Handbook of Ancient Afro-Eurasian Economies最新文献

{"title":"9 Tools of Economic Activity from the Greek Kingdoms of Central Asia to the Kushan Empire","authors":"L. Morris","doi":"10.1515/9783110607642-014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110607642-014","url":null,"abstract":"Economic actors in Bactria and Gandhāra under the Greek Kingdoms of Central Asia (the Graeco-Bactrian and Indo-Greek Kingdoms, ca. 250 –10 ) to the Kushan Empire (ca. 50–350 ) developed and used a range of tools to facilitate their activities. For example, upper imperial elites developed fiscal regimes and prompted monetization especially through the medium of royal coinage production. Institutional frameworks for regulating transactions and resolving disputes – whether in the realms of loans, land transfer, or marriage – were cultivated through the development of increasingly codified legal systems on imperial, local, and religious bases. It was especially, but not exclusively, imperial agents who played an important role in driving the usage of certain languages, calendars, and weights and measures in the realms of their activities. Despite these changes, there is a limited sense of the development of physical transport infrastructure by states in this period, while agricultural processing, water management, and mineral extraction were still activities characterized by the use of traditional methods and technologies. Some new technologies were, however, developed in craft production. An increasing use of written documentation, especially in official contexts, and devices like split tally sticks can also be observed. This chapter looks more closely at these tools, which actors developed and utilized them, and ultimately what kinds of economic activity these tools impacted and facilitated.","PeriodicalId":128613,"journal":{"name":"Handbook of Ancient Afro-Eurasian Economies","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129211290","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Introduction to the Second Volume","authors":"S. Reden","doi":"10.1016/b978-0-444-90350-1.50006-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-444-90350-1.50006-4","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":128613,"journal":{"name":"Handbook of Ancient Afro-Eurasian Economies","volume":"39 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131854573","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"15 Structures and Dynamics of the Early Imperial Chinese Economy","authors":"Kathrin Leese-Messing","doi":"10.1515/9783110607642-023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110607642-023","url":null,"abstract":"In order to broadly situate the early imperial economy within the course of Chinese economic history and in relation to economies of other regions, a couple of its defining features may be introduced as a start. The early imperial economy was, like that of the preceding Warring States period, a largely agrarian economy. Nevertheless, it developed several new features that distinguished it from its predecessors. With its increasing monetization of the fiscal system, the legalization of private land purchases, and the extension of wage labor markets, it featured what economic historians commonly point to as fundamental stimuli for market exchange. Accordingly, symptoms of growing private markets can be easily discerned in different kinds of Han sources. However, and unsurprisingly, the early imperial era was also determined by some fundamental features that characterized all ancient economies.1 Above all, the absence of modern transport and information facilities put extensive transregional integration of markets out of reach. In early imperial China, scarcity of large-scale private trading organizations may be seen as a further factor in favor of localized or regionalized supply structures. Yet state institutions, acting on an expressed awareness of supply and demand imbalances from an imperial perspective, stepped in both as producers and distributors, often on a massive and longdistance scale. How effective these state involvements were, and what broader, long-term economic consequences resulted from them, is still a matter of debate and ongoing research.","PeriodicalId":128613,"journal":{"name":"Handbook of Ancient Afro-Eurasian Economies","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128196530","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"13 Economic Development under the Greek Kingdoms of Central Asia to the Kushan Empire: Empire, Migration, and Monasteries","authors":"L. Morris","doi":"10.1515/9783110607642-021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110607642-021","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter examines the development of the economy under and between two successive empires emergent from the Central Asian region of ancient Bactria. These are the Greek Kingdoms of Central Asia (the Graeco-Bactrian and Indo-Greek Kingdoms, ca. 250 –10 ) and the Kushan Empire (ca. 50–350 ). Here, I focus on the core regions of Bactria and Gandhāra, although when available data permits, I look to other regions within and beyond the empires under examination. The character of the available evidence for looking at economic development in this period, of course, presents a litany of limitations that make it impossible to achieve a finegrained historical perspective on these processes.1 That being said, it is certainly possible to observe broader trends at play – although it should be reiterated that development throughout this period was not necessarily linear – and identify some of the major catalysts instigating these changes. I begin by describing three key catalysts: the phenomenon of empire, increasing migration, and the growing influence of Buddhist monasteries. Then, I look at key processes of development