Frontiers in Neurology最新文献

{"title":"Improvements in upper extremity isometric muscle strength, dexterity, and self-care independence during the sub-acute phase of stroke recovery: an observational study on the effects of intensive comprehensive rehabilitation.","authors":"Řasová K, Martinková P, Vařejková M, Miznerova B, Hlinovská J, Hlinovský D, Iskendri D, Lebdušková L, Vojíková R, Zakouřilová J, Běhounek J, Musil V, Philipp T","doi":"10.3389/fneur.2024.1442120","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fneur.2024.1442120","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Stroke often impairs upper extremity motor function, with recovery in the sub-acute phase being crucial for regaining independence. This study examines changes in isometric muscle strength, dexterity, and self-care independence during this period, and evaluates the effects of a comprehensive intensive rehabilitation (COMIRESTROKE).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Individuals in sub-acute stroke recovery and age- and sex-matched controls were assessed for pre- and post-rehabilitation differences in primary outcomes (grip/pinch strength, Nine Hole Peg Test [NHPT], Action Research Arm Test [ARAT]). COMIRESTROKE's effects on primary and secondary outcomes (National Institute of Health Stroke Scale [NIHSS], Modified Rankin Scale [MRS], Functional Independence Measure [FIM]) were evaluated. Outcomes were analyzed for dominant and non-dominant limbs, both regardless of impairment and with a focus on impaired limbs.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Fifty-two individuals with stroke (NIHSS 7.51 ± 5.71, age 70.25 ± 12.66 years, 21.36 ± 12.06 days post-stroke) and forty-six controls participated. At baseline, individuals with stroke showed significantly lower strength (dominant grip, key pinch, tip-tip pinch, <i>p</i> _adj < 0.05), higher NHPT scores (<i>p</i> _adj < 0.05), and lower ARAT scores (<i>p</i> _adj < 0.001). COMIRESTROKE led to improvements in dominant key pinch, non-dominant tip-tip pinch, NHPT, and both dominant and non-dominant ARAT (<i>p</i> _adj < 0.05). Notably, non-dominant key pinch improved significantly when considering only impaired hands. Pre- and post-test differences between groups were significant only for ARAT (both limbs), even after adjustment (<i>p</i> _adj < 0.05). All secondary outcomes (NIHSS, MRS, FIM) showed significant improvement post-COMIRESTROKE (<i>p</i> _adj < 0.001).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Individuals with stroke exhibit reduced muscle strength and dexterity, impairing independence. However, comprehensive intensive rehabilitation significantly improves these functions. Data are available from the corresponding author upon request and are part of a sub-study of NCT05323916.</p>","PeriodicalId":12575,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Neurology","volume":"15 ","pages":"1442120"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11539894/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142590153","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The benefits of photobiomodulation in animal models of multiple sclerosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","authors":"Zubair Ahmed","doi":"10.3389/fneur.2024.1482096","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fneur.2024.1482096","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Photobiomodulation (PBM), using red- or near-infrared light, has been used to treat tendinopathies, nerve injuries, osteoarthritis and wounds and evaluated in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE). To date, only a few studies have been performed in EAE but surprisingly, a few clinical studies in humans have already been performed, despite the paucity of preclinical evidence.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>Therefore, this study systematically reviewed the usefulness of PBM in ameliorating the clinical signs of EAE, a commonly used animal model of multiple sclerosis, and determine if there is enough evidence to warrant human studies.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>PubMed, EMBASE and Web of Science were searched in July 2024 for studies relating to PBM and EAE without any language restrictions. Since only three studies have been published, all studies were included in the systematic review and data related to clinical signs of EAE was pooled together to conduct a meta-analysis. Non-homogenous data was also reported and thematically synthesized.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A meta-analysis of the pooled data from the three included studies demonstrated a significant reduction of the clinical severity of EAE, with a mean reduction of 1.44, 95% CI (-2.45, -0.42), <i>p</i> = 0.006. PBM also significantly reduced other parameters such as infiltration of mononuclear cells, CNS demyelination, apoptosis markers and pro-inflammatory cytokines. However, there was an overall high risk of bias in all of the studies.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The meta-analysis supports the use of PBM to ameliorate the symptoms of EAE, but the paucity of studies and the high risk of bias in the included studies warrants further preclinical investigation before conducting human studies.</p>","PeriodicalId":12575,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Neurology","volume":"15 ","pages":"1482096"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-10-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11534619/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142582833","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Efficacy and safety of very early rehabilitation for acute ischemic stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","authors":"Ying Lou, Zhongshuo Liu, Yingxiao Ji, Jinming Cheng, Congying Zhao, Litao Li","doi":"10.3389/fneur.2024.1423517","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fneur.2024.1423517","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Early rehabilitation after acute ischemic stroke (AIS) contributes to functional recovery. However, the optimal time for starting rehabilitation remains a topic of ongoing investigation. This article aims to shed light on the safety and efficacy of very early rehabilitation (VER) initiated within 48 h of stroke onset.