GMS Hygiene and Infection Control最新文献

{"title":"Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection among gastritis and dyspeptic patients in Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria.","authors":"David Veronica Ekpiwre, Hashimu Zakari, Anayochukwu Chibuike Ngene, Hosea J Zumbes, Amos Obaje Ogaji, Oluwatoyin Debby Coulthard, John Danjuma Mawak","doi":"10.3205/dgkh000635","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3205/dgkh000635","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong><i>Helicobacter (H.) pylori</i> infection remains a major cause of gastritis and dyspepsia globally, with disproportionately high prevalence in developing regions, including parts of Africa where infection rates often exceed 70%. In many of these settings, limited region-specific data on prevalence and antimicrobial resistance hinder effective diagnosis, treatment, and control strategies.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study investigated the prevalence, molecular characteristics, and antibiotic susceptibility patterns of <i>H. pylori</i> among patients presenting with gastritis and dyspepsia in Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A total of 136 symptomatic patients were recruited: 36 dyspeptic individuals undergoing endoscopy and 100 gastritis patients providing stool samples. Specimens (gastric biopsies and stool) were initially screened using rapid urease test (RUT) and stool antigen test (SAT). Positive samples underwent culture for isolation, followed by phenotypic identification and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) confirmation with genus- and species-specific primers. Antibiotic susceptibility was evaluated via disk diffusion method.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong><i>H. pylori</i> prevalence was 66.7% in dyspeptic patients and 48% in gastritis patients. Infection rates were significantly associated with age in both groups (p<0.05), but not with gender. Culture produced 10 presumptive helicobacter isolates; PCR confirmed 6 as helicobacter spp. and 3 as <i>H. pylori</i>. Susceptibility testing showed high resistance to ciprofloxacin, clarithromycin, azithromycin, and amoxicillin. All isolates were susceptible to streptomycin, with variable responses to ofloxacin, augmentin (amoxicillin-clavulanate), and septrin (trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole), suggesting the emergence of multidrug-resistant strains.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The findings reveal a substantial <i>H. pylori</i> burden among symptomatic patients in Jos, coupled with alarming resistance to key eradication antibiotics. These results highlight the urgent need for routine molecular diagnostics and ongoing local surveillance of antimicrobial resistance to inform tailored treatment regimens and enhance clinical outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":12738,"journal":{"name":"GMS Hygiene and Infection Control","volume":"21 ","pages":"Doc26"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-03-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13103530/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147769554","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Letter to the editor regarding the Paper \"S2k-Guideline hand antisepsis and hand hygiene\".","authors":"Ralf Schäfer","doi":"10.3205/dgkh000637","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3205/dgkh000637","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":12738,"journal":{"name":"GMS Hygiene and Infection Control","volume":"21 ","pages":"Doc28"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-03-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13103532/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147769564","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Antimicrobial resistance profiles and mortality rates in intensive care unit patients having central line associated blood stream infection: a temporal analysis.","authors":"Gargee Anand, Rijhul Lahariya, Asim Sarfraz, Bhaskar Thakuria, Prathyusha Kokkayil, Binod Kumar Pati","doi":"10.3205/dgkh000633","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3205/dgkh000633","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Patients with indwelling devices in the intensive care unit (ICU) face a heightened risk of infections, particularly central-line associated blood stream infection (CLABSI). With the aim of enhancing ICU prevention strategies, this study assessed CLABSI incidence, key pathogens, and their resistence profiles.