Handbook of Ancient Afro-Eurasian Economies最新文献

{"title":"12.A Economic Dynamics in the Hellenistic Empires","authors":"S. Reden","doi":"10.1515/9783110607642-018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110607642-018","url":null,"abstract":"The Hellenistic economy was a complex interplay of numerous regionally connected economies, on the one hand, and overarching fiscal-military regimes, on the other.1 The greater fragmentation of the Achaemenid Empire after the establishment of the successor kingdoms created new dividing lines and new political centers in the imperial space of the Afro-Eurasian region. There were now three imperializing monarchies and several breakaway polities that sustained capitals, courts, and armies with the productive capacity of the regions they dominated. Yet despite much regional heterogeneity, the strategies the kings adopted appear to have been similar enough to allow us to approach the Hellenistic world as a connected economic space with recognizable structures that aimed at concentrating imperial capital.2 All successor kingdoms inherited common institutions from the Achaemenids, and the innovations they introduced were informed by the same Graeco-Macedonian experience. Differences accrued from long-term local continuities and the multipolarity of the underlying economic systems that continued to mark the Afro-Eurasian region. The economies of Egypt and Babylonia were shaped by strong institutional traditions that had developed over millennia in response to particular ecologies, social contexts, and religious structures. The economies of the city-states of the Mediterranean, western Asia, the Levant and Judaea profited from their civic organization, agrarian hinterlands, and local networks of exchange that had also developed over","PeriodicalId":128613,"journal":{"name":"Handbook of Ancient Afro-Eurasian Economies","volume":"40 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116072270","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"4 Economic Actors under the Greek Kingdoms of Central Asia to the Kushan Empire","authors":"L. Morris","doi":"10.1515/9783110607642-007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110607642-007","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter outlines the range of economic actors operating under and between the Greek Kingdoms of Central Asia (i.e., collectively the Graeco-Bactrian and IndoGreek Kingdoms, ca. 250 –10 ) and the Kushan Empire (ca. 50–350 ), with a focus on those active in the core regions of Bactria and Gandhāra. Both regions are understood in a broad sense throughout my chapters in this volume, with Bactria including the space between the Hissar range and the Hindu Kush, and Gandhāra that from modern Jalalabad to Taxila,1 with side views into the adjacent highland valleys and basins of Kapisa, Swat, and Kashmir. Although meaningfully defining the extent and impact of the Greek Kingdoms and the Kushan Empire deeper into Gangetic (northern) India faces unresolved methodological difficulties, I also occasionally discuss Mathura with respect to certain conditions under Kushan rule, as well as other adjacent spaces (such as Sogdiana and Arachosia) which were varyingly autonomous or under imperial rule in this period. For convenience, I sometimes refer to the significant periods between far-reaching imperial rule in Bactria (ca. 145 –50 ) and Gandhāra (ca. 65 –60 ) as ‘transitional’ periods, in place of other common terminology (e.g., Yuezhi-Saka and Saka-Parthian or IndoScythian/Indo-Parthian). Although many important developments fermented in these transitional periods, my frame of analysis is structured around empires that developed from core regions in Bactria, as ‘Central Asian empires.’2 In the following, I describe the economic activities of a range of actors operating in this period. As imperial rulers and their inner circles played particularly impor-","PeriodicalId":128613,"journal":{"name":"Handbook of Ancient Afro-Eurasian Economies","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127794904","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Abbreviations","authors":"","doi":"10.1515/9783110607741-206","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110607741-206","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":128613,"journal":{"name":"Handbook of Ancient Afro-Eurasian Economies","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129992065","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"12.C Material Evidence: Lacquerware","authors":"Kathrin Leese-Messing","doi":"10.1515/9783110607741-020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110607741-020","url":null,"abstract":"Besides transmitted and excavated texts, a vast amount of material evidence is available for the study of the economic history of early imperial China, ranging from numismatic sources to settlement archaeology. Instead of giving a cursory overview of all the various kinds of material evidence, this section will provide an extended introduction to one specific type of material object, that is, lacquerware (qiqi 漆器). Lacquer objects from the Han 漢 period (206 –220 ) are of particular value for economic history in several regards: Firstly, lacquer objects were unique to China for the period under consideration. Secondly, they serve as crucial evidence for local economic production processes. Thirdly, they constitute one of the most illuminating indicators of long-distance exchange across Eurasia. And fourthly, large quantities of lacquer objects