GroundwaterPub Date : 2023-10-23DOI: 10.1111/gwat.13365
Aaron Peche, Georg Houben, Sven Altfelder
{"title":"Approximation of van Genuchten Parameter Ranges from Hydraulic Conductivity Data","authors":"Aaron Peche, Georg Houben, Sven Altfelder","doi":"10.1111/gwat.13365","DOIUrl":"10.1111/gwat.13365","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The use of retention function and relative conductivity function is essential for the calculation of flow in a variably saturated media using the Richards equation. A widely used mathematical model for this is the Mualem-van Genuchten model which requires the shape parameters <span></span><math>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mi>α</mi>\u0000 </mrow></math> and <span></span><math>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mi>n</mi>\u0000 </mrow></math>. These, however, are difficult to obtain. When data is scarce, <span></span><math>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mi>α</mi>\u0000 </mrow></math> and <span></span><math>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mi>n</mi>\u0000 </mrow></math> are often taken from literature and may deviate largely from actual values. The current study presents a novel mathematical model for the approximation of <span></span><math>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mi>α</mi>\u0000 </mrow></math> and <span></span><math>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mi>n</mi>\u0000 </mrow></math> and for the further estimation of realistic value ranges, which may be used as parameter space, for example, for the calibration of a numerical model. The model was developed for cases where data is scarce and only values of saturated hydraulic conductivity are available. It is based on a large data set from literature and it is demonstrated that the model estimates mean values from that data set with a good accuracy. In order to show the applicability of the model, a second data set has been compiled anew (provided as Supporting Information). The model is incorporated into the current version of the freeware computer program HYPAGS, which enables easy usage.</p>","PeriodicalId":12866,"journal":{"name":"Groundwater","volume":"62 3","pages":"469-479"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2023-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/gwat.13365","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49695365","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
GroundwaterPub Date : 2023-10-17DOI: 10.1111/gwat.13366
Woo-Hyun Jeon, Hee Sun Moon, Jungwon Choi, Byeongju Jung, Yongcheol Kim, Seho Hwang, Soo-Hyoung Lee
{"title":"An Automatic-Vertical Profile Monitoring System for Fresh–Saline Water Zones in Coastal Aquifer","authors":"Woo-Hyun Jeon, Hee Sun Moon, Jungwon Choi, Byeongju Jung, Yongcheol Kim, Seho Hwang, Soo-Hyoung Lee","doi":"10.1111/gwat.13366","DOIUrl":"10.1111/gwat.13366","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Coastal aquifers are complex systems governed by fresh–saline water interactions and ocean tidal effects. The vertical electrical conductivity (EC) and temperature (T) are general indicators for detecting the fresh–saline water interface (FSI) and sea water intrusion in groundwater wells located in coastal aquifers. In this method brief, we developed a cost-effective Arduino-based automatic-vertical profile monitoring system (A-VPMS) to continuously record vertical EC and T in groundwater wells, with the aim of testing its effectiveness in spatiotemporal monitoring of the FSI in a coastal aquifer located in eastern Korea. By analyzing the high-density EC and T data obtained by the A-VPMS, we evaluated the characteristics of the FSI, such as depth and spatial distribution. Our established EC and T data collection method using the A-VPMS proved to be efficient and reliable, providing an excellent tool for fine-scale temporal and spatial understanding of sea water intrusion. The results of this study demonstrate the potential of the A-VPMS for continuous monitoring of the FSI in coastal aquifers, which is crucial for sustainable management of groundwater resources.</p>","PeriodicalId":12866,"journal":{"name":"Groundwater","volume":"62 4","pages":"635-644"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/gwat.13366","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41242556","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
GroundwaterPub Date : 2023-10-05DOI: 10.1111/gwat.13362
Yueling Ma, Elena Leonarduzzi, Amy Defnet, Peter Melchior, Laura E. Condon, Reed M. Maxwell
{"title":"Water Table Depth Estimates over the Contiguous United States Using a Random Forest Model","authors":"Yueling Ma, Elena Leonarduzzi, Amy Defnet, Peter Melchior, Laura E. Condon, Reed M. Maxwell","doi":"10.1111/gwat.13362","DOIUrl":"10.1111/gwat.13362","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Water table depth (WTD) has a substantial impact on the connection between groundwater dynamics and land surface processes. Due to the scarcity of WTD observations, physically-based groundwater models are growing in their ability to map WTD at large scales; however, they are still challenged to represent simulated WTD compared to well observations. In this study, we develop a purely data-driven approach to estimating WTD at continental scale. We apply a random forest (RF) model to estimate WTD over most of the contiguous United States (CONUS) based on available WTD observations. The estimated WTD are in good agreement with well observations, with a Pearson correlation coefficient (<i>r</i>) of 0.96 (0.81 during testing), a Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE) of 0.93 (0.65 during testing), and a root mean square error (RMSE) of 6.87 m (15.31 m during testing). The location of each grid cell is rated as the most important feature in estimating WTD over most of the CONUS, which might be a surrogate for spatial information. In addition, the uncertainty of the RF model is quantified using quantile regression forests. High uncertainties are generally associated with locations having a shallow WTD. Our study demonstrates that the RF model can produce reasonable WTD estimates over most of the CONUS, providing an alternative to physics-based modeling for modeling large-scale freshwater resources. Since the CONUS covers many different hydrologic regimes, the RF model trained for the CONUS may be transferrable to other regions with a similar hydrologic regime and limited observations.