and fluctuating asymmetry scores. Seven SNPs within BMP2, BMP4, RUNX2, and SMAD6 were genotyped by real-time PCR. General linear models (GLM) were fitted to assess the effect of SNPs on cranial base shape, size, and symmetry quantitative traits.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Seven PCs were identified for each shape variation aspect (i.e., symmetric and asymmetric components). These explained 81.9% and 84.6% of the total variation, respectively. GLM did not evidence strong associations between cranial base shape aspects and the studied SNPs. GLM including age, sex and BMP2 rs1005464 as predictor variables, showed a strong explanatory power of the variation in the size of the cranial base (adjusted R² = 0.50). Individuals carrying at least one A allele for rs1005464 had larger cranial bases than common GG homozygotes (β = 0.015; 95% CI: 0.003, 0.027; P = 0.016). Fluctuating asymmetry scores were not associated with any of the evaluated SNPs.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The results suggest that BMP2 rs1005464 could be associated with variations in the cranial base size.</p>","PeriodicalId":12994,"journal":{"name":"Head & Face Medicine","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13397726/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148548871","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Myofascial pain and dysfunction as predictors of tinnitus in adults: a case-control study.","authors":"Ana Cristina Mafla, María José Velasco-Burbano, Laura Sofía Peña-Argotty, Carlos Andrés Taramuel-López, Wendi Nayeli Rivadeneira-Arellano, Falk Schwendicke","doi":"10.1186/s13005-026-00635-9","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13005-026-00635-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To evaluate the association of symptoms of myofascial pain and dysfunction with the presence of tinnitus in adults.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A case-control study involving 80 cases presenting tinnitus and 160 controls without this condition was designed. Sociodemographic variables as well as symptoms of myofascial pain and dysfunction measured using the Brux-Screen, psychopathological symptoms obtained from the Symptom Checklist Revised (SCL-90-R) and Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10), stressful life events score quantified through the Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS) and presence of tinnitus supported by items of the Tinnitus Handicap Inventory (THI) were collected. A directed acyclic graphs (DAG) analysis was performed to identify potential relationships, and multivariable logistic regression used to assess associations.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Exposure to high levels of noise (OR = 2.29; 95% CI: 1.14-4.60, P = 0.020), plugged ear canals (OR = 2.99; 95% CI: 1.28-7.03, P = 0.012), tense face-and-neck muscles without clenching (OR = 2.34; 95% CI: 1.24-4.43, P = 0.008) and symptoms of depression (OR = 2.17; 95% CI: 1.41-3.33, P < 0.001) significantly increased the risk of suffering from tinnitus.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Face-and-neck muscles and mental health assessments may be warranted in individuals with tinnitus. Further studies are necessary to clarify causal mechanisms and evaluate potential management strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":12994,"journal":{"name":"Head & Face Medicine","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-07-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13647564/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148436623","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"SLC15A4 promotes oral cancer progression by regulating TLR9 and activating the JAK/STAT signaling pathway.","authors":"Meiling Feng, Siguleng Bayi, Dema Deji, Tana Han, Yulan Zhang","doi":"10.1186/s13005-026-00636-8","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13005-026-00636-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Oral cancer continues to pose a major health problem worldwide, characterized by few treatment options and an unfavorable prognosis. The solute carrier family 15 member 4 (SLC15A4) has been reported to be associated with immune responses regulation and tumor progression. This study purpose was to reveal the role of SLC15A4 in regulating Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) activation and the subsequent JAK/STAT signaling pathway in the context of oral cancer progression.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Clinical samples from 38 oral cancer patients were analyzed for SLC15A4 and TLR9 expression using qPCR, Western blot, and immunohistochemistry (IHC). In vivo validation was performed using a xenograft mouse model. CAL27 and FaDu cell lines were used to study the effects of SLC15A4 knockdown on cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and inflammatory response via CCK8, ELISA, and transwell assays. SLC15A knockout and TLR9 overexpression were detected to explore their relationship with JAK/STAT signaling by detecting subcellular localization, JAK/STAT1 activation, cell invasion, migration, proliferation and inflammatory responses. The JAK/STAT agonist RO8191 was used to assess the impact of pathway activation on cell behavior.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>SLC15A4 was overexpressed in both tissue and cell line of oral cancer. Knockdown of SLC15A4 significantly reduced cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and inflammatory cytokine secretion (IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α). Both STAT1 and STAT3 phosphorylation were suppressed, and JAK/STAT pathway activation restored these phenotypes. SLC15A4 knockdown also decreased TLR9 expression in cells. TLR9 overexpression restored the effects of SLC15A4 knockdown. TLR9 was shown to activate the JAK/STAT signaling pathway in oral cancer cells. Finally, activation of the JAK/STAT pathway reversed the effects of SLC15A4 knockdown.