have been unearthed during the last few years. These new finds, parts of which still await complete publication, leave ample room for future research, especially with regard to interdisciplinary approaches and the study of long-distance exchange networks. Tombs of the elite in the Han period were typically conceived of and designed as afterlife dwellings for the deceased, in which discrete chambers (such as private chambers, a main hall, or a kitchen) held various kinds of objects associated with their respective functions. The deceased were accordingly equipped with items they would need to throw lavish banquets, for which the use of exquisite tableware was regarded essential. In many of these tombs, individual pieces or whole sets of lacquer tableware therefore make up typical components of the tomb inventory.1 The most common Han-period lacquer objects that have been discovered include various types of cups (especially ‘eared cups,’ erbei 耳杯, i.e., oval cups with handles, fig. 1a) and platters (pan 盤). But other kinds of objects such as lacquered boxes, chariots, furniture, elements of weaponry, and coffins have also been found.","PeriodicalId":128613,"journal":{"name":"Handbook of Ancient Afro-Eurasian Economies","volume":"64 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127311011","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Index","authors":"","doi":"10.1515/9783110607741-027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110607741-027","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":128613,"journal":{"name":"Handbook of Ancient Afro-Eurasian Economies","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129676243","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Transliteration and Orthography","authors":"","doi":"10.1515/9783110607741-205","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110607741-205","url":null,"abstract":"In developing standards for orthography and transliteration for this volume, we have tried to strike a balance between readability and consistency, while also preserving standard practices in the diverse disciplines from which the research emerges. For Chinese, Hanyu pinyin is used, with texts transliterated according to other systems standardized according to this system. For Indic languages, the conventions of the International Alphabet for Sanskrit Transliteration have been used, and diacritics retained. Modern place names within the South Asian region, however, have been rendered without diacritics, following conventional English-language spellings (thus Sanchi rather than Sāñcī). Cyrillic names and terms are transcribed according to the widely used modified ALA-LC Romanization system without diacritics (e.g., piatichlenka instead of pi͡atichlenka). Personal names, toponyms, and terminology from the Graeco-Roman world are generally rendered in forms that preserve their original orthography as much as possible (e.g., Antiocheia rather than Antioch; Dionysos instead of Dionysus). However, in cases where a word has a generally accepted English spelling, we have followed that convention (Carthage rather than Karthago; Cyrene rather than Kyrene). We have also allowed multiple spellings of certain names and terms, where cross-disciplinary consistency clashed with disciplinary conventions. Thus, we kept Śaka alongside Saka and Kuṣāṇa alongside Kushan.","PeriodicalId":128613,"journal":{"name":"Handbook of Ancient Afro-Eurasian Economies","volume":"2013 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128127666","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"14. The Qin and Han Economies in Modern Chinese and Japanese Historiographies","authors":"Tsang Wing Ma","doi":"10.1515/9783110607741-023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110607741-023","url":null,"abstract":"The late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries witnessed some fundamental changes in the East Asian world, not only in terms of political, institutional, societal, and economic aspects, but also of historiography. The defeat of China by the Western powers during the two Opium Wars (1839–1842 and 1856–1860) shocked the entire East Asian world. Some Chinese politicians and intellectuals began to realize the urgent need for reform. The Westernization Movement (also known as the Self-Strengthening Movement) which took place from 1861 to 1895, covering aspects such as diplomacy, military, and industrial production, was a response to the challenges posed by Western powers. However, the movement eventually ended in the Sino-Japanese War with the defeat of China in 1895, which seemed to suggest that Japan was more successful in its modernization scheme than China. One of the results of this war was the shift in intellectual and cultural exchange between China and Japan. China had long been the cultural center of the East Asian World and deemed a model by its neighbors, such as Japan and Korea. Already in the seventh century, Japan had developed a tradition of kundoku 訓読 (‘reading by gloss’), which combines reading and translation of Chinese texts into a single integrated act. The early Japanese could use this method to comprehend Chinese texts as well as produce new texts.1 During the Tokugawa 徳川 period (1600–1868), kangaku 漢学 (Chinese learning), which was mainly based on Confucian (ru 儒) learning, had formed the basis of the mainstream ideology among the educated in Japan. Although the defeat of China during the Opium Wars greatly surprised the Japanese, it did not stop them from learning from the Chinese and