Sechenov Medical Journal最新文献

{"title":"Hereditary predisposition to kidney cancer: cancer syndromes, multisystemic disorders, and nephropathies","authors":"Г.А. Янус, Аглая Геннадиевна Иевлева, Е.Н. Суспицын, А.В. Тумакова, Е.В. Белогубова, С. Н. алексахина, А.В. Того, Евгений Наумович Имянитов, G. Yanus, A. Iyevleva, E. Suspitsin, A. Tumakova, Evgenia V. Belogubova, S. Aleksakhina, A. Togo, E. Imyanitov","doi":"10.47093/2218-7332.2023.14.2.5-20","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47093/2218-7332.2023.14.2.5-20","url":null,"abstract":"Kidney cancer (KC) is a common disease characterized by extreme heterogeneity. There are nine known monogenic diseases associated with a significantly elevated KC risk: von Hippel-Lindau disease, MET-associated papillary renal cancer, familial multiple leiomyomatosis and renal cell cancer, SDHx-associated familial pheochromocytoma/ paraganglioma, Birt-Hogg-Dube syndrome, tuberous sclerosis, Cowden syndrome, BAP1- and MITF-associated melanoma-KC predisposition. These syndromes differ in the degree of cancer risk, the quantity, growth and progression rates of associated precancerous lesions, the morphology, and clinical presentations of malignancy itself, and in the response to therapy. Identification of causative germline lesion allows planning the surveillance of a mutation carrier, choosing the right time and extent of surgery, and optimizing treatment regimen. Hereditary KC research often brings forward novel approaches to the management of sporadic “phenocopies” of hereditary syndromes, i.e. sporadic cancers with somatic mutations in similar genes. The main directions for further study of genetic factors of KC are to find novel KC genes, to study risk modifiers in carriers of highly penetrant mutations, to clarify the involvement of hereditary nephropathies in the occurrence of renal cancers.","PeriodicalId":129151,"journal":{"name":"Sechenov Medical Journal","volume":"104 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127949587","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Case report of metastatic colorectal cancer associated with KRAS A146V and A59G mutations","authors":"Олег Иванович Кит, Н. Н. Тимошкина, Д. Ю. Гвалдин, Н. В. Солдаткина, Ю. А. Геворкян, O. Kit, N. N. Timoshkina, Dmitriy Yu, Natalya V Gvaldin, A. SoldatkinaYuri, Gevorkyan","doi":"10.47093/2218-7332.2023.14.2.49-56","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47093/2218-7332.2023.14.2.49-56","url":null,"abstract":"In colorectal cancer (CRC) in addition to the most common mutations in the second exon of KRAS, there are rarer mutations that are not well understood as prognostic markers.Description of cases. We describe two clinical cases of moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma (low-grade, G2), which manifested a complicated course in a 67-year-old woman – intestinal obstruction (case 1) and in a 62-year-old man – paratumorous abscess (case 2). Both cases were characterized by the development of regional and distant metastases (liver, brain) and a short relapse-free period. We found rare sporadic mutations of KRAS A146V and A59G with microsatellite stability and no mutation in the V600 BRAF site.Discussion. In the presented case 1, the KRAS A146V mutation was detected, the frequency of its detection in our practice of testing 2103 cases of CRC was 0.48%. Case 2 shows the extremely rare A59G mutation. Among the patients with CRC we studied, we found mutations in codon 59 in only two, which amounted to 0.095%. Both rare mutations represent separate molecular subgroups of CRC, characterized by an unfavorable clinical outcome and requiring the development of special treatment regimens.","PeriodicalId":129151,"journal":{"name":"Sechenov Medical Journal","volume":"304 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127563834","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Simultaneous two-stage surgical treatment for Chiari malformation association with occlusive hydrocephalus: a clinical case","authors":"D. Kositov, Kh. J. Rahmonov, R. Berdiev, Sh. A. Turdiboev, M. V. Davlatov, U. K. Rahmonov","doi":"10.47093/2218-7332.2023.14.1.50-56","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47093/2218-7332.2023.14.1.50-56","url":null,"abstract":"   Treatment of patients with the simultaneous presence of Chiari malformation type I (MC I) and hydrocephalus may include both one-stage and two-stage surgical interventions. The article describes the two-stage surgical treatment experience performed for the first time in the Republic of Tajikistan.   