Geoscientific Model Development最新文献

{"title":"A comparison of Eulerian and Lagrangian methods for vertical particle transport in the water column","authors":"Tor Nordam, Ruben Kristiansen, Raymond Nepstad, Erik van Sebille, Andy M. Booth","doi":"10.5194/gmd-16-5339-2023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-5339-2023","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. A common task in oceanography is to model the vertical movement of particles such as microplastics, nanoparticles, mineral particles, gas bubbles, oil droplets, fish eggs, plankton, or algae. In some cases, the distribution of the vertical rise or settling velocities of the particles in question can span a wide range, covering several orders of magnitude, often due to a broad particle size distribution or differences in density. This requires numerical methods that are able to adequately resolve a wide and possibly multi-modal velocity distribution. Lagrangian particle methods are commonly used for these applications. A strength of such methods is that each particle can have its own rise or settling speed, which makes it easy to achieve a good representation of a continuous distribution of speeds. An alternative approach is to use Eulerian methods, where the partial differential equations describing the transport problem are solved directly with numerical methods. In Eulerian methods, different rise or settling speeds must be represented as discrete classes, and in practice, only a limited number of classes can be included. Here, we consider three different examples of applications for a water column model: positively buoyant fish eggs, a mixture of positively and negatively buoyant microplastics, and positively buoyant oil droplets being entrained by waves. For each of the three cases, we formulate a model for the vertical transport based on the advection–diffusion equation with suitable boundary conditions and, in one case, a reaction term. We give a detailed description of an Eulerian and a Lagrangian implementation of these models, and we demonstrate that they give equivalent results for selected example cases. We also pay special attention to the convergence of the model results with an increasing number of classes in the Eulerian scheme and with the number of particles in the Lagrangian scheme. For the Lagrangian scheme, we see the 1/Np convergence, as expected for a Monte Carlo method, while for the Eulerian implementation, we see a second-order (1/Nk2) convergence with the number of classes.","PeriodicalId":12799,"journal":{"name":"Geoscientific Model Development","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135014451","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assimilation of the AMSU-A radiances using the CESM (v2.1.0) and the DART (v9.11.13)–RTTOV (v12.3)","authors":"Young-Chan Noh, Yonghan Choi, Hyo-Jong Song, Kevin Raeder, Joo-Hong Kim, Youngchae Kwon","doi":"10.5194/gmd-16-5365-2023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-5365-2023","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. To improve the initial condition (“analysis”) for numerical weather prediction, we attempt to assimilate observations from the Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit-A (AMSU-A) on board the low-Earth-orbiting satellites. The data assimilation system, used in this study, consists of the Data Assimilation Research Testbed (DART) and the Community Earth System Model as the global forecast model. Based on the ensemble Kalman filter scheme, DART supports the radiative transfer model that is used to simulate the satellite radiances from the model state. To make the AMSU-A data available to be assimilated in DART, preprocessing modules are developed, which consist of quality control, spatial thinning, and bias correction processes. In the quality control, two sub-processes are included, outlier test and channel selection, depending on the cloud condition and surface type. The bias correction process is divided into scan-bias correction and air-mass-bias correction. Like input data used in DART, the observation errors are also estimated for the AMSU-A channels. In the trial experiments, a positive analysis impact is obtained by assimilating the AMSU-A observations on top of the DART data assimilation system that already makes use of the conventional measurements. In particular, the analysis errors are significantly reduced in the whole troposphere and lower stratosphere over the Northern Hemisphere. Overall, this study demonstrates a positive impact on the analysis when the AMSU-A observations are assimilated in the DART assimilation system.","PeriodicalId":12799,"journal":{"name":"Geoscientific Model Development","volume":"136 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135014582","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An optimisation method to improve modelling of wet deposition in atmospheric transport models: applied to FLEXPART v10.4","authors":"Stijn Van Leuven, Pieter De Meutter, Johan Camps, Piet Termonia, Andy Delcloo","doi":"10.5194/gmd-16-5323-2023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-5323-2023","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. Wet deposition plays a crucial role in the removal of aerosols from the atmosphere. Yet, large uncertainties remain in its implementation in atmospheric transport models, specifically in the parameterisation schemes that are often used. Recently, a new wet deposition scheme was introduced in