Frontiers in Neuroanatomy最新文献

{"title":"Characterization of clock proteins in the substantia nigra and subthalamic nucleus of the <i>Sapajus apella</i> primate.","authors":"Leila Maria Guissoni Campos, Gyovanna Sorrentino Dos Santos Campanari, Jeferson Santiago, Eduardo Vinicius Barboza Santos, Alana Cristy Ghiraldelli Santos, Mayara Longui Cabrini, Mauro Audi, Isabela Bazzo Costa, Viviane Canhizares Evangelista de Araujo, Stephannie Monaco Bodra, Maressa Monteiro Pereira Gualassi, Lívia Clemente Motta-Teixeira, Luciana Pinato","doi":"10.3389/fnana.2024.1480971","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fnana.2024.1480971","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Clock genes, which are essential for suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) function, also play critical roles in other brain regions, and their expression have been the subject of various studies. An increasingly deeper understanding of the expression of these genes in different species contributes to our knowledge of their functions and the factors influencing their expression. Considering that most studies have been conducted in nocturnal rodents, in this study we investigated the presence of Per1, Per2 and Cry1 in neurons of the substantia nigra (SN) and subthalamic nucleus (STN) in a diurnal primate. The immunoreactivity of Per1, Per2, and Cry1 was analyzed using immunohistochemistry, revealing significant Per1-IR, Per2-IR, and Cry1-IR in the SN. While Per1-IR and Per2-IR were also observed in the STN, no Cry1-IR staining was detected in the STN. These results confirm the presence of proteins that regulate circadian rhythms in areas associated with motor behavior.</p>","PeriodicalId":12572,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Neuroanatomy","volume":"18 ","pages":"1480971"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11598418/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142739267","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Anatomical study of single incision contralateral C7 nerve transfer through subdural pathway.","authors":"Long Yao, Zhengcun Yan, Xiaodong Wang, Jiaxiang Gu, Hongjun Liu, Hengzhu Zhang","doi":"10.3389/fnana.2024.1470913","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fnana.2024.1470913","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To explore the feasibility of single incision C7 nerve transfer surgery through the subarachnoid pathway on the healthy side through anatomical research.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Four fresh frozen cadaver specimens were used for the study. Observe and measure the length of C7 nerve root fibers. Divide the front root into 3 bundles and the rear root into 5 bundles.</p><p><strong>Result: </strong>The C7 nerve has a filamentous structure, arranged symmetrically on both sides, and the length of the root fibers gradually shortens from top to bottom. The length of the left anterior root decreased from (12.25 ± 0.68) mm to (9.75 ± 1.40) mm, the length of the right anterior root decreased from (12.95 ± 1.49) mm to (10.00 ± 2.00) mm, the length of the left posterior root decreased from (15.63 ± 1.55) mm to (12.38 ± 0.71) mm, and the length of the right posterior root decreased from (15.48 ± 1.37) mm to (12.30 ± 0.90) mm. The distance from the exit of the C7 nerve from the dura mater to the fusion site in 4 specimens was (10.98 ± 1.21) mm on the left and (10.98 ± 1.391) mm on the right. All four specimens have completed nerve bundle anastomosis.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>From an anatomical perspective, it is feasible to anastomose the healthy side C7 nerve with the affected side root fibers in the dorsal bundle of the spinal cord after cutting off the dura mater.</p>","PeriodicalId":12572,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Neuroanatomy","volume":"18 ","pages":"1470913"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11557413/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142618303","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Parkinson's disease models and death signaling: what do we know until now?","authors":"Luiz Fernando A T Pedrão, Pamela O S Medeiros, Estela C Leandro, Barbara Falquetto","doi":"10.3389/fnana.2024.1419108","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fnana.2024.1419108","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second neurodegenerative disorder most prevalent in the world, characterized by the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the Substantia Nigra (SN). It is well known for its motor and non-motor symptoms including bradykinesia, resting tremor, psychiatric, cardiorespiratory, and other dysfunctions. Pathological apoptosis contributes to a wide variety of diseases including PD. Various insults and/or cellular phenotypes have been shown to trigger distinct signaling events leading to cell death in neurons affected by PD. The intrinsic or mitochondrial pathway, inflammatory or oxidative stress-induced extrinsic pathways are the main events associated with apoptosis in PD-related neuronal loss. Although SN is the main brain area studied so far, other brain nuclei are also affected by the disease leading to non-classical motor symptoms as well as non-motor symptoms. Among these, the respiratory symptoms are often overlooked, yet they can cause discomfort and may contribute to patients shortened lifespan after disease diagnosis. While animal and <i>in vitro</i> models are frequently used to investigate the mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of PD in both the SN and other brain regions, these models provide only a limited understanding of the disease's actual progression. This review offers a comprehensive overview of some of the most studied forms of cell death, including recent research on potential treatment targets for these pathways. It highlights key findings and milestones in the field, shedding light on the potential role of understanding cell death in the prevention and treatment of the PD. Therefore, unraveling the connection between these pathways and the notable pathological mechanisms observed during PD progression could enhance our comprehension of the disease's origin and provide valuable insights into potential molecular targets for the developing therapeutic interventions.