absorbing Western knowledge through Chinese works. A significant shift in intellectual and cultural exchange between these two countries occurred after the defeat of China during the Sino-Japanese War. Many Chinese intellectuals turned to see the ‘modernized’ Japan as their new model.2 New ideas and terminologies from the West flooded into China through the translations","PeriodicalId":128613,"journal":{"name":"Handbook of Ancient Afro-Eurasian Economies","volume":"67 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115045829","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"List of Contributors","authors":"","doi":"10.1515/9783110607741-204","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110607741-204","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":128613,"journal":{"name":"Handbook of Ancient Afro-Eurasian Economies","volume":"50 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123672466","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"15. Trends in Economic History Writing of Early South Asia","authors":"M. Dwivedi","doi":"10.1515/9783110607741-024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110607741-024","url":null,"abstract":"Economic history writing in India had its origin in the controversies over the effects of British rule and its consequences for the Indian economy.1 Within the first three decades of the twentieth century, it became an established discipline, with economic processes in the ancient period also receiving some attention. This essay will present the major trends of economic history writing within the wider context of Indian historiographical traditions.2 Indian historiography experienced several phases of dominant schools of history writing: imperialist/colonial, nationalist, Marxist, post-structural, postcolonial, etc. However, a strict evolutionary account of schools of historical scholarship would be inappropriate. First, it would assume that these schools were successive to one another, and may give an impression of hidden commonalities running through all these modes of historiography. Second, it would obscure many overlaps among these schools. Third, some practitioners have continued to work with a method deemed obsolete by fellow historians and, fourth, it would elide the question of why particular positions or methods were more stable than others.3 Considering these problems, the current chapter attempts to chart out the trends in history writing of India without assuming a chronological succession of different schools of thought.","PeriodicalId":128613,"journal":{"name":"Handbook of Ancient Afro-Eurasian Economies","volume":"263 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134264787","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Introduction: Ancient Economies and Global Connections","authors":"S. Reden","doi":"10.1515/9783110607741-001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110607741-001","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this three-volume handbook is twofold. First, it aims to provide a tool for interdisciplinary research on ancient economies during the imperial period of the third century  to the third century . Second, it aims to suggest ways of approaching the connectivity of the Afro-Eurasian region from a new economic perspective. It is widely acknowledged that the expansion of relationships between the Afro-Eurasian empires in antiquity was accompanied by the movement of large amounts of goods: fine textiles, leather items, pearls, ivory, dies, spices, drugs, unguents, animals, and much more. The visibility of such items in places far away from their origin leaves no doubt. Yet the mechanisms by which these goods were mobilized in their areas of production or extraction, and the exchange systems through which they spread into distant locations, are far less certain. We argue that the notion of Silk Road trade based on nineteenth-century perceptions of caravan trade, national economies, and markets is ill-suited to analyzing the nature and dynamics of the connectivity of ancient empires.1 The chapters of this handbook aim to globalize ancient history without presuming a context that make ancient inter-imperial economic connections a precursor of modern globalization.2 Over the last 15 years, scholarship has seen a proliferation of comparative research on ancient empires.3 The question of connections across Eurasia, in contrast, has suffered relative neglect or has been locked within the flawed notion of the Silk Road. This handbook attempts to shift the problem of connections into a framework that has been developed in world history and world systems theory. It starts from the uncontroversial fact that while ancient imperial courts and historiographers invented empires as ‘one’ and universal, they were neither culturally homogenous nor fully self-sufficient.4 The complicated levels of interdependence of imperial and local economies, as well as the diversity of social and ecological landscapes within which exchanges took place, make it hard to approach empires as socio-political ‘containers’ engaging with other such containers via international trade. The concept of inter-imperiality, in contrast, brings into focus local economic and ecological heterogeneity, peripheries, as well as imperial coevolution and global (inter)depen","PeriodicalId":128613,"journal":{"name":"Handbook of Ancient Afro-Eurasian Economies","volume":"140 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128680482","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}