{"title":"Data fusion in pathfinder and TravTek","authors":"Roy Sumner","doi":"10.4271/912736","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4271/912736","url":null,"abstract":"Control centers for IVHS systems are the focal point for collecting data from a wide variety of sources. These data can be in electronic form, such as the output from traffic detectors and computer systems or in anecdotal form such as police and radio reports or maintenance activities. There are two basic problems with handling this data; the data ages at differential rates and the quality of information varies according to the source. A video image of an accident scene is much more reliable than the output of an incident detection algorithm. Within IVHS control systems such data needs to be accumulated, organized and disseminated. In such systems, decisions need to be made for several thousand links every minute, 24 hours per day. This process has been termed data fusion. This paper describes the data fusion process and the manner in which it is applied in the Pathfinder and TravTek projects.","PeriodicalId":126255,"journal":{"name":"Vehicle Navigation and Information Systems Conference, 1991","volume":"42 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1991-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122684140","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Neural network approaches for lateral control of autonomous highway vehicles","authors":"A. Kornhauser","doi":"10.4271/912871","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4271/912871","url":null,"abstract":"The research reported in this paper focuses on the automated steering aspects of intelligent highway vehicles. Proposed is a machine vision system for capturing driver views of the oncoming highway environment. The objective is to investigate various designs of artificial neural networks for processing the resulting images and generating acceptable steering commands for the vehicle. The research effort has involved the construction of a computer graphical simulation system, called the Road Machine, which is used as the experimental environment for analyzing, through simulation, alternative neural network approaches for controlling autonomous highway vehicles. The Road Machine serves as both the training environment and the experimental testing environment for the autonomous highway vehicle. It is composed of five (5) major modules: Highway design, Driver view simulation, Image processing, Neural network design and training, and Autonomous driving simulation. Two types of neural network control structures are under active research, Back-propagation and Adaptive Resonance. The Road Machine is written in C and operates on Silicon Graphics workstations using Unix and the SGI graphics language.","PeriodicalId":126255,"journal":{"name":"Vehicle Navigation and Information Systems Conference, 1991","volume":"114 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1991-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122684467","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Accessing the acceptability of IVHS: Some preliminary results","authors":"R. Marans, C. Yoakam","doi":"10.4271/912811","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4271/912811","url":null,"abstract":"While much of the current research on Intelligent Vehicle Highway Systems (IVHS) focuses on its technological aspects and economic benefits, little consideration is being given to the potential non-economic benefits of IVHS to individuals and society and the related issue of acceptability of the system among various user groups. Three stages of research dealing with the non-economic benefits of IVHS and user acceptance are discussed. Next, the results of a recently completed survey exploring these topics are reviewed. Survey findings cover the potential usefulness of various traffic advisories and the willingness of drivers to pay for them. Sentiments of drivers experiencing varying degrees of traffic congestion and stress in their commuting are considered as are feelings about IVHS as a solution to traffic congestion. Finally, implications of findings and directions for future research on user acceptance and non-economic benefits are discussed.","PeriodicalId":126255,"journal":{"name":"Vehicle Navigation and Information Systems Conference, 1991","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1991-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128329282","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A dynamical system model for traffic assignment in networks","authors":"S. Lafortune, R. Sengupta, D. Kaufman, R.L. Smith","doi":"10.4271/912817","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4271/912817","url":null,"abstract":"We consider a traffic network subject to known time-varying demands between its origins and destinations. We model the network as a discrete-time dynamical system driven by these demands. The state of the system at each time epoch is defined in a way that avoids complete microscopic detail by grouping vehicles into platoons irrespective of origin node and time of entry to network. Moreover, the formulation contains no path enumeration. The control variables correspond to the assignment or routing of the platoons on downstream links at the nodes of the network. Impedance functions combined with link outflow functions are used to model link travel times in the state transition function. This modeling approach allows for the study of the problem of dynamic traffic assignment in networks in the