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>The retrospective study analyzed patients with central line catheter (CLC) from 2021 to 2023. Patients' demographic details, CLC site, ICU stay, and blood culture reports including resistance were analyzed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Among 3,761 patients, CLABSI incidence rates were 6.18 (n=18, 2021), 1.69 (n=15, 2022), and 3.75 (n=42, 2023) per 1,000 CL days. The predominant GNB included <i>Klebsiella pneumoniae</i> (25.3%), <i>Acinetobacter baumannii</i> (16%), and <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> (9.33%), while GPC included <i>Enterococcus species</i> (5.33%) and <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> (2.66%). <i>Klebsiella (K.) pneumoniae</i> and <i>Pseudomonas (P.) ae</i> <i>ru</i> <i>ginosa</i> exhibited rising resistance to cephalosporins, carbapenems, BL-BLIs, and monobactams. <i>Acinetobacter (A.) baumannii</i> showed decreased resistance to carbapenems and BL-BLIs. <i>Staphylococcus (S.) aureus</i> exhibited decreased resistance to macrolides and lincosamides, while <i>Enterococcus</i> species showed increased resistance to macrolides and penicillin. <i>Candida</i> species (21.3%) were isolated in 2022, with one case of <i>Candida auris</i> in 2023. Multidrug-resistant (MDR) CLABSIs had statistically significantly higher mortality (p=0.042).</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>GNB showed increased resistance to cephalosporins, carbapenems, and BL-BLIs. In contrast, <i>S. aureus</i> demonstrated decreased resistance to lincosamides, while <i>Enterococcus</i> showed rising resistance to macrolides and penicillin, raising concern about treatment.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>These findings emphasize the urgent need for targeted stewardship against CLABSI.</p>","PeriodicalId":12738,"journal":{"name":"GMS Hygiene and Infection Control","volume":"21 ","pages":"Doc24"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-03-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13103529/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147769568","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Clinical, laboratory, and therapeutic characteristics of cutaneous leishmaniasis: 15-year incidence in Crete and Greece, and implications for clinician awareness.","authors":"Aristos Aristodimou, Evangelos I Kritsotakis, Maria Antoniou, Konstantinos Krasagakis, Georgios Evangelou, Achilleas Gikas","doi":"10.3205/dgkh000636","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3205/dgkh000636","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is an under-recognised parasitic disease in southern Europe, where heterogeneous clinical presentations and limited clinician familiarity can contribute to delayed diagnosis.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>We conducted a 15-year retrospective case-series study at a tertiary-care referral hospital in Crete, Greece, to describe the epidemiological, clinical, laboratory and therapeutic characteristics of confirmed CL cases.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Twenty-five patients were identified, including two with concomitant visceral leishmaniasis. Most presented with solitary, painless lesions on exposed sites, and the median duration of skin lesions before diagnosis was 327 days, highlighting a substantial diagnostic delay. PCR was the most sensitive diagnostic tool, followed by histopathology and culture, while species identification confirmed <i>Leishmania tropica</i> in selected CL cases. Treatment approaches varied, including systemic agents, topical therapies and observation. Failure and relapse rates were 12% and 16%, respectively, and occurred mainly in patients with significant comorbidities or immunosuppression.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The island of Crete is a persistent epicenter of CL in Greece, with a low apparent incidence but notable clinical complexity. Delayed recognition and heterogeneous diagnostic pathways underscore the need for improving clinical awareness and implementing clearer diagnostic algorithms.</p>","PeriodicalId":12738,"journal":{"name":"GMS Hygiene and Infection Control","volume":"21 ","pages":"Doc27"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-03-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13103525/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147769651","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Randomized controlled clinical trial of the impact of combined application of rhamnosus probiotics and oral nystatin on the colonization of intestinal Candida albicans in low birth weight neonates <2,500 grams.","authors":"Mazyar Vakiliamini, Reza Habibi, Samira Zarei, Roya Chegene Lorestani, Fatemeh Rezaeeniya, Farzad Mashreghi, Pourya Mohammadi, Mansour Rezaei, Mosayeb Rostamian, Hajar Motamed","doi":"10.3205/dgkh000632","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3205/dgkh000632","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>This study aimed to evaluate the concurrent effects of consuming Rhamnosus probiotics and oral antifungal Nystatin on inhibiting <i>Candida (C.) albicans</i> colonization in infants weighing <2,500 grams.</p><p><strong>Materials: </strong>This study was a randomized controlled clinical trial conducted on 104 infants born weighing <2,500 grams at Mohammad Kermanshahi Hospital in Kermanshah in 2021-22. The infants were randomly allocated into intervention (n=52) and control (n=52) groups. The control group received a placebo, 10 drops orally four times daily. In contrast, the intervention group received oral Nystatin 100,000 units 10 drops three times a day, combined with Rhamnosus Lactobacillus oral drops once daily for 7 to 10 days.