</p>","PeriodicalId":12572,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Neuroanatomy","volume":"18 ","pages":"1419108"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11555652/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142617029","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"From Sudoscan to bedside: theory, modalities, and application of electrochemical skin conductance in medical diagnostics.","authors":"Benjamin Vittrant, Hanna Ayoub, Philippe Brunswick","doi":"10.3389/fnana.2024.1454095","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fnana.2024.1454095","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The human body has two main types of sweat glands: apocrine and eccrine. Eccrine glands are widely distributed across the skin, including areas with hair. While the eccrine glands on palms and soles help improve grip, those on the rest of the body primarily aid in thermoregulation. Sudomotor function, which controls sweating, is regulated by the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system through cholinergic and adrenergic pathways. The activation of eccrine glands involves intricate processes, including neurotransmitter binding, ion channel modulation, and voltage generation. Sudoscan technology utilizes electrochemical skin conductance (ESC) to non-invasively measure sudomotor function. This method, which has been standardized for accuracy, has established normative benchmarks and has proven reliable across diverse populations. Sudoscan's diagnostic performance is comparable to invasive methods such as intraepidermal nerve fiber density testing, making it a valuable tool for diagnosing small fiber neuropathy. Moreover, it has been shown to correlate with corneal nerve fiber length, providing insights into various neuropathic conditions. Compared to traditional sudomotor function tests, Sudoscan proves superior in terms of its accessibility, simplicity, and reliability, with the potential to replace or complement existing diagnostic methods. It is important to differentiate ESC, as measured by Sudoscan, from other skin conductance measures, such as galvanic skin response (GSR) or electrodermal activity (EDA). Although these methods share a common physiological principle, ESC is specifically designed for diagnosing sudomotor function, unlike GSR/EDA, which is typically used for continuous monitoring. Sudoscan's success has led to its integration into consumer health devices, such as the BodyScan from Withings, showcasing its versatility beyond clinical settings. Future research may explore ESC applications in diverse medical fields, leveraging real-world data from integrated consumer devices. Collaborative efforts between researchers and engineers promise to offer new insights into sudomotor function and its implications for broader health monitoring. This study provides a comprehensive overview of ESC, including topics such as eccrine gland physiology, sudomotor function, Sudoscan technology, normative benchmarks, diagnostic comparisons, and potential future applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":12572,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Neuroanatomy","volume":"18 ","pages":"1454095"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11551929/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142618305","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Editorial: 15 years of frontiers in neuroanatomy: the circuits behind the visual cortex.","authors":"Toru Takahata, Song-Lin Ding","doi":"10.3389/fnana.2024.1507122","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fnana.2024.1507122","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":12572,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Neuroanatomy","volume":"18 ","pages":"1507122"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11541833/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142604261","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Transcription factor 4 expression in the developing non-human primate brain: a comparative analysis with the mouse brain.","authors":"Alain C Burette, Hanna Vihma, Audrey L Smith, Siddhi S Ozarkar, Jeff Bennett, David G Amaral, Benjamin D Philpot","doi":"10.3389/fnana.2024.1478689","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fnana.2024.1478689","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Transcription factor 4 (TCF4) has been implicated in a range of neuropsychiatric disorders, including major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, and schizophrenia. Mutations or deletions in TCF4 cause Pitt-Hopkins syndrome (PTHS), a rare neurodevelopmental disorder. A detailed understanding of its spatial expression across the developing brain is necessary for comprehending TCF4 biology and, by extension, to develop effective treatments for TCF4-associated disorders. However, most current knowledge is derived from mouse models, which are invaluable for preclinical studies but may not fully capture the complexities of human neuropsychiatric phenotypes. This study compared TCF4 expression in the developing mouse brain to its regional and cellular expression patterns in normal prenatal, neonatal, and young adult rhesus macaque brains, a species more relevant to human neurodevelopment. While the general developmental expression of TCF4 is largely conserved between macaques and mice, we saw several interspecies differences. Most notably, a distinct layered pattern of TCF4 expression was clear in the developing macaque neocortex but largely absent in the mouse brain. High TCF4 expression was seen in the inner dentate gyrus of adult mice but not in macaques. Conversely, TCF4 expression was higher in the adult macaque striatum compared to the mouse striatum. Further research is needed to show the significance of these interspecies differences. Still, they underscore the importance of integrating rodent and primate studies to comprehensively understand TCF4 function and its implications for human disorders. Moreover, the primate-specific expression patterns of TCF4 will inform genetic and other therapeutic strategies to treat TCF4-associated disorders.</p>","PeriodicalId":12572,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Neuroanatomy","volume":"18 ","pages":"1478689"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11534587/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142582825","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Algal polysaccharides: new perspectives for the treatment of basal ganglia neurodegenerative diseases.","authors":"Alessandra Marinho Miranda Lucena, Eudes Euler de Souza Lucena, Sebastião Pacheco Duque Neto, Leonardo Thiago Duarte Barreto Nobre, Hugo Alexandre Oliveira Rocha, Rafael Barros Gomes Câmara","doi":"10.3389/fnana.2024.1465421","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fnana.2024.1465421","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The objective of this review was to verify the therapeutic effect of polysaccharides derived from algae in neurodegenerative disease models involving the basal ganglia. To achieve this goal, a literature search was conducted in PubMed, Science Direct, Scopus, Web of Science, Embase, and Google Scholar databases. The descriptors \"neuroprotective or neural regenerative or immunomodulatory activity or neuroprotection,\" \"polysaccharide or carbohydrate or carbohydrate polymers,\" \"marine algae or seaweed,\" and \"basal ganglia\" according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) methodology were used. This methodology involved the steps of searching, pre-selection, and inclusion of articles. A total of 737 records were identified. Following the data analysis, 698 studies were excluded, resulting in a final sample of 8 studies. Species such as <i>Turbinaria decurrens</i>, <i>Gracilaria cornea</i>, <i>Chlorella pyrenoidosa</i>, <i>Arthrospira (Spirulina) platensis</i>, <i>Fucus vesiculosus</i>, and <i>Laminaria japonica</i> have demonstrated significant neuroprotective effects. This review suggests that polysaccharides derived from marine algae possess therapeutic potential for neuroprotection, modulation of inflammation, and amelioration of functional deficits. Their use in neurodegenerative disease models warrants further consideration.</p>","PeriodicalId":12572,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Neuroanatomy","volume":"18 ","pages":"1465421"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11521925/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142544938","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Editorial: The four streams of the prefrontal cortex.","authors":"Dorit Ben Shalom","doi":"10.3389/fnana.2024.1487947","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fnana.2024.1487947","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":12572,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Neuroanatomy","volume":"18 ","pages":"1487947"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11522853/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142544939","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Deep peroneal neuropathy induced by prolonged squatting: a case report.","authors":"Hyun-Seok Jo, Ki-Hong Kim, Min-Keun Song, Hyeng-Kyu Park, In Sung Choi, Jae-Young Han","doi":"10.3389/fnana.2024.1474791","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fnana.2024.1474791","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Prolonged squatting is a well-documented cause of common peroneal neuropathy, wherein the common peroneal nerve is thought to be compressed between the biceps femoris tendon and the lateral head of the gastrocnemius muscle or the fibular head. However, deep peroneal neuropathy resulting from prolonged squatting has not been previously reported. We present the case of a tile installer who developed unilateral deep peroneal neuropathy following extended squatting, diagnosed through ultrasonography, which identified the bilateral division of the common peroneal nerves between the knee joint and the fibular head. This case underscores the value of ultrasonography, particularly when electrodiagnostic results are inconsistent with clinical expectations.</p>","PeriodicalId":12572,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Neuroanatomy","volume":"18 ","pages":"1474791"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11496068/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142498641","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Therapeutic ultrasound: an innovative approach for targeting neurological disorders affecting the basal ganglia.","authors":"Anurag Singh, John N J Reynolds","doi":"10.3389/fnana.2024.1469250","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fnana.2024.1469250","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The basal ganglia are involved in motor control and action selection, and their impairment manifests in movement disorders such as Parkinson's disease (PD) and dystonia, among others. The complex neuronal circuitry of the basal ganglia is located deep inside the brain and presents significant treatment challenges. Conventional treatment strategies, such as invasive surgeries and medications, may have limited effectiveness and may result in considerable side effects. Non-invasive ultrasound (US) treatment approaches are becoming increasingly recognized for their therapeutic potential for reversibly permeabilizing the blood-brain barrier (BBB), targeting therapeutic delivery deep into the brain, and neuromodulation. Studies conducted on animals and early clinical trials using ultrasound as a therapeutic modality have demonstrated promising outcomes for controlling symptom severity while preserving neural tissue. These results could improve the quality of life for patients living with basal ganglia impairments. This review article explores the therapeutic frontiers of ultrasound technology, describing the brain mechanisms that are triggered and engaged by ultrasound. We demonstrate that this cutting-edge method could transform the way neurological disorders associated with the basal ganglia are managed, opening the door to less invasive and more effective treatments.</p>","PeriodicalId":12572,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Neuroanatomy","volume":"18 ","pages":"1469250"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11480080/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142462784","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}