</p>","PeriodicalId":12866,"journal":{"name":"Groundwater","volume":"62 1","pages":"34-43"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2023-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/gwat.13362","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41166345","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
GroundwaterPub Date : 2023-10-04DOI: 10.1111/gwat.13364
Norman L. Jones, Alan L. Mayo
{"title":"Urban Thirst and Rural Water: The Saga of the Southern Nevada Groundwater Development Project","authors":"Norman L. Jones, Alan L. Mayo","doi":"10.1111/gwat.13364","DOIUrl":"10.1111/gwat.13364","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In 1989, the Southern Nevada Water Authority (SNWA) launched the Southern Nevada Groundwater Development Project—a bold plan to construct a series of deep wells in east-central Nevada to pump groundwater and send it to the Las Vegas region through 300 miles of pipeline. Before starting work on the project, SNWA conducted an environmental impact study and secured water rights in the valleys. Applications for additional new water rights were filed with Nevada State Engineer on the basis of uncaptured evapotranspiration. The SNWA spent decades and millions of dollars studying the hydrogeology of the region and developing computer models to demonstrate that the project would not have an unduly negative impact on the ecology or water users in the region. The project was opposed by environmental groups, native American tribes, and existing water rights holders. One of the protestants was the Cleveland Ranch in Spring Valley. Using the SNWA's own groundwater model, the ranch argued that the project would result in substantial harm to the ranch's water rights which included springs, wells, and a stream, and that the project would result in perpetual groundwater mining, which is forbidden by Nevada state policy. The Nevada State Engineer approved the project, but the decision was eventually reversed by Seventh District Court, which sided with the ranch and ruled that the project would never be sustainable and is therefore not compatible with Nevada policy. The project was formally abandoned in 2020.</p>","PeriodicalId":12866,"journal":{"name":"Groundwater","volume":"62 2","pages":"310-323"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2023-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/gwat.13364","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41174808","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
GroundwaterPub Date : 2023-10-03DOI: 10.1111/gwat.13363
Chongqin Zhao, Xiangquan Li, Zhenxing Wang, Xinwei Hou, Jianfei Ma
{"title":"Use of Hydrogeochemistry and Isotopes for Evaluation of Groundwater in Qilian Coal Base of China","authors":"Chongqin Zhao, Xiangquan Li, Zhenxing Wang, Xinwei Hou, Jianfei Ma","doi":"10.1111/gwat.13363","DOIUrl":"10.1111/gwat.13363","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The Jiangcang Basin is an important mining area of the former Qilian Mountain large coal base in Qinghai Province, and understanding the groundwater circulation mechanism is the basis for studying the hydrological effects of permafrost degradation in alpine regions. In this study, hydrogeochemical and multiple isotope tracer analysis methods are used to understand the chemical evolution and circulation mechanisms of the groundwater in the typical alpine region of the Jiangcang Basin. The diversity of the groundwater hydrochemistry in the study area reflects the complexity of the hydrogeochemical environment in which it is located. The suprapermafrost water and intrapermafrost water are recharged by modern meteoric water. The groundwater is closely hydraulically connected to the surface water with weak evaporation overall. The high δ<sup>34</sup>S value of deep groundwater is due to SO<sub>4</sub> reduction, and SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup>-rich snow recharge with lixiviated sulfate minerals are the main controlling factor for the high SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup> concentration in groundwater. According to the multivariate water conversion relationships, it reveals that the river receives more groundwater recharge, suprapermafrost water is recharged by the proportion of meteoric water, which is closely related to the mountainous area at the edge of the basin, while intrapermafrost water is mainly recharged by the shallow groundwater. This study provides a data-driven approach to understanding groundwater recharge and evolution in alpine regions, in addition to having significant implications for water resource management and ecological environmental protection in coal bases of the Tibetan Plateau.</p>","PeriodicalId":12866,"journal":{"name":"Groundwater","volume":"62 3","pages":"427-438"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2023-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41157669","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