that characterize the period under study, and examine the role of empire, migration, and monasteries in helping to drive them. These processes are changes in settlement patterns, urbanization, and agricultural extensification, in addition to an increase in volume and specialization in production, and ultimately intensifying connectivity and coordination both within regions, as well as across increasingly broad spaces – crucially, between southern Central Asia and northern India. Of course, from a wider historical perspective, these processes were neither inherently new, nor inscribed onto a blank slate. In southern Central Asia, urbanization phases had already begun in the Bronze and Iron Ages. Agricultural production had drawn on artificial irrigation since the Neolithic in Bactria, and double-cropping was practiced since the Bronze Age in the Swat Valley.2 Sedentary agriculturalists and mobile pastoralists had cultivated symbiotic relationships from at least the","PeriodicalId":128613,"journal":{"name":"Handbook of Ancient Afro-Eurasian Economies","volume":"111 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123796420","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Index","authors":"","doi":"10.1515/9783110607642-024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110607642-024","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":128613,"journal":{"name":"Handbook of Ancient Afro-Eurasian Economies","volume":"49 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127143587","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"12.B Economic Dynamics in the Arsakid Empire","authors":"Lara Fabian","doi":"10.1515/9783110607642-019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110607642-019","url":null,"abstract":"This brief consideration of the economic processes in the Arsakid Empire picks up where the previous chapter on hypotheses concerning processes and patterns in the Hellenistic world ends. It considers the Arsakid Empire, looking at both the core territory stretching across Mesopotamia and Iran, and the halo of polities that has increasingly come to be understood as the “Parthian Commonwealth,” including both smaller and larger vassal kingdoms along the flanks of the Arsakid heartland.1 A synthetic elucidation of the dynamic processes by which the Arsakid Empire came to incorporate these diverse local spaces on an economic level – or how the local spaces reacted to the new forms of Arsakid control – lies out of reach of current scholarship. The available documentary, archaeological, and historical evidence is pointillistic and often internally inconsistent, problems that were discussed at more length in other chapters here as well as in our previous volume.2 The attempt in what follows is rather to consider how the general framework laid out by von Reden with respect to the Hellenistic world can be applied in the context of the Arsakid Empire, looking for moments of continuity, rupture, or gradual divergence. A fundamental question here is whether and in what ways the economy of the Arsakid Empire came to function as an “overarching fiscal-military” regime of the type described by von Reden for the Hellenistic world.3 The explicit comparison of the Hellenistic and Arsakid Empires is not intended to suggest that the Arsakid world should be understood fundamentally, or even primarily, as a product of the Hellenistic world. However much the rise of the Arsakid dynasty in the third century  was predicated on preconditions in the Hellenistic Near East, and however much once-Seleukid territory the Arsakids came to control over the course of second and first centuries , the logic of their empire developed atop a wide range of cultural substrata – drawing most obviously on pre-Seleukid Achaemenid models of the Iranian Plateau (which were also a part of the Hellenistic legacy), but also on patterns among the Parni, from whom the dynasty emerged.4 At the","PeriodicalId":128613,"journal":{"name":"Handbook of Ancient Afro-Eurasian Economies","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123144329","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Abbreviations","authors":"","doi":"10.1515/9783110607642-204","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110607642-204","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":128613,"journal":{"name":"Handbook of Ancient Afro-Eurasian Economies","volume":"49 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117197497","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"6 Economic Actors in Early Imperial China","authors":"Kathrin Leese-Messing","doi":"10.1515/9783110607642-009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110607642-009","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":128613,"journal":{"name":"Handbook of Ancient Afro-Eurasian Economies","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124893684","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"3.B Economic Actors in the Arsakid Empire","authors":"Razieh Taasob","doi":"10.1515/9783110607642-006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110607642-006","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":128613,"journal":{"name":"Handbook of Ancient Afro-Eurasian Economies","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130188341","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"7 Constituting Local and Imperial Landscapes","authors":"Eli J. S. Weaverdyck, Lara Fabian, L. Morris, M. Dwivedi, Kathrin Leese-Messing","doi":"10.1515/9783110607642-010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110607642-010","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":128613,"journal":{"name":"Handbook of Ancient Afro-Eurasian Economies","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130819822","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}