FLEXPART. The input parameters for its wet deposition scheme can be altered by the user and may be case-specific. In this paper, a new method is presented to optimise the wet scavenging rates in atmospheric transport models such as FLEXPART. The optimisation scheme is tested in a case study of aerosol-attached 137Cs following the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant accident. From this, improved values for the wet scavenging input parameters in FLEXPART are suggested.","PeriodicalId":12799,"journal":{"name":"Geoscientific Model Development","volume":"149 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135060717","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A parallel implementation of the confined–unconfined aquifer system model for subglacial hydrology: design, verification, and performance analysis (CUAS-MPI v0.1.0)","authors":"Yannic Fischler, Thomas Kleiner, Christian Bischof, Jeremie Schmiedel, Roiy Sayag, Raban Emunds, Lennart Frederik Oestreich, Angelika Humbert","doi":"10.5194/gmd-16-5305-2023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-5305-2023","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. The subglacial hydrological system affects (i) the motion of ice sheets through sliding, (ii) the location of lakes at the ice margin, and (iii) the ocean circulation by freshwater discharge directly at the grounding line or (iv) via rivers flowing over land. For modeling this hydrology system, a previously developed porous-media concept called the confined–unconfined aquifer system (CUAS) is used. To allow for realistic simulations at the ice sheet scale, we developed CUAS-MPI, an MPI-parallel C/C++ implementation of CUAS (MPI: Message Passing Interface), which employs the Portable, Extensible Toolkit for Scientific Computation (PETSc) infrastructure for handling grids and equation systems. We validate the accuracy of the numerical results by comparing them with a set of analytical solutions to the model equations, which involve two types of boundary conditions. We then investigate the scaling behavior of CUAS-MPI and show that CUAS-MPI scales up to 3840 MPI processes running a realistic Greenland setup on the Lichtenberg HPC system. Our measurements also show that CUAS-MPI reaches a throughput comparable to that of ice sheet simulations, e.g., the Ice-sheet and Sea-level System Model (ISSM). Lastly, we discuss opportunities for ice sheet modeling, explore future coupling possibilities of CUAS-MPI with other simulations, and consider throughput bottlenecks and limits of further scaling.","PeriodicalId":12799,"journal":{"name":"Geoscientific Model Development","volume":"3 1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135395398","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modelling concentration heterogeneities in streets using the street-network model MUNICH","authors":"Thibaud Sarica, Alice Maison, Yelva Roustan, Matthias Ketzel, Steen Solvang Jensen, Youngseob Kim, Christophe Chaillou, Karine Sartelet","doi":"10.5194/gmd-16-5281-2023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-5281-2023","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. Populations in urban areas are exposed to high local concentrations of pollutants, such as nitrogen dioxide and particulate matter, because of unfavourable dispersion conditions and the proximity to traffic. To simulate these concentrations over cities, models like the street-network model MUNICH (Model of Urban Network of Intersecting Canyons and Highways) rely on parameterizations to represent the air flow and the concentrations of pollutants in streets. In the current version, MUNICH v2.0, concentrations are assumed to be homogeneous in each street segment. A new version of MUNICH, where the street volume is discretized, is developed to represent the street gradients and to better estimate peoples' exposure. Three vertical levels are defined in each street segment. A horizontal discretization is also introduced under specific conditions by considering two zones with a parameterization taken from the Operational Street Pollution Model (OSPM). Simulations are performed over two districts of Copenhagen, Denmark, and one district of greater Paris, France. Results show an improvement in the comparison to observations, with higher concentrations at the bottom of the street, closer to traffic, of pollutants emitted by traffic (NOx, black carbon, organic matter). These increases reach up to 60 % for NO2 and 30 % for PM10 in comparison to MUNICH v2.0. The aspect ratio (ratio between building height and street width) influences the extent of the increase of the first-level concentrations compared to the average of the street. The increase is higher for wide streets (low aspect ratio and often higher traffic) by up to 53 % for NOx and 18 % for PM10. Finally, a sensitivity analysis with regard to the influence of the street network highlights the importance of using the model MUNICH with a network rather than with a single street.","PeriodicalId":12799,"journal":{"name":"Geoscientific Model Development","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135552131","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"AutoQS v1: automatic parametrization of QuickSampling based on training images analysis","authors":"Mathieu Gravey, Grégoire Mariethoz","doi":"10.5194/gmd-16-5265-2023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-5265-2023","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. Multiple-point geostatistics are widely used to simulate\u0000complex spatial structures based on a training image. The practical\u0000applicability of these methods relies on the possibility of finding optimal\u0000training images and parametrization of the simulation algorithms. While\u0000methods for automatically selecting training images are available,\u0000parametrization can be cumbersome. Here, we propose to find an optimal set\u0000of parameters using only the training image as input. The difference between\u0000this and previous work that used parametrization optimization is that it\u0000does not require the definition of an objective function. Our approach is\u0000based on the analysis of the errors that occur when filling artificially\u0000constructed patterns that have been borrowed from the training image. Its\u0000main advantage is to eliminate the risk of overfitting an objective\u0000function, which may result in variance underestimation or in verbatim copy\u0000of the training image. Since it is not based on optimization, our approach\u0000finds a set of acceptable parameters in a predictable manner by using the\u0000knowledge and understanding of how the simulation algorithms work. The\u0000technique is explored in the context of the recently developed QuickSampling\u0000algorithm, but it can be easily adapted to other pixel-based multiple-point\u0000statistics algorithms using pattern matching, such as direct sampling or\u0000single normal equation simulation (SNESIM).","PeriodicalId":12799,"journal":{"name":"Geoscientific Model Development","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134913960","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"J-GAIN v1.1: a flexible tool to incorporate aerosol formation rates obtained by molecular models into large-scale models","authors":"Daniel Yazgi, Tinja Olenius","doi":"10.5194/gmd-16-5237-2023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-5237-2023","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. New-particle formation from condensable gases is a common atmospheric process that has significant but uncertain effects on aerosol particle number concentrations and aerosol–cloud–climate interactions. Assessing the formation rates of nanometer-sized particles from different vapors is an active field of research within atmospheric sciences, with new data being constantly produced by molecular modeling and experimental studies. Such data can be used in large-scale climate and air quality models through parameterizations or lookup tables. Molecular cluster dynamics modeling, ideally benchmarked against measurements when available for the given precursor vapors, provides a straightforward means to calculate high-resolution formation rate data over wide ranges of atmospheric conditions. Ideally, the incorporation of such data should be easy, efficient and flexible in the sense that same tools can be conveniently applied for different data sets in which the formation rate depends on different parameters. In this work, we present a tool to generate and interpolate lookup tables of formation rates for user-defined input parameters. The table generator primarily applies cluster dynamics modeling to calculate formation rates from an input quantum chemistry data set defined by the user, but the interpolator may also be used for tables generated by other models or data sources. The interpolation routine uses a multivariate interpolation algorithm, which is applicable to different numbers of independent parameters, and gives fast and accurate results with typical interpolation errors of up to a few percent. These routines facilitate the implementation and testing of different aerosol formation rate predictions in large-scale models, allowing the straightforward inclusion of new or updated data without the need to apply separate parameterizations or routines for different data sets that involve different chemical compounds or other parameters.","PeriodicalId":12799,"journal":{"name":"Geoscientific Model Development","volume":"95 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135689297","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Simulation model of Reactive Nitrogen Species in an Urban Atmosphere using a Deep Neural Network: RNDv1.0","authors":"Junsu Gil, Meehye Lee, Jeonghwan Kim, Gangwoong Lee, Joonyoung Ahn, Cheol-Hee Kim","doi":"10.5194/gmd-16-5251-2023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-5251-2023","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. Nitrous acid (HONO) plays an important role in the formation of ozone and fine aerosols in the urban atmosphere. In this study, a new simulation approach is presented to calculate the HONO mixing ratios using a deep neural technique based on measured variables. The Reactive Nitrogen Species using a Deep Neural Network (RND) simulation is implemented in Python. The first version of RND (RNDv1.0) is trained, validated, and tested with HONO measurement data obtained in Seoul, South Korea, from 2016 to 2021. RNDv1.0 is constructed using k-fold cross validation and evaluated with index of agreement, correlation coefficient, root mean squared error, and mean absolute error. The results show that RNDv1.0 adequately represents the main characteristics of the measured HONO, and it is thus proposed as a supplementary model for calculating the HONO mixing ratio in a polluted urban environment.","PeriodicalId":12799,"journal":{"name":"Geoscientific Model Development","volume":"38 