Description of the case. A 50-year-old female patient with a three-year history of bursting headache, dizziness, nausea, and vomiting developed impaired coordination of movements and decreased visual acuity. Computed tomography (CT) revealedsigns of MC I: descent of the cerebellar tonsils 5 mm below the level of the foramen magnum and occlusive triventricular hydrocephalus with symmetrical enlargement of the lateral and third ventricles. The patient underwent surgery – endoscopic third ventriculocisternostomy (ETV) in combination with decompressive suboccipital craniectomy, which was supplemented by CI laminectomy. After the surgery, the symptoms regressed. According to the control CT scan, there was a moderate decrease in the size of the lateral and third ventricles, restoration of the normal anatomical structure of the posterior cranial fossa.","PeriodicalId":129151,"journal":{"name":"Sechenov Medical Journal","volume":"62 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127729055","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Segmentation of renal structures based on contrast computed tomography scans using a convolutional neural network","authors":"I. Chernenkiy, M. Chernenkiy, D. Fiev, E. Sirota","doi":"10.47093/2218-7332.2023.14.1.39-49","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47093/2218-7332.2023.14.1.39-49","url":null,"abstract":"   Aim. Develop a neural network to build 3D models of kidney neoplasms and adjacent structures.   Materials and methods. DICOM data (Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine standard) from 41 patients with kidney neoplasms were used. Data included all phases of contrast-enhanced multispiral computed tomography. We split the data: 32 observations for the training set and 9 – for the validation set. At the labeling stage, the arterial, venous, and excretory phases were taken, affine registration was performed to jointly match the location of the kidneys, and noise was removed using a median filter and a non-local means filter. Then the masks of arteries, veins, ureters, kidney parenchyma and kidney neoplasms were marked. The model was the SegResNet architecture. To assess the quality of segmentation, the Dice score was compared with the AHNet, DynUNet models and with three variants of the nnU-Net (lowres, fullres, cascade) model.   Results. On the validation subset, the values of the Dice score of the SegResNet architecture were: 0.89 for the normal parenchyma of the kidney, 0.58 for the kidney neoplasms, 0.86 for arteries, 0.80 for veins, 0.80 for ureters. The mean values of the Dice score for SegResNet, AHNet and DynUNet were 0.79; 0.67; and 0.75, respectively. When compared with the nnU-Net model, the Dice score was greater for the kidney parenchyma in SegResNet – 0.89 compared to three model variants: lowres – 0.69, fullres – 0.70, cascade – 0.69. At the same time, for the neoplasms of the parenchyma of the kidney, the Dice score was comparable: for SegResNet – 0.58, for nnU-Net fullres – 0.59; lowres and cascade had lower Dice score of 0.37 and 0.45, respectively.   Conclusion. The resulting SegResNet neural network finds vessels and parenchyma well. Kidney neoplasms are more difficult to determine, possibly due to their small size and the presence of false alarms in the network. It is planned to increase the sample size to 300 observations and use post-processing operations to improve the model.","PeriodicalId":129151,"journal":{"name":"Sechenov Medical Journal","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127212607","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Basic aspects of meta-analysis. Part 1","authors":"A. Suvorov, I. V. Latushkina, K. Gulyaeva, N. Bulanov, M. Nadinskaia, A. Zaikin","doi":"10.47093/2218-7332.2023.14.1.4-14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47093/2218-7332.2023.14.1.4-14","url":null,"abstract":"   Meta-analysis is one of the concepts of scientific methodology, and is a frequent but optional component of systematic reviews of empirical research. It joins the results of several scientific studies and tests one or more interrelated scientific hypotheses using quantitative (statistical) methods. This analysis can either use primary data from the original studies or published (secondary) results of studies dealing with the same problem. Meta-analysis is used to obtain an estimate of the magnitude of an unknown effect, and compare the results of different studies, identifying patterns or other relationships in them, as well as possible sources of disagreement. Meta-analyses are the highest level of credibility within evidence-based medicine (EBM), so meta-analysis results are considered as the most reliable source of evidence. Understanding all the procedures of a meta-analysis will allow researchers to analyze the results of such studies correctly, as well as formulate tasks when conducting meta-analyses on their own. In this article the reader will be introduced to key concepts such as weighted effects, heterogeneity, the different types of statistical models used, and how to work with some of the types of plots produced in meta-analyses.","PeriodicalId":129151,"journal":{"name":"Sechenov Medical Journal","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133989354","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The role of extrapulmonary personalized factors in asthma control","authors":"L. Tribuntceva, A. Budnevsky, G. Prozorova, O. N. Choporov, S. A. Kozhevnikova, I. Olysheva","doi":"10.47093/2218-7332.2023.14.1.27-38","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47093/2218-7332.2023.14.1.27-38","url":null,"abstract":"   Aim. To study in real clinical practice extrapulmonary personalized factors in patients with asthma depending on the presence or absence of obesity and to build a model of asthma control based on them.   Materials and methods. Cross-sectional study was performed in 7 outpatient centers and included 237 adult patients with bronchial asthma (mean age 52.6 ± 1.3 years). The patients were divided in groups according to body mass index (BMI): without obesity (BMI < 30 kg/m2) – 128 patients, with obesity (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2) – 109 patients. Asthma control was assessed by Asthma Control Questionnaire-5, physical activity – by the motor activity questionnaire (ODA23+), physical activity motivation – by data from the questionnaire. A linear regression model was built with the inclusion of sex, smoking, BMI, physical activity to predict the level of asthma control. Elasticity coefficient Ej, β- and Δ-coefficients and their ranks were calculated.   Results. The distribution of patients according to the degree of asthma control differed statistically significantly in the groups: controlled, partially controlled and uncontrolled were 25.8 %, 60.2 %, 14 % and 0 %, 33.9 %, 66.1 %, respectively, in groups without obesity and obese (p < 0.001). High or moderate physical activity was present in 88 % of non-obese and 47% of obese patients (p < 0.05). No differences were found in the motivation for physical activity: 41% with obesity and 42 % without obesity belonged to the category of “thinking about or trying to exercise”. In the regression model, the ranks were distributed as follows (the sum of the ranks of the coefficients Ej, β, and Δ is calculated) rank 1 – BMI (0.8857, 0.4163, 0.5429), rank 2 – level of physical activity (0.6489, 0.3497, 0.4467), rank 3 – smoking status (0.0339, 0.1333, 0.0047). The coefficient of the model was not significant for sex.   Conclusion. Obesity and low physical activity are the main personalized extrapulmonary factors that affect control of asthma. A significant part of the patients are motivated to modify their level of physical activity.","PeriodicalId":129151,"journal":{"name":"Sechenov Medical Journal","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117102152","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Eating behavior and allelic variants of the leptin receptor gene in patients with type 2 diabetes: single center cross-sectional study","authors":"D. Avzaletdinova, O. Kochetova, A. Z. Bulgakova, T. V. Morugova","doi":"10.47093/2218-7332.2023.14.1.15-26","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47093/2218-7332.2023.14.1.15-26","url":null,"abstract":"   Aim. The aim of this study was to analyze eating behavior and leptin receptor (LEPR) gene in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D).   Materials and methods. 