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>SLC15A4 is essential in promoting oral cancer progression by regulating TLR9 activation and subsequent JAK/STAT signaling. This regulatory pathway influences cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and inflammation, highlighting SLC15A4 as a potential therapeutic target in treatment of oral cancer.</p>","PeriodicalId":12994,"journal":{"name":"Head & Face Medicine","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13422308/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148420781","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Attention capture and satisfaction of search in dental radiography: an eye-tracking study on the impact of dominant pathologies on visual search behavior among dental students.","authors":"Furkan Ozbey, Ozge Ozuturk Tokman, Elif Sadik","doi":"10.1186/s13005-026-00641-x","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13005-026-00641-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study aimed to investigate the effect of visually dominant cyctic lesions on dental students' visual search behavior and the occurrence of the satisfaction of search (SOS) phenomenon during panoramic radiograph interpretation using eye-tracking technology.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>A within-subject eye-tracking study was conducted with 60 dental students. Participants completed two viewing sessions: panoramic radiographs containing only subtle findings (carious lesions and small apical radiolucencies; S0) and the same radiographs with an added visually dominant cystic lesion (S1). Eye movements were recorded using a Tobii Pro Spark eye tracker. Fixation-based and visit-based metrics were calculated for predefined areas of interest. Paired comparisons between sessions were performed using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In the presence of a dominant cystic lesion (S1), fixation count and total fixation duration directed toward subtle lesions were significantly reduced, whereas time to first fixation was significantly prolonged (p < 0.01). For carious lesions, visit count decreased from 2.40 ± 1.40 to 0.95 ± 0.90 (p = 0.001), and total visit duration declined from 0.88 ± 0.55 s to 0.31 ± 0.28 s (p = 0.002). Similar reductions were observed for apical radiolucencies. Overall viewing duration was shorter in S1 than in S0 (19.07 s vs. 37.51 s). Heatmap and scan path analyses showed a concentration of visual attention on the dominant lesion, with fewer and shorter visits to subtle findings.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The presence of visually dominant cyctic lesions was associated with reduced visual attention to subtle findings and shorter overall viewing duration during panoramic radiograph viewing. These findings are consistent with an SOS-like attentional pattern in dental radiology and highlight the importance of systematic scanning strategies in dental education.</p>","PeriodicalId":12994,"journal":{"name":"Head & Face Medicine","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13422276/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148420704","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Occlusal function and masticatory efficiency of sagittal malocclusions: a cross-sectional cohort study of orthognathic therapy.","authors":"L-M Mai, J Mouchoux, P Meyer-Marcotty, A Quast, P Brockmeyer, H Schliephake, J Schmid, B Wiechens","doi":"10.1186/s13005-026-00640-y","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13005-026-00640-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>This cross-sectional study aimed to evaluate occlusal characteristics and masticatory performance in patients with skeletal Class II and Class III malocclusions. Both digital occlusal analysis and standardized bolus analysis were employed to assess functional outcomes in non-surgically treated, surgically treated, and control patients.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A total of 133 orthognathic patients (71 female; median age 29.8 years) and 20 controls (9 female; median age 30.0 years) were included. Skeletal malocclusions were categorized as compensated, decompensated, and a separate surgically treated cohort assessed at 5-year postoperative follow-up. Digital occlusal parameters (total tooth contact (TTC), time of occlusion (TOC), occlusal asymmetry (OAS), anterior and posterior tooth contact (ATC, PTC)) were recorded and masticatory performance was assessed using a standardized two-color bolus analysis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Non-surgically treated Class II and Class III patients showed significantly reduced TTC, ATC, PTC, and prolonged TOC as well as lower bolus mixing scores compared with controls (p < 0.05). Surgically treated patients at 5-year follow-up exhibited occlusal parameters and bolus mixing scores comparable to controls, indicating normalization of occlusal parameters and masticatory efficiency.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Skeletal Class II and Class III malocclusions are associated with impaired occlusal function and reduced masticatory efficiency. Orthognathic therapy effectively restores occlusal parameters as well as functional chewing ability in the long term. Combining digital occlusal analysis with bolus analysis provides a comprehensive and objective evaluation of masticatory rehabilitation in orthognathic patients.</p><p><strong>Trial registration: </strong>DRKS00025729.