GroundwaterPub Date : 2023-10-01DOI: 10.1111/gwat.13358
Kartik Jain, Cole J.C. Van De Ven, K. Ulrich Mayer
{"title":"What Can Groundwater Monitoring Tell Us About Gas Migration? A Numerical Modeling Study","authors":"Kartik Jain, Cole J.C. Van De Ven, K. Ulrich Mayer","doi":"10.1111/gwat.13358","DOIUrl":"10.1111/gwat.13358","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Groundwater monitoring to measure a variety of indicator parameters including dissolved gas concentrations, total dissolved gas pressure (TDGP), and redox indicators is commonly used to evaluate the impacts of gas migration (GM) from energy development in shallow aquifer systems. However, these parameters can be challenging to interpret due to complex free-phase gas source architecture, multicomponent partitioning, and biogeochemical reactions. A series of numerical simulations using a gas flow model and a reactive transport model were conducted to delineate the anticipated evolution of indicator parameters following GM in an aquifer under a variety of physical and biogeochemical conditions. The simulations illustrate how multicomponent mass transfer processes and biogeochemical reactions create unexpected spatial and temporal variations in several analytes. The results indicate that care must be taken when interpreting measured indicator parameters including dissolved hydrocarbon concentrations and TDGP, as the presence of dissolved gases in background groundwater and biogeochemical processes can cause potentially misleading conclusions about the impact of GM. Based on the consideration of multicomponent gas partitioning in this study, it is suggested that dissolved background gases such as N<sub>2</sub> and Ar can provide valuable insights on the presence, longevity and fate of free-phase natural gas in aquifer systems. Overall, these results contribute to developing a better understanding of indicators for GM in groundwater, which will aid the planning of future monitoring networks and subsequent data interpretation.</p>","PeriodicalId":12866,"journal":{"name":"Groundwater","volume":"62 3","pages":"439-458"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41173353","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
GroundwaterPub Date : 2023-09-30DOI: 10.1111/gwat.13359
Reid E. Buskirk, Peter S. K. Knappett, M. Bayani Cardenas, Saugata Datta, Walter S. Borowski, Itza Mendoza-Sanchez
{"title":"A Low-Cost Programmable Reversing Flow Column Apparatus for Investigating Mixing Zones","authors":"Reid E. Buskirk, Peter S. K. Knappett, M. Bayani Cardenas, Saugata Datta, Walter S. Borowski, Itza Mendoza-Sanchez","doi":"10.1111/gwat.13359","DOIUrl":"10.1111/gwat.13359","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This note describes the development and testing of a novel, programmable reversing flow 1D (R1D) experimental column apparatus designed to investigate reaction, sorption, and transport of solutes in aquifers within dynamic reversing flow zones where waters with different chemistries mix. The motivation for constructing this apparatus was to understand the roles of mixing and reaction on arsenic discharging through a tidally fluctuating riverbank. The apparatus can simulate complex transient flux schedules similar to natural flow regimes The apparatus uses an Arduino microcontroller to control flux magnitude through two peristaltic pumps. Solenoid valves control flow direction from two separate reservoirs. In-line probes continually measure effluent electrical conductance, pH, oxidation–reduction potential, and temperature. To understand how sensitive physical solute transport is to deviations from the real hydrograph of the tidally fluctuating river, two experiments were performed using: (1) a simpler constant magnitude, reversing flux direction schedule (RCF); and (2) a more environmentally relevant variable magnitude, reversing flux direction schedule (RVF). Wherein, flux magnitude was ramped up and down according to a sine wave. Modeled breakthrough curves of chloride yielded nearly identical dispersivities under both flow regimes. For the RVF experiment, Peclet numbers captured the transition between diffusion and dispersion dominated transport in the intertidal interval. Therefore, the apparatus accurately simulated conservative, environmentally relevant mixing under transient, variable flux flow regimes. Accurately generating variable flux reversing flow regimes is important to simulate the interaction between flow velocity and chemical reactions where Brownian diffusion of solutes to solid-phase reaction sites is kinetically limited.</p>","PeriodicalId":12866,"journal":{"name":"Groundwater","volume":"62 3","pages":"459-468"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2023-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/gwat.13359","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41170257","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Hydrogeological Functioning of a Karst Underground River Basin in Southwest China","authors":"Yongli Guo, Fen Huang, Ping'an Sun, Cheng Zhang, Qiong Xiao, Zhang Wen, Hui Yang","doi":"10.1111/gwat.13361","DOIUrl":"10.1111/gwat.13361","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The Maocun underground karst river system in the peak cluster depression is an important source of groundwater in southwest China. Multitracers and high resolution water-level-monitoring technology were used to assess and evaluate the hydrogeological structure and flow dynamics. The results showed that the spatial geological