83 patients with T2D (62 women, 21 men) aged 59.0 ± 9.9 years and 134 people without clinical and laboratory signs of diabetes mellitus (105 women, 29 men) aged 55.0 ± 10.2 years were examined. Bulimia nervosa was excluded in all the patients. Eating behavior was assessed using Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire, V.A. Losenkov’sImpulsivity Questionnaire. Genotyping of the LEPR gene rs1137100 marker was performed using polymerase chain reaction. The Mann-Whitney U-test and Pearson chi-square were used to compare the values of the variables; ROC-analysis was performed.   Results. The emotional eating was more pronounced in T2D group (4.9 (4.1; 5.2) vs 3.1 (2.8; 3.8), p < 0.0001), but the restrained (2.8 (2.6; 3.6) vs 3.3 (2.6; 4.2), p < 0.0001) and external eating was less pronounced (3.3 (3.0; 3.8) vs 3.8 (3.3; 4.4), p < 0.0001), T2D patients were also less impulsive (47 (38; 66) vs 61 (54.5; 70), p < 0.0001). These differences for emotional eating are confirmed in both subgroup of excess body weight and in subgroups of all degrees of obesity. The best predictive model of T2D was obtained for emotional eating with a cut-off point 4.1 scores: sensitivity 74.7 %, specificity 79.1 %, AUROC = 0.777; 95 % confidence interval: 0.715–0.830, p < 0.0001. The distribution of genotypes by the polymorphic marker rs1137100 of the LEPR gene was similar in both groups. Restrictive eating was lower in patients with GG genotype compared to AA and GA (1.77 ± 0.52 vs 2.94 ± 0.08, p < 0.01).   Conclusion. Рatients with T2D are characterized by emotional eating behavior. The association of the polymorphic locus rs1137100 of the LEPR gene with restrained eating behavior in T2D suggests the presence of genetic factors for the formation of eating patterns.","PeriodicalId":129151,"journal":{"name":"Sechenov Medical Journal","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132641436","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Angiopoietin-1 as a marker of endothelial dysfunction and a risk factor for acute kidney injury in patients with COVID-19: retrospective cohort study","authors":"A. Schepalina, N. Chebotareva, L. Akulkina, M. Brovko, V. Sholomova, P. Potapov, D. S. Valiulina, S. Moiseev","doi":"10.47093/2218-7332.2022.13.4.33-44","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47093/2218-7332.2022.13.4.33-44","url":null,"abstract":"Recently, data have been published on the leading role of endothelial dysfunction in the development of severe COVID-19, including acute renal failure (AKI) and poor prognosis in this group of patients.Aim. To define the role of angiopoetin-1(Ang-1) as a marker of endothelial dysfunction in development of AKI in patients, hospitalized with COVID-19.Materials and methods. 76 patients with confirmed coronavirus infection were included in the study. AKI was diagnosed according to KDIGO 2012 criteria in 44 patients (group 1), 32 patients without sings of kidney disfunction were in group 2. Beside standard clinical and laboratory markers on admission we evaluated serum Ang-1 level with ELISA. We used regression analysis for AKI risk factors evaluation, we calculated odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). We used Cox regression for evaluation of risk of death.Results. The serum level of angiopoietin-1 was significantly higher in patients with COVID-19 with AKI: 1.8 (1.5; 2.1) ng/ml vs 1.58 (1.29; 1.7) ng/ml in group 2, р < 0.01. In deceased patients, the level of Ang-1 at admission was significantly higher than in patients who was discharged: 1.91 (1.71; 2.32) ng/ml vs 1.58 (1.34; 1.67) ng/ml, respectively, p = 0.0001. In unifactorial regression analysis we confirmed, that increase of serum Ang-1 level >1.66 ng/ml on admission is the risk factor for AKI development in patients with COVID-19 (OR 5.7, 95% CI 1.7–19.1, р < 0.01). In Cox regression development of AKI increased the absolute risk of death: Hazard ratio = 5.159 (95% CI 1.839–14.469), p = 0.002.Conclusion. The high serum level of Ang-1 in patients with COVID-19 at hospital admission is the marker of systemic endothelial dysfunction and the risk factor for AKI and poor prognosis.","PeriodicalId":129151,"journal":{"name":"Sechenov Medical Journal","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115476174","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Serum levels of chemical elements and carious lesions in children after antitumor therapy","authors":"E. Zhukovskaya, S. A. Savko, Yu. A. Obukhov, A. Karelin, A. P. Goncharov, Yury