</p>","PeriodicalId":12994,"journal":{"name":"Head & Face Medicine","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13343896/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148375256","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Three dimensional accuracy and stability of segmented Le Fort I osteotomy - a systematic review.","authors":"Oliver da Costa Senior, Marie Coppens, Reinhilde Jacobs, Eman Shaheen, Constantinus Politis","doi":"10.1186/s13005-026-00625-x","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13005-026-00625-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Segmental Le Fort I osteotomy has traditionally been regarded as less predictable and stable, a perception largely based on two-dimensional evaluation methods. Despite existing systematic reviews on clinical outcomes, a dedicated synthesis of three-dimensional assessments of surgical accuracy and postoperative stability is lacking.</p><p><strong>Purpose: </strong>This systematic review evaluated three-dimensional (3D) assessment methods and outcome of planning accuracy and postoperative stability in segmented Le Fort I osteotomies. The aim was to determine the reliability of 3D methods in capturing surgical accuracy and long-term skeletal stability.</p><p><strong>Study selection: </strong>Medline, Embase, Web of Science, and Cochrane were searched up to October 25, 2024. Eligible studies included randomized controlled trials, prospective or retrospective studies, or case series with > 5 patients reporting 3D evaluation of planning accuracy or stability. Exclusion criteria were systematic reviews, meta-analyses, single case reports, ex-vivo or animal studies, and studies involving syndromic patients, facial trauma, or prior maxillofacial surgery. Risk of bias and quality of evidence were assessed using the GRADE approach. Twenty-two studies met inclusion criteria: three randomized and nineteen non-randomized controlled trials. Fourteen assessed planning accuracy, five evaluated stability, and three examined both.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Twenty-two studies met the inclusion criteria and were included in the qualitative synthesis. Considerable methodological heterogeneity limited direct comparison and precluded meta-analysis. Overall, segmented Le Fort I osteotomy demonstrated clinically acceptable accuracy; however, certain movements-particularly transverse widening, advancement, and pitch-were more prone to underachievement, with discrepancies ranging from 0.77 to 1.41 mm, 0.55 to 2.69 mm, and 0.12° to 5.22°, respectively. During follow-up, transverse relapse was more pronounced at the dental level (0.39-1.41 mm) compared to skeletal changes (0.05-0.86 mm).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Segmented Le Fort I osteotomy shows reliable outcomes in 3D evaluations, but some maxillary movements remain difficult to achieve and maintain such as advancement and pitch. Standardized, voxel-based 3D assessment protocols are recommended to improve comparability and strengthen the evidence base. (PROSPERO registration: CRD42018111854).</p>","PeriodicalId":12994,"journal":{"name":"Head & Face Medicine","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13573476/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148329014","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Condylar position-dependent cerebellar connectivity changes in painful temporomandibular disorder: a brief report.","authors":"N O Savychuk, V V Pekhno, R V Sulik, I B Riabko","doi":"10.1186/s13005-026-00629-7","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13005-026-00629-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The cerebellum contributes to sensory, cognitive, emotional, and pain-modulatory processes beyond motor coordination. In temporomandibular disorders (TMD), alterations in spontaneous cerebellar neural activity and strengthened functional connectivity with limbic structures have been reported, suggesting involvement of central neuroplastic mechanisms. Mandibular displacement and occlusal imbalance may further modulate brain networks related to motor regulation, sensory integration, and pain-related emotional processing.In this study, magnetic resonance imaging(MRI) and diffusion tensor imaging(DTI) was used to examine cerebellar connectivity across different mandibular positions in a patient with painful TMD. Functional MRI and diffusion tensor imaging were acquired in three conditions: centric occlusion, centric relation, and stabilization splint. Cerebellar regions of interest were defined using SUIT parcellation, and position-dependent structural-functional connectivity was assessed using diffusion-based tractography and Δ-metrics computed as the difference between the two tractography-derived matrices (Δ = MNI_NORM - COUNT_NORM); scale-invariant similarity metrics were used for between-condition comparisons.Under centric occlusion (CO), the Δ-derived connectivity pattern was sparse and included ROIs with zero-variance profiles, yielding mathematically undefined correlation entries; these were treated as missing values. In contrast, centric relation and stabilization splint conditions demonstrated heterogeneous Δ patterns and structured ROI-wise correlation profiles.In contrast, both centric relation and stabilization splint conditions showed moderate effect sizes in summary metrics. Pairwise comparison of vectorized Δ matrices (upper triangle; N = 378 ROI pairs) demonstrated a moderate association between CR and splint (Pearson r = 0.452, 95% CI 0.368-0.527; p = 2.0 × 10⁻²⁰; cosine similarity = 0.428). The Euclidean distance between Δ vectors was 1554.5, corresponding to a normalized per-element RMS difference of 81.1, and the mean absolute difference was 42.2.These single-subject findings suggest that mandibular position may be associated with measurable differences in Cerebellum-SUIT connectivity profiles in painful TMD. The results should be interpreted as exploratory and hypothesis-generating, and they require confirmation in larger prospective studies before clinical or therapeutic implications can be inferred.</p>","PeriodicalId":12994,"journal":{"name":"Head & Face Medicine","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13573454/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148338489","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}