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The results showed a lower frequency of positive <i>C. albicans</i> cultures in stool samples on the 7^th day of age in the intervention group. Moreover, several variables such as the onset of nutrition, time to reach 100 ml/kg of milk intake per day, number of nil per os (NPO; \"nothing through the mouth\") episodes, total NPO time during hospitalization, episodes of intolerance until discharge, and duration of hospitalization were significantly lower in the intervention group compared to the control.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>The concurrent use of Rhamnosus probiotics and oral Nystatin can lead to a reduction of positive <i>C. albicans</i> stool culture results, average time for certain variables such as the onset of nutrition, time to reach 100 ml/kg of milk intake per day, NPO days, total NPO time during hospitalization, episodes of intolerance until discharge, and duration of hospitalization in infants weighing <2,500 grams. Hence, their simultaneous administration is recommended for these neonates.</p>","PeriodicalId":12738,"journal":{"name":"GMS Hygiene and Infection Control","volume":"21 ","pages":"Doc23"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12981032/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147467626","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Risk factors for co-infections of helicobacter pylori and intestinal parasites: a cross-sectional study.","authors":"Pourya Mohammadi, Keyghobad Ghadiri, Mosayeb Rostamian, Fereshteh Angazbany, Shahab Rezaeian, Tara Mazaheri, Tahereh Amiri, Peyman Hatami, Roya Chegene Lorestani","doi":"10.3205/dgkh000631","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3205/dgkh000631","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and objective: </strong><i>Helicobacter (H.) pylori</i> is one of the most prevalent bacterial infections worldwide, alongside intestinal parasitic infections, both posing significant public health risks. This research investigates the frequency of co-infections involving <i>H. pylori</i> and intestinal parasites while determining associated impacts.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In this cross-sectional study, 240 patients from Imam Reza Clinic in Kermanshah (Dec 2023-Apr 2024) were included. Stool samples were tested for <i>H. pylori</i> by ELISA and intestinal parasites by microscopy and staining. Demographic data, diet, water source, and gastrointestinal symptoms were collected via questionnaire. Data were analyzed using chi-square and logistic regression in SPSS 21.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Of 240 patients, 43.3% had <i>H. pylori</i> infection, and intestinal parasites were detected in 24.2%. Occupation, age, vegetarian diet, and drinking water source were significantly associated with <i>H. pylori</i> infection alone. Findings suggested some parasites may increase <i>H. pylori</i> risk; however, this was not statistically confirmed. Logistic regression identified age and gastrointestinal symptoms as predictors of co-infection. Risk was highest in the 40-49 age group (OR=7.54, p=0.029); no significant associations were found in older groups (OR=4.08, p=0.148; OR=5.68, p=0.060). Multiple gastrointestinal symptoms significantly increased co-infection likelihood (OR=6.18, p=0.008). Gender (OR=1.65, p=0.267), diet (OR=1.98, p=0.134), occupation (OR=0.86, p=0.783), and water source (OR=0.21, p=0.127) showed no significant results.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Co-infections of <i>H. pylori</i> were found in 10.8% of patients. Age and gastrointestinal symptoms were key predictors, while gender, water source, occupation, and residence showed no significant influence.</p>","PeriodicalId":12738,"journal":{"name":"GMS Hygiene and Infection Control","volume":"21 ","pages":"Doc22"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12981034/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147467631","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Public health authorities in Germany during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic - a constructive-critical reflection.","authors":"Ursel Heudorf, René Gottschalk","doi":"10.3205/dgkh000629","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3205/dgkh000629","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Following the COVID-19 pandemic, a retrospective evaluation of the measures is still pending in Germany. This article will attempt to draw constructive and critical lessons from this pandemic for the actions of the public health authorities (PHA) in similar situations in the future.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>First, the legal and professional basis of the public health authorities in Germany to deal with a pandemic is presented. However, the analysis of the work of the PHA during the pandemic shows that the health authorities imposed extensive restrictions on freedom due to political and administrative law requirements without implementing the pandemic plan, the technical evidence and the principles of administrative law. The lessons of history were also ignored.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>The non-compliance with professional und legal requirements may be explained by mass phenomena that occurred during the pandemic. Simplified messages and narratives led to uncertainty and fear, blurring individual boundaries in favor of collective reactions. Within a very short time in spring 2020, a collective threat scenario had gripped the whole of society - including the public health services. Combating the virus became the only goal, which supposedly unconditionally required maximum measures and restrictions on freedom and did not sufficiently take into account the considerable consequences for society as a whole.The question arises as to how, even in times of a pandemic, evidence and experience can continue to guide decisions instead of threat scenarios, as was possible in Sweden. There, the Swedish pandemic plan was implemented in accordance with the principle of proportionality.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>With our contribution to the discussion, we would like to encourage the PHA to take up this discussion and reappraisal - in responsibility for itself, for society and, in particular, for the people whose freedoms have been significantly restricted.</p>","PeriodicalId":12738,"journal":{"name":"GMS Hygiene and Infection Control","volume":"21 ","pages":"Doc20"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-02-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12981037/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147467094","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Stopping an outbreak of Pseudomonas aeruginosa ST111 by temporarily blocking the siphon to disinfect it before the transition to the wastewater drain.","authors":"Torsten Stein, Martin Exner, Lisa-Marie Höfken, Katrin Schuldt, Axel Kramer","doi":"10.3205/dgkh000630","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3205/dgkh000630","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Resulting from an analysis of an outbreak of carbapenem-resistant <i>Pseudomonas (P.) aeruginosa</i>, the siphons of washbasins in patient rooms were identified as source of colonizations and/or infections. To avoid installing new siphons, a solution was needed to temporarily block the siphon before the transition to the wastewater drain.</p><p><strong>Result: </strong>By temporarily blocking the drain before the transition to the wastewater drain with a balloon, it was possible to disinfect the traps without disassembly and stop the outbreak.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>Temporarily blocking the drain can stop outbreaks originating from the siphon. However, this does not protect the siphon from renewed contamination by patients, or subsequent biofilm formation. Therefore, the only option in cases of known patient colonization or infection with critical multi-resistant pathogens that can colonize the siphon is to disinfect the siphon after the patient's discharge by temporarily blocking it. Since even non-resistant wastewater bacteria can cause infections, especially in immunocompromised patients, an option for obviating this problem would be to dispense with washbasins in high-risk areas such as units for intensive care, burns, cystic fibrosis and neonatology. As a general rule, water used to wash patients in bed must be disposed of in separate drains outside the patient's room. Since self-disinfecting siphons significantly reduce emissions from the siphon, combined with lower colonization or infection of exposed patients; their installation in high-risk areas may be useful for reducing nosocomial infections. However, in the event of an outbreak of a multi-resistant pathogen with the ability to colonize the siphon, it is necessary take samples of siphons and, if detected, to disinfect them by temporarily blocking them.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The option of disinfection of siphons by temporarily blocking them is a technically simple, economically immediate measure.</p>","PeriodicalId":12738,"journal":{"name":"GMS Hygiene and Infection Control","volume":"21 ","pages":"Doc21"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-02-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12981031/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147467728","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fungal spinal infections: a narrative review on diagnosis, treatment strategies, and collaborative management approaches.","authors":"Anand Kumar Das, Mainak Sinha, Rijhul Lahariya, Saraj Kumar Singh, Sona Bhardwaj, Simmi Kishore","doi":"10.3205/dgkh000624","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3205/dgkh000624","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Spinal fungal infections are rare with a frequency of 2.2 times per 100,000 people annually. They are caused by pathogens such <i>Coccidioides immitis, Blastomyces dermatitidis, Cryptococcus neoformans, Candida albicans</i>, and <i>Aspergillus fumigatus</i> (found globally).This review on fungal spinal infections examines patient demographics, medicinal treatments, surgical methods, and outcomes.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>All PubMed articles on fungal spine infections were analysed, regardless of fungus, publication year, or spinal segment. The patient's age, gender, affected spinal section, microorganism, treatment regimens, surgical methods, follow-up period, and results were recorded.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Of the 134 analyzed patients, 66.4% were male. The mean age was 54.3±14.9 years. Most susceptible was the lumbar spine (47%), followed by the thoracic (29.9%) and lumbo-sacral (12.7%). The most common organism was <i>Candida albicans</i> (62.7%), followed by <i>Aspergillus fumigatus</i> (27.6%). Spondylodiscitis (35.8%) and osteomyelitis (31.3%) lead our review. The most frequent antifungals were triazoles (55%), followed by polyenes (31%). Most procedures (59.5%) were non-fixation. Back discomfort, fever, and neurological impairments were prominent signs of spine fungal infections. Blood tests, cultures, and MRI/CT scans were used to diagnose. Spondylodiscitis had a letality of 6.25%, spinal osteomyelitis of 11%. Recovery requires long-term monitoring.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The review emphasises the significance of early detection and treatment, individualised antifungal regimens, and surgery in specific cases to enhance fungal spinal infection outcomes. Spine surgeons and radiologists must work together to solve diagnostic and therapeutic issues.</p>","PeriodicalId":12738,"journal":{"name":"GMS Hygiene and Infection Control","volume":"21 ","pages":"Doc15"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12973500/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147432286","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prevalence of different types of vaginitis in Pap-smear samples from the Women's Clinic of Firouzabadi Hospital in Tehran 2019 to 2021.","authors":"Farahnaz Farzaneh, Fatemeh Montazer, Kaveh Khosravi","doi":"10.3205/dgkh000627","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3205/dgkh000627","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Vaginitis is one of the most common causes of referrals to gynecologists and obstetricians. It is characterized by symptoms such as itching, vaginal discharge, and redness. The three main causes of vaginitis are bacteria, various species of yeast and the protozoan <i>Trichomonas (T.) vaginalis</i>. <i>Candida albicans</i> has been considered as the main cause of vulvovaginitis in different regions of the world. The most common types of anaerobic bacteria in bacterial vaginitis are <i>Gardnerella vaginalis</i>, Bacteroidetes, Prevotella and Peptostreptococcus spp. In Iran to date, few population-based studies have been conducted in relation to vaginitis. As Pap-smear studies are conducted for investigating tissue changes in order to diagnose malignancy, these clinical tests are also appropriate sources for the evaluation of vaginitis. This is a cross-sectional, retrospective study to investigate different types of vaginitis based on its causative agent, and to examine its complications.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>All female patients between the ages of 21 and 75 who were referred to the Women's Clinic of Firozabadi Hospital during the years 2019 to 2021 were included in this study. Demographic information, including age and sex, as well as information related to the type of infection, the degree of inflammation, the presence or absence of squamous metaplasia, and the presence or absence of vaginal atrophy, were extracted from the patient files in the archives of Firozabadi Hospital.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Out of the 2050 people studied, 165 (12.4%) had a positive Pap smear to diagnose vaginitis. The average age of the studied patients was 43. ±9.9 years; the age range was 21 to 72 years. Bacterial vaginitis (BV) was the most prevalent type (54.5%), the second-most frequent type was candidiasis vaginitis, and the least frequent type was caused by <i>T. vaginalis</i>.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The high prevalence of BV indicates that vaginitis is a major problem in the clinic. The use of Pap smear is not only a useful indicator in cytology to detect premalignant changes, but it can also be a useful and practical method in diagnosing the type of vaginitis. Furthermore, Pap smears as a diagnostic method for vaginitis can help provide correct treatment, design prevention programs, strengthen the immune system, and prevent multiple vaginal flora changes.</p>","PeriodicalId":12738,"journal":{"name":"GMS Hygiene and Infection Control","volume":"21 ","pages":"Doc18"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12981039/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147466965","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}