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135781086","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modernizing the open-source community Noah with multi-parameterization options (Noah-MP) land surface model (version 5.0) with enhanced modularity, interoperability, and applicability","authors":"Cenlin He, Prasanth Valayamkunnath, M. Barlage, Fei Chen, David Gochis, Ryan Cabell, Tim Schneider, Roy Rasmussen, Guo-Yue Niu, Zong-Liang Yang, D. Niyogi, Michael Ek","doi":"10.5194/gmd-16-5131-2023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-5131-2023","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. The widely used open-source community Noah with multi-parameterization options (Noah-MP) land surface model (LSM) is\u0000designed for applications ranging from uncoupled land surface\u0000hydrometeorological and ecohydrological process studies to coupled numerical\u0000weather prediction and decadal global or regional climate simulations. It has\u0000been used in many coupled community weather, climate, and hydrology models. In\u0000this study, we modernize and refactor the Noah-MP LSM by adopting modern Fortran\u0000code standards and data structures, which substantially enhance the model\u0000modularity, interoperability, and applicability. The modernized Noah-MP is\u0000released as the version 5.0 (v5.0), which has five key features: (1) enhanced modularization as a result of re-organizing model physics into individual\u0000process-level Fortran module files, (2) an enhanced data structure with new\u0000hierarchical data types and optimized variable declaration and\u0000initialization structures, (3) an enhanced code structure and calling workflow\u0000as a result of leveraging the new data structure and modularization, (4) enhanced\u0000(descriptive and self-explanatory) model variable naming standards, and (5) enhanced driver and interface structures to be coupled with the host\u0000weather, climate, and hydrology models. In addition, we create a comprehensive\u0000technical documentation of the Noah-MP v5.0 and a set of model benchmark and\u0000reference datasets. The Noah-MP v5.0 will be coupled to various\u0000weather, climate, and hydrology models in the future. Overall, the modernized\u0000Noah-MP allows a more efficient and convenient process for future model\u0000developments and applications.\u0000","PeriodicalId":12799,"journal":{"name":"Geoscientific Model Development","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2023-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41540530","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Simulated stable water isotopes during the mid-Holocene and pre-industrial periods using AWI-ESM-2.1-wiso","authors":"Xiaoxu Shi, A. Cauquoin, Gerrit Lohmann, L. Jonkers, Qian Wang, Hu Yang, Yuchen Sun, Martin Werner","doi":"10.5194/gmd-16-5153-2023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-5153-2023","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. Numerical simulations employing prognostic stable water isotopes can not only facilitate our understanding of hydrological processes and climate change but also allow for a direct comparison between isotope signals obtained from models and various archives. In the current work, we describe the performance and explore the potential of a new version of the Earth system model AWI-ESM (Alfred Wegener Institute Earth System Model), labeled AWI-ESM-2.1-wiso, in which we incorporated three isotope tracers into all relevant components of the water cycle. We present here the results of pre-industrial (PI) and mid-Holocene (MH) simulations. The model reproduces the observed PI isotope compositions in both precipitation and seawater well and captures their major differences from the MH conditions. The simulated relationship between the isotope composition in precipitation (δ18Op) and surface air temperature is very similar between the PI and MH conditions, and it is largely consistent with modern observations despite some regional model biases. The ratio of the MH–PI difference in δ18Op to the MH–PI difference in surface air temperature is comparable to proxy records over Greenland and Antarctica only when summertime air temperature is considered. An amount effect is evident over the North African monsoon domain, where a negative correlation between δ18Op and the amount of precipitation is simulated. As an example of model applications, we studied the onset and withdrawal date of the MH West African summer monsoon (WASM) using daily variables. We find that defining the WASM onset based on precipitation alone may yield erroneous results due to the substantial daily variations in precipitation, which may obscure the distinction between pre-monsoon and monsoon seasons. Combining precipitation and isotope indicators, we suggest in this work a novel method for identifying the commencement of the WASM. Moreover, we do not find an obvious difference between the MH and PI periods in terms of the mean onset of the WASM. However, an advancement in the WASM withdrawal is found in the MH compared to the PI period due to an earlier decline in insolation over the northern location of Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ).\u0000","PeriodicalId":12799,"journal":{"name":"Geoscientific Model Development","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2023-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47163460","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}