V. Zhernov, A. Skalny","doi":"10.47093/2218-7332.2022.13.4.45-55","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47093/2218-7332.2022.13.4.45-55","url":null,"abstract":"Aim. To study serum concentrations of trace and macro elements and their correlations in children and adolescents after antitumor therapy, depending on the presence or absence of caries.Materials and methods. The study included 98 patients aged 4 to 17 years who were in remission after an antitumor therapy performed for acute leukemia or lymphomas. Patients with carious tooth lesions were included in group 1 (n = 34) and without caries – in group 2 (n = 64). We used inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry to calculate the content of essential, conditionally essential and toxic elements in blood serum. The median and interquartile range were calculated, the Mann-Whitney U-test was applied to compare groups, and the Kendall rank correlation coefficient (τ) was calculated for tandem elements.Results. In both groups, the concentrations of the studied elements were within the reference ranges. In group 1, compared with group 2, higher concentrations of potassium, arsenic, iodine and boron and lower concentrations of lithium and tungsten (p < 0.05) were noted. There were no differences in the concentration of phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, manganese, gold, silver, platinum, aluminum, beryllium, bismuth, cadmium, cobalt, chromium, copper, iron, mercury, lithium, molybdenum, nickel, rubidium, antimony, tin, vanadium, zinc, zirconium and thallium between the groups. Significant correlation coefficients in both groups were obtained for the iron/manganese tandem (τ = 0.24, p < 0.05). Different values of τ were got for nickel/ manganese, cobalt/iron, manganese/phosphorus, beryllium/lithium tandems: τ = 0.342 and τ = 0.14; τ = 0.363 and τ = 0.033; τ = –0.111 and τ = –0.326; τ = –0.365 and τ = 0.42, respectively, for groups 1 and 2.Conclusion. In patients in remission after antitumor therapy, an association of caries with an increase (within reference values) in the concentration of essential (potassium, iodine) and conditionally essential elements (arsenic, boron), a decrease in the concentration of lithium and tungsten; as well as a change in the ratio of nickel/manganese, cobalt/iron, manganese/ phosphorus and change the direction of the correlation in the beryllium/lithium tandem was revealed.","PeriodicalId":129151,"journal":{"name":"Sechenov Medical Journal","volume":"2015 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127670699","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Molecular and morphological markers of neuronal death in acute cerebrovascular accidents","authors":"V. Kudryavtseva, E. A. Kuzmin, A. V. Moiseeva, M. S. Obelchakova, P. A. Sinitsina, T. I. Filistovich, N. Kartashkina, G. Piavchenko, A. M. Golubev, S. Kuznetsov","doi":"10.47093/2218-7332.2022.13.4.18-32","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47093/2218-7332.2022.13.4.18-32","url":null,"abstract":"Acute cerebral circulation disorder is one of the most discussed issues in modern intensive care and neurology, as it is a severe condition, leading to disability or death of the patient, in the absence of immediate medical care. This review discusses general and specific biological markers of stroke, genetic markers of stroke, and current data on their diagnostic significance. The main mechanisms of brain tissue cell death in stroke, such as apoptosis, necrosis, ferroptosis, parthanatosis, sarmoptosis, autolysis, autophagy, oncosis, excitotoxic death are analyzed; the morphological features of the observed processes and their structural manifestations are reviewed. For each type of cell death in nervous tissue, the most frequently detected molecular markers are discussed: specific kinases, Toll-like receptors in the case of apoptosis; serine-threonine protein kinases, components of the polyubiquitin system detected in necrosis; transferrin 1 receptors, typical for ferroptosis; poly(ADP-ribose)-polymerase, whose activity increases in parthanatosis; slow Wallerian degeneration protein that accumulates during sarmoptosis; and other biomarkers characteristic of both individual types of nerve cell death and general pathological processes affecting the brain.","PeriodicalId":129151,"journal":{"name":"Sechenov Medical Journal","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128462399","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}