structures of the sites had high heterogeneity. Scatter plots of environmental tracers divided the sampling points into groups under different water flow patterns. The karstification was found to increase from sites XLB and LLS to sites BY, SGY and BDP to sites CY and DYQ, where the main water flow patterns at these site groups were diffuse water, both diffuse water and conduit water, and conduit water, respectively. The response times of the subsystems were found to be influenced by the spatial structure, the degree of karstification, and the volume of precipitation and frequency. The average response times of SGY, BDP, ZK, and Outlet in the selected precipitation scenarios were 5.17, 4.08, 16.42, and 5.83 h, respectively. In addition, the EC, δ<sup>13</sup>C<sub>DIC</sub>, <sup>222</sup>Rn, and δ<sup>18</sup>O exhibited both linear or exponential relationships. Overall, three hydrogeological conceptual models were constructed showing: (1) high precipitation driving the deep water, resulting in a concentrated flow regime and regional groundwater flow field; (2) both concentrated and diffuse water flows existing under moderate precipitation, resulting in mixed water flow field; (3) the water cycle in the shallow karst aquifer system under low precipitation causing the local groundwater flow field to be dominated by diffuse water flow.</p>","PeriodicalId":12866,"journal":{"name":"Groundwater","volume":"61 6","pages":"895-913"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2023-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41175513","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
GroundwaterPub Date : 2023-09-29DOI: 10.1111/gwat.13360
Shane Brown, Floraliza Bornasal
{"title":"Learning Theories Applied to Teaching and Improving Hydrogeological Conceptualization","authors":"Shane Brown, Floraliza Bornasal","doi":"10.1111/gwat.13360","DOIUrl":"10.1111/gwat.13360","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Conceptual change is the process of developing a new understanding of an idea or related set of ideas and has been researched and theorized extensively in the last few decades. Although there is ongoing debate about how and why conceptual change occurs, all agree that individuals' prior knowledge plays a role, everyone engages differently in the process, and the context of the learning environment is influential. In this paper we build upon the work explored by Jimenez-Martinez (this issue) on conceptual change in hydrogeology, and explore how the conceptual change theory of Vosniadou may facilitate understanding the learning process in hydrogeology. Vosniadou's theory is particularly applicable because it addresses the learning of ideas that combine abstract (GW flow) and visible (water flow) concepts. A pathway for exploring hydrogeology students' mental models (from naïve framework theory, to synthetic models, to scientific mental models) and identifying misconceptions specifically within hydrogeology using methods established by Vosniadou and colleagues is proposed as a means to address some of the challenges identified by Jimenez-Martinez.</p>","PeriodicalId":12866,"journal":{"name":"Groundwater","volume":"61 6","pages":"772-777"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2023-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41109292","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
GroundwaterPub Date : 2023-09-28DOI: 10.1111/gwat.13357
Danielle Tijerina-Kreuzer, Jackson S. Swilley, Hoang V. Tran, Jun Zhang, Benjamin West, Chen Yang, Laura E. Condon, Reed M. Maxwell
{"title":"Continental Scale Hydrostratigraphy: Basin-Scale Testing of Alternative Data-Driven Approaches","authors":"Danielle Tijerina-Kreuzer, Jackson S. Swilley, Hoang V. Tran, Jun Zhang, Benjamin West, Chen Yang, Laura E. Condon, Reed M. Maxwell","doi":"10.1111/gwat.13357","DOIUrl":"10.1111/gwat.13357","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Integrated hydrological modeling is an effective method for understanding interactions between parts of the hydrologic cycle, quantifying water resources, and furthering knowledge of hydrologic processes. However, these models are dependent on robust and accurate datasets that physically represent spatial characteristics as model inputs. This study evaluates multiple data-driven approaches for estimating hydraulic conductivity and subsurface properties at the continental-scale, constructed from existing subsurface dataset components. Each subsurface configuration represents upper (unconfined) hydrogeology, lower (confined) hydrogeology, and the presence of a vertical flow barrier. Configurations are tested in two large-scale U.S. watersheds using an integrated model. Model results are compared to observed streamflow and steady state water table depth (WTD). We provide model results for a range of configurations and show that both WTD and surface water partitioning are important indicators of performance. We also show that geology data source, total subsurface depth, anisotropy, and inclusion of a vertical flow barrier are the most important considerations for subsurface configurations. While a range of configurations proved viable, we provide a recommended Selected National Configuration 1 km resolution subsurface dataset for use in distributed large-and continental-scale hydrologic modeling.</p>","PeriodicalId":12866,"journal":{"name":"Groundwater","volume":"62 1","pages":"93-110"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2023-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/gwat.13357","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41163399","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}