framework of the optimal control of dynamical systems. This work has applications to route guidance issues that arise in an Intelligent Vehicle-Highway Systems (IVHS) environment.","PeriodicalId":126255,"journal":{"name":"Vehicle Navigation and Information Systems Conference, 1991","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1991-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124482394","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A concept of IVHS in commercial vehicle operation: The HELP/Crescent program","authors":"C. Walton","doi":"10.4271/912776","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4271/912776","url":null,"abstract":"The HELP Program and Crescent Demonstration Project is a bi-national multi-jurisdictional cooperative research and demonstration project involving the public and private sectors in an application of advancing technologies in the creation of an integrated heavy vehicle management system with applications to both highway and vehicle systems. This initiative is a leading example of the Intelligent Vehicle Highway Systems (IVHS) in commercial vehicle operations (CVO). The selected technologies are being integrated into a heavy vehicle management system. These technologies include: (1) automatic vehicle identification(AVI), (2) weigh-in-motion (WIM), (3) automatic vehicle classification (AVC), (4) data communication networks and systems integration. The program, initiated approximately eight years ago, consists of three phases which include assessing the feasibility of the concept, technical studies involving laboratory and field tests, and, lastly, the demonstration phase. Perhaps the most significant activity of this project centers on the subject of institutional arrangements associated with the integration of emerging technologies with current operational policies and practices, within both government and industry sectors. The demonstration element of the program, referred to as the Crescent Demonstration Project, began in 1991 and involves six U.S. states and one Canadian province. The project will be phased into a full scale operation over the next three years. It is estimated that the cost of this program to date is approximately $20 million shared by both industry and government in testing this landmark program. This paper provides an overview of the program and the components of the implementation plan.","PeriodicalId":126255,"journal":{"name":"Vehicle Navigation and Information Systems Conference, 1991","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1991-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117096235","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Shekhar, M. Coyle, M. Shargal, J.J. Kozak, P. Hancock
{"title":"Design and validation of headup displays for navigation in IVHS","authors":"S. Shekhar, M. Coyle, M. Shargal, J.J. Kozak, P. Hancock","doi":"10.4271/912795","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4271/912795","url":null,"abstract":"Intelligent Vehicle Highway Systems (IVHS) are being developed to facilitate safety and efficiency for roadway users. To avoid congestion and improve route guidance, information has to be presented to the driver in a timely and digestible format. Currently, there are few methods by which an increase in such information load can be presented safely and effectively. The present experiments examine headup displays as one method of presenting this navigational information. A vital facet of information presentation is synthesis and management, such that displays do not overload drivers and create safety hazards in and of themselves. To evaluate displays in a controlled environment, the present experiments were conducted in a fixed-base simulation facility. The first experiment evaluated the differences in driver response to alpha-numeric versus iconic headup displays. The second experiment compared ego-centered against fixed-based map representations of geographical information. Results indicate the superiority of iconic headup displays and ego-centered maps.","PeriodicalId":126255,"journal":{"name":"Vehicle Navigation and Information Systems Conference, 1991","volume":"94 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1991-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121295939","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Japanese projects on automobile information and communication systems—Things aimed at and obtained in 20 years' experiences","authors":"S. Takaba","doi":"10.4271/912757","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4271/912757","url":null,"abstract":"In the early 1970's, the CACS project started concurrently with the introduction of traffic signal control systems in urban streets and of systems for presenting traffic information on freeways to solve the severe problems of traffic congestion, traffic safety and air pollution. The goal of CACS was broken down into many sub-projects and pursued in the ATICS project for advanced traffic management and in several small projects in the early 1980's. The planning for the well known RACS and AMTICS projects in the late 1980's was based on this accumulation of knowledge. The expectation of greater business opportunities stimulated the participants and led some large-scale of projects to success. Twenty years of continuous experience will be effectively used in planning the new IVHS projects for the early 1990's, including the Next Generation Highway Traffic Systems and Super Smart Vehicle System projects.","PeriodicalId":126255,"journal":{"name":"Vehicle