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A systematic search in PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science databases was conducted from inception to January 20, 2024. Relevant literature on VER in patients with AIS was reviewed and the data related to favorable and adverse clinical outcomes were collected for meta-analysis. Subgroup analysis was conducted at different time points, namely at discharge and at three and 12 months. Statistical analyses were performed with the help of the Meta Package in STATA Version 15.0.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 14 randomized controlled trial (RCT) studies and 3,039 participants were included in the analysis. VER demonstrated a significant association with mortality [risk ratio (RR) = 1.27, 95% confidence interval (CI) (1.00, 1.61)], ability of daily living [weighted mean difference (WMD) = 6.90, 95% CI (0.22, 13.57)], and limb motor function [WMD = 5.02, 95% CI (1.63, 8.40)]. However, no significant difference was observed between the VER group and the control group in adverse events [RR = 0.89, 95% CI (0.79, 1.01)], severity of stroke [WMD = 0.52, 95% CI (-0.04, 1.08)], degree of disability [RR = 1.06, 95% CI (0.93, 1.20)], or recovery of walking [RR = 0.98, 95% CI (0.94, 1.03)] after stroke. Subgroup analysis revealed that VER reduced the risk of adverse events in the late stage (at three and 12 months) [RR = 0.86, 95% CI (0.74, 0.99)] and degree of disability at 12 months [RR = 1.28, 95% CI (1.03, 1.60)], and improved daily living ability at 3 months [WMD = 4.26, 95% CI (0.17, 8.35)], while increasing severity of stroke during hospitalization [WMD = 0.81, 95% CI (0.01, 1.61)].</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>VER improves activities of daily living (ADLs) and lowers the incidence of long-term complications in stroke survivors. However, premature or overly intense rehabilitation may increase mortality in patients with AIS during the acute phase. PROSPERO registration number: CRD42024508180.</p><p><strong>Systematic review registration: </strong>This systematic review was registered with PROSPERO (https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/). PROSPERO registration number: CRD42024508180.</p>","PeriodicalId":12575,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Neurology","volume":"15 ","pages":"1423517"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-10-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11534803/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142582830","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Editorial: Effects of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) risk genes on phenotypes of each hierarchy.","authors":"Jun Egawa, Vance P Lemmon, Toshiyuki Someya","doi":"10.3389/fneur.2024.1508494","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2024.1508494","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":12575,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Neurology","volume":"15 ","pages":"1508494"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-10-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11536205/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142582826","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of vagal nerve stimulation parameters on heart rate variability in epilepsy patients.","authors":"Ahmet Genç, Firdevs Ezgi Uçan Tokuç, Meltem Korucuk","doi":"10.3389/fneur.2024.1490887","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fneur.2024.1490887","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Vagal nerve stimulation (VNS) is used as an alternative treatment in drug-resistant epilepsy patients. Effects of VNS on the cardiac autonomic system are controversial. In this study, we aimed to investigate the relationship between VNS parameters and heart rate variability (HRV) in epilepsy patients who underwent VNS treatment.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Our study included 31 patients who underwent VNS for drug-resistant epilepsy. Patients were divided into groups according to response to VNS and VNS parameters. All patients underwent 24-h Holter ECG.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The mean age of 31 VNS-treated epilepsy patients included in the study was 33.87 ± 7.6 years. When patients were grouped according to VNS response, 25 patients were in the VNS responder group and six patients were in the VNS-nonresponder group. When comparing Holter parameters in the VNS responder and non-responder groups, the median HF was significantly lower in the VNS responder group. VNS duration and signal frequency had a positive effect on LF/HF, while output and off time had a negative effect on LF/HF. When ROC analysis was performed to determine the cut-off values of the parameters for the VNS-responsive state, the AUC value of the HF parameter was 0.780, which was statistically significant. The cut-off value to distinguish response to VNS was 156.9.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>In conclusion, the effects of VNS parameters on HRV parameters are quite complex. However, the conclusion is that VNS is a neuromodulation method that affects the autonomic system in a complex way. Different levels of VNS parameters may also contribute to this effect. Furthermore, HRV parameters can be used as biomarkers to predict the patient population that may benefit from VNS.</p>","PeriodicalId":12575,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Neurology","volume":"15 ","pages":"1490887"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-10-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11534702/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142582828","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of cannabis abuse on the occurrence of stroke in young people: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","authors":"Dongxue Liu, Liu Yang, Peiqi Liu, Yujiao Wang, Lan Gao","doi":"10.3389/fneur.2024.1426023","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fneur.2024.1426023","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The occurrence of stroke in young people has risen significantly. This can easily lead to physical disabilities, swallowing difficulties, and cognitive impairment, among other issues, having a profound impact on families and society. Risk factors for stroke in young people differ from those for traditional stroke, with cannabis abuse emerging as a significant high-risk factor. However, the extent of the impact of cannabis abuse on the occurrence of stroke and the rate of disability in young people remains unclear. To clarify this issue and provide evidence supporting the primary prevention of stroke in young people, this systematic review and meta-analysis summarizes the latest findings from previous studies.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A systematic search of PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science databases was conducted until April 2023. The review included observational studies comparing stroke risk estimates between cannabis abusers and non-users.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>This review included six observational studies focusing on cannabis abuse, involving 119,284,152 participants. A significant association was found between cannabis abuse and an increased risk of stroke [OR = 1.14, 95% CI (1.08, 1.20)]. However, there was substantial heterogeneity among the studies (<i>I</i> ² = 89%, <i>p</i> < 0.001). After adjusting for confounders such as smoking and alcohol abuse, we found a stronger association between cannabis abuse and stroke in young adults [OR = 1.21, 95% CI (1.12, 1.29)]. Subgroup analyses revealed no significant difference in stroke risk between ischemic and hemorrhagic strokes (<i>p</i> = 0.43).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The results of our systematic review and meta-analysis showed that cannabis abuse has a more significant effect on the occurrence of stroke in young people; however, it was not possible to distinguish whether cannabis abuse is more likely to cause ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke. Further research is needed to explore the impact of different drug types, dosages, and behaviors on stroke risk.</p><p><strong>Systematic review registration: </strong>https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/, Identifier CRD42023443261.</p>","PeriodicalId":12575,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Neurology","volume":"15 ","pages":"1426023"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-10-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11536518/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142582831","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Association of hearing loss and risk of depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","authors":"Jingxuan Wei, Yang Li, Xiongbin Gui","doi":"10.3389/fneur.2024.1446262","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fneur.2024.1446262","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Previous studies have suggested a possible link between hearing loss and the risk of depression. However, the strength of this association remains uncertain across varying follow-up periods, age groups, cohort studies, and longitudinal study designs.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We conducted an extensive literature search across PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library databases to retrieve pertinent studies. The quality of observational studies was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Synthesis and meta-analysis of odds ratios (ORs) along with corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were performed using Stata 14.0. Funnel plot analysis and Egger's regression test were utilized to assess potential publication bias.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>This meta-analysis comprised 24 cohort studies conducted between 2007 and 2024, with sample sizes ranging from 548 to 254,466 participants. Among these participants, 24,304 had experienced depression events. The pooling analysis shows that hearing loss is associated with an increased risk of depression (OR = 1.35; 95%CI: 1.27-1.44). In the subgroup analysis, the retrospective cohort exhibited a slightly higher risk of depression compared to the prospective cohort (OR = 1.43; 95% CI: 1.30-1.58). There are differences in the risk of depression among young, middle-aged, and older individuals, with older adults facing a higher risk (OR = 1.33, 95% CI: 1.21-1.45). Additionally, the risk of depression was slightly higher in the sudden sensorineural hearing loss (SSNHL) group compared to the non-SSNHL group (OR = 1.62; 95% CI: 1.27-2.07). Furthermore, in cohorts with a follow-up time ≥ 5 years, the risk of depression was higher compared to those with <5 years of follow-up (OR = 1.39; 95% CI: 1.26-1.54).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Our meta-analysis shows that hearing loss increases the risk of depression. These findings provide evidence that hearing loss should be recognized as an independent risk factor for depression.</p><p><strong>Clinical trial registration: </strong>https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/, identifier: CRD42024502043.