Frontiers in Neuroanatomy最新文献

{"title":"Early spinogenesis in postnatally-born hippocampal granule cells.","authors":"Lukas Frey, Sophia Kirscht, Judith Ebert, Tijana Hanauske, Thomas Deller, Stephan W Schwarzacher, Tassilo Jungenitz","doi":"10.3389/fnana.2026.1899044","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fnana.2026.1899044","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>The development of early postnatally-born hippocampal granule cells (pbGCs) can be studied in organotypic entorhino-hippocampal slice cultures (OTCs) in which local dentate gyrus (DG) and entorhinal projections are established within the first 10 days <i>in vitro</i>. Thus, pbGCs develop within an existing neural network, comparable to the adult situation <i>in vivo.</i></p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In this study, we analyzed the development of small dendritic protrusions (SDPs) on complete reconstructions of dendritic trees from retrovirally (RV) labeled pbGC born at postnatal day 4-5 during the phase of early spinogenesis in OTCs.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We found SDPs with head (spines) and without head (other protrusions) as early as 12 days post RV injection (dpi) in all parts of the growing dendritic tree of pbGCs. At 14 - 20 dpi, while dendritic reorganization was still ongoing, SDP density as well as spine tip size increased moderately. At 16 dpi, spines with larger, bulbous heads appeared. Interestingly, the percentage of spines stayed constant at 60% of all SDPs over time. While spines were evenly distributed in all parts of the dendritic tree with no preference for any layer, other SDPs were more abundant at proximal parts of the dendritic tree within the granule cell layer (GCL).</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>Our findings support the idea that SDPs appear early in dendritic development and are associated with dendritic growth rather than the establishment of specific synaptic connectivity. The uniform distribution of spines across the dendritic tree during the phase of dendritic maturation and reorganization suggests that early spinogenesis may be guided in part by intrinsic cellular programs, while not excluding a contribution of layer-specific cues.</p>","PeriodicalId":12572,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Neuroanatomy","volume":"20 ","pages":"1899044"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13661989/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149180967","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cajal the artist. The origins of a passion.","authors":"Jairo A Rozo, Leonardo Palacios-Sánchez, Andrés M Pérez-Acosta","doi":"10.3389/fnana.2026.1949411","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fnana.2026.1949411","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Santiago Ramón y Cajal is widely recognized as the father of modern neuroscience. However, his life has many extraordinary facets, and he is even considered a polymath. Among his many activities, his artistic endeavors stand out, and this article focuses on exploring the origins of Cajal's passion for the arts. The Aragonese scholar cultivated drawing, painting, literature, chess, and, notably, photography with equal intensity and passion. This article shows Cajal's artistic dimension, exploring the origins and evolution of his passion for drawing, painting, and photography. We demonstrate that his profound visual capacity and the technical skill developed through his art were not unrelated to his scientific work. On the contrary, they became the fundamental support for his ability to innovate and document the delicate structures of the nervous system through beautiful drawings and photographs that allowed him to show humanity the \"butterflies of the soul,\" the name he gave to the elegant cells he saw in nervous tissue. His inclination for drawing was evident from childhood, and despite serious conflicts with his father, who desperately wanted him to become a doctor, he managed to take painting courses and perfect his technique. His work as a painter, writer, and photographer is presented, leaving the door open for future explorations into the life of a great man who continues to amaze almost a century after his passing.</p>","PeriodicalId":12572,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Neuroanatomy","volume":"20 ","pages":"1949411"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13659217/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149180744","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Editorial: Improving neurosurgical precision: leveraging technology for enhanced visualization and navigation of complex neuroanatomy.","authors":"Georgios P Skandalakis, Christos Koutsarnakis, Linton T Evans, Jennifer Hong, Nathan E Simmons, Andres M Lozano, Aristotelis Kalyvas","doi":"10.3389/fnana.2026.1982557","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fnana.2026.1982557","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":12572,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Neuroanatomy","volume":"20 ","pages":"1982557"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13649713/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149167012","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Age- and sex-divergent neurodevelopmental patterns revealed through structural magnetic resonance imaging features.","authors":"O Kabenova, R Zhulduzbayev, I Brak, B Kerimkulov, R Siugzdaite, A Kustubayeva","doi":"10.3389/fnana.2026.1906618","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fnana.2026.1906618","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Brain maturation during childhood and adolescence involves complex structural changes that vary among individuals. Characterizing these trajectories is essential for understanding normative development and identifying deviations associated with neurological conditions.