Navigation and Information Systems Conference, 1991","volume":"45 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1991-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126789337","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Federal radionavigation policy and the land transportation user","authors":"D. L. Olsen","doi":"10.4271/912806","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4271/912806","url":null,"abstract":"Intelligent Vehicle/Highway Systems (IVHS) have been developed using dead-reckoning map-matching navigators, but increasing consideration is being given to the use of radionavigation systems such as Loran-C and the Global Positioning System (GPS). The use of GPS receivers in IVHS applications is becoming more attractive as the system nears its expected 1993 operational status and as the cost of receivers continues to drop. Other terrestrial applications are beyond the development stage, particularly in the area of automatic vehicle location and monitoring where the use of radionavigation systems has experienced tremendous growth. The federal radionavigation planning process could have significant impact upon IVHS development. The Department of Transportation's Navigation Council formulates radionavigation system policy recommendations in concert with the Department of Defense, and the resulting policy is published in biennial editions of the Federal Radionavigation Plan (FRP). Increasing emphasis is being given in the FRP to terrestrial applications, and the DOT Navigation Council is being expanded to afford full representation to the modal administrations having responsibility for land transportation.","PeriodicalId":126255,"journal":{"name":"Vehicle Navigation and Information Systems Conference, 1991","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1991-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125727735","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"If information technology could save lives, improve productivity, help clean up the environment, and lower the budget deficit, would we use it? should we use it?","authors":"J.R. Woods","doi":"10.4271/912749","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4271/912749","url":null,"abstract":"Research and development has presented society and business with tremendous potential. Intelligent Vehicle Highway Systems are rich with opportunity. The vision of opportunity is currently out of focus to business and the average citizen. The Intelligent Vehicle Highway enthusiast is faced with significant barriers to understanding. The technology enthusiast is likewise in jeopardy of being charged with a myopic focus by those less familiar with the technology. This paper is intended to present the position that an awareness of the multiple perspectives of the end user and technologist, must grow closer. A more risk free environment should be fostered to balance user readiness and technology prior to the rigors of competitive and legal issues. The reality is that these issues already exist. A bridge of understanding is needed to take advantage of the many possible benefits and to minimize the risks.","PeriodicalId":126255,"journal":{"name":"Vehicle Navigation and Information Systems Conference, 1991","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1991-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125641580","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"AVI research for commercial vehicle operations","authors":"P. Davies, C. Hill, J. Siviter","doi":"10.4271/912740","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4271/912740","url":null,"abstract":"This paper focuses on current research efforts in the field of automatic vehicle identification (AVI) within the Heavy Vehicle Electronic License Plate (HELP) program. HELP is developing a commercial vehicle monitoring and management system integrating AVl with weigh-in-motion, automatic vehicle classification and a computerized communications network. A primary emphasis to date in the HELP program has been technology research and development, with AVI being central to this effort. Initial research, undertaken by CRC, has led to the development of a radio frequency based, open specification for an AVI system representing the technological state-of-the-art. However, in parallel with the HELP AVI research, the American Trucking Association (ATA) has recently adopted its own radio frequency identification (RFID) equipment standard. A new research effort is therefore being performed by CRC to develop compatible AVI standards meeting the requirements of both the ATA and HELP. A second additional area of research, currently being undertaken by CRC, is the development of a beacon-based AVI system, based on the existing HELP AVI specification. This AVI beacon will be placed on a state line and will broadcast a location, date and time marker message to a truck's onboard computer (OBC). This is just one in a broad range of possible IVHS applications capable of utilizing such a roadside-to-vehicle communications channel. This paper describes the earlier HELP AVI research efforts as a background to the two current AVI initiatives. Each of these initiatives is also discussed including project methodologies, results so far and expected results.","PeriodicalId":126255,"journal":{"name":"Vehicle Navigation and Information Systems Conference, 1991","volume":"42 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1991-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132651558","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}