</p>","PeriodicalId":12575,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Neurology","volume":"15 ","pages":"1446262"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11532142/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142575769","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Editorial: Update in endoscopic and transcranial approaches for skull base meningiomas.","authors":"Edgar G Ordóñez-Rubiano, Sabino Luzzi, Joao P Almeida, William Omar Contreras López, Emanuele La Corte, Matías Baldoncini, Alvaro Campero","doi":"10.3389/fneur.2024.1484978","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fneur.2024.1484978","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":12575,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Neurology","volume":"15 ","pages":"1484978"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11533898/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142575790","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cipaglucosidase alfa plus miglustat: linking mechanism of action to clinical outcomes in late-onset Pompe disease.","authors":"Barry J Byrne, Giancarlo Parenti, Benedikt Schoser, Ans T van der Ploeg, Hung Do, Brian Fox, Mitchell Goldman, Franklin K Johnson, Jia Kang, Nickita Mehta, John Mondick, M Osman Sheikh, Sheela Sitaraman Das, Steven Tuske, Jon Brudvig, Jill M Weimer, Tahseen Mozaffar","doi":"10.3389/fneur.2024.1451512","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fneur.2024.1451512","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) is the only approved disease-modifying treatment modality for Pompe disease, a rare, inherited metabolic disorder caused by a deficiency in the acid <i>α</i>-glucosidase (GAA) enzyme that catabolizes lysosomal glycogen. First-generation recombinant human GAA (rhGAA) ERT (alglucosidase alfa) can slow the progressive muscle degeneration characteristic of the disease. Still, most patients experience diminished efficacy over time, possibly because of poor uptake into target tissues. Next-generation ERTs aim to address this problem by increasing bis-phosphorylated high mannose (bis-M6P) <i>N</i>-glycans on rhGAA as these moieties have sufficiently high receptor binding affinity at the resultant low interstitial enzyme concentrations after dosing to drive uptake by the cation-independent mannose 6-phosphate receptor on target cells. However, some approaches introduce bis-M6P onto rhGAA via non-natural linkages that cannot be hydrolyzed by natural human enzymes and thus inhibit the endolysosomal glycan trimming necessary for complete enzyme activation after cell uptake. Furthermore, all rhGAA ERTs face potential inactivation during intravenous delivery (and subsequent non-productive clearance) as GAA is an acid hydrolase that is rapidly denatured in the near-neutral pH of the blood. One new therapy, cipaglucosidase alfa plus miglustat, is hypothesized to address these challenges by combining an enzyme enriched with naturally occurring bis-M6P <i>N</i>-glycans with a small-molecule stabilizer. Here, we investigate this hypothesis by analyzing published and new data related to the mechanism of action of the enzyme and stabilizer molecule. Based on an extensive collection of <i>in vitro</i>, preclinical, and clinical data, we conclude that cipaglucosidase alfa plus miglustat successfully addresses each of these challenges to offer meaningful advantages in terms of pharmacokinetic exposure, target-cell uptake, endolysosomal processing, and clinical benefit.</p>","PeriodicalId":12575,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Neurology","volume":"15 ","pages":"1451512"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11527667/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142568059","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A new variant of the electromagnetic field theory of consciousness: approaches to empirical confirmation.","authors":"Wolfram Strupp","doi":"10.3389/fneur.2024.1420676","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fneur.2024.1420676","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>There are various electromagnetic (EM) field theories of consciousness. They postulate an epineural EM field which, due to its binding properties, unifies the different neuronal information differences originating from various sensory and cognitive processes. Only through a real physical integration in space within this field could phenomenal consciousness arise. This would solve the binding problem mentioned in the philosophy of mind. On closer inspection, the electromagnetic interaction not only provides an explanation for the integrative property of the EM field, but also for the necessary differentiating contrasts of information. This article will take a closer look at the physical properties of a postulated EM field. It will also show how the problem of qualia in connection with emergentism could be solved by a new variant of EM field theory. If it can be clearly demonstrated that the postulated epineural EM field plays a decisive role in the origin of consciousness in addition to neuronal \"wired\" information processing, this also leaves less room for metaphysical assumptions that attempt to solve the binding problem. In experiments to prove the postulated epineural EM field by means of external electromagnetic manipulations, it can never be ruled out that these also have a direct effect on the \"wired\" neuronal signal processing. Therefore, on the way to proving the EM field theory of consciousness, an experimental method is needed that must ensure that external manipulations only affect the extensions of the EM field without directly influencing the neuronal network. A method will be discussed here that works with the shielding of EM fields instead of external electromagnetic stimuli.</p>","PeriodicalId":12575,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Neurology","volume":"15 ","pages":"1420676"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11527664/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142567989","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}