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We analyzed structural magnetic resonance imaging data from 179 healthy participants aged 7-20 years. Cortical thickness, regional surface area, and regional brain volumes were assessed to characterize age-related morphometric patterns and sex differences. These features were also used to predict chronological age. Ten regression algorithms spanning regularized linear, Bayesian, kernel-based, and gradient-boosting approaches were evaluated using repeated age-stratified five-fold cross-validation.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Total gray matter volume decreased with age, whereas white matter volume increased, reflecting ongoing myelination and brain maturation. The caudate nuclei and nucleus accumbens showed age-related volume reductions, while cerebellar and brainstem volumes increased, suggesting continued maturation of motor and sensory systems. No significant age-related associations were observed for cortical surface area. In contrast, cortical thickness showed widespread age-related decreases, including in the superior temporal sulcus, anterior cingulate cortex, and prefrontal cortex, consistent with functional specialization. Males had significantly larger cortical, subcortical, and white matter volumes, as well as larger surface areas across multiple cortical regions. However, cortical thickness did not differ significantly by sex. A stacking ensemble achieved the best age-prediction performance, with an age-bias-corrected mean absolute error of 1.41 years. Despite the observed morphological sex differences, the corrected brain-age gap did not differ significantly between sexes.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>These findings provide a region-specific reference for normative brain development in a Central Asian pediatric and adolescent sample and establish a preliminary framework for predicting age from standard brain morphometric measures. Independent replication in larger and more diverse samples is required to assess the generalizability of these findings.</p>","PeriodicalId":12572,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Neuroanatomy","volume":"20 ","pages":"1906618"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13635291/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149108010","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Heparan sulfate endosulfatases, Sulf1 and Sulf2, are required for formation of the medial habenula-interpeduncular nucleus circuit.","authors":"Sayaka Hashimoto, Takuya Okada, Kazuko Keino-Masu, Ken Miya, Masayuki Masu","doi":"10.3389/fnana.2026.1961110","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fnana.2026.1961110","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The medial habenula (MHb), a medial subdivision of the habenula located in the dorsal diencephalon, sends axons towards the interpeduncular nucleus (IPN) through the fasciculus retroflexus. Upon reaching the IPN, MHb axons cross the midline multiple times. Although heparan sulfate proteoglycans have previously been shown to play a role in MHb axon guidance, the role of heparan sulfate 6-O-endosulfatases, Sulfatase 1 (Sulf1) and Sulfatase 2 (Sulf2), has to date not been investigated. We thus examined MHb axon trajectories in <i>Sulf1</i> and <i>Sulf2</i> knockout mice and found that <i>Sulf1/2</i> double knockout (DKO) mice showed several types of pathfinding errors after reaching the ventral surface of the brain. The abnormalities included aberrant anterior extension into the mammillary body, abnormal lateral projection on the brain surface, and reduced midline crossing within the IPN. Furthermore, the DKO mice exhibited altered outcomes in social conflict in a tube test assay: they showed a higher win rate against wild-type mice. This behavioral phenotype may reflect functional impairment of the MHb-IPN circuit resulting from its developmental abnormalities. Taken together, these findings suggest that Sulf1/2 are required for proper MHb-IPN circuit formation during development, which is in turn critical for its normal function in adulthood.</p>","PeriodicalId":12572,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Neuroanatomy","volume":"20 ","pages":"1961110"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13627376/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149107175","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A comparative study of cerebral anatomy teaching based on 3D body mobile application versus traditional teaching.","authors":"Hao Wu, Wenwen Gao, Yingying Cheng, Haikang Zhao, Zhihai Yuan","doi":"10.3389/fnana.2026.1883985","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fnana.2026.1883985","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To observe the application effect of the 3D Body Mobile Application (App) in the teaching of neuroanatomy.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>100 students from the outstanding class of clinical medicine major of Xi'an Medical University were selected as the research subjects and randomly divided into the experimental group (50 students) and the control group (50 students). During the teaching of cranial brain anatomy, the control group adopted the traditional teaching mode, while the experimental group combined the traditional teaching mode with the Three-dimensional (3D) Body Mobile App. After the two groups completed the teaching of cranial brain anatomy, a test paper was designed to analyze and statistically analyze the test scores. At the same time, the satisfaction of the teaching method's interest, flexibility, richness of teaching content, and learning efficiency was investigated separately; finally, 20 peer clinical teachers conducted peer teaching evaluations from aspects such as teaching novelty, teaching logic, teaching rigor, teaching target orientation, student concentration, value orientation guidance, and integration of course ideological education.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In terms of the interestingness of teaching methods, the flexibility, richness, and learning efficiency of teaching content, the control group had the following percentages: 64, 54, 44, and 38%, respectively; the experimental group had the following percentages: 90, 84, 88, and 82%, respectively. The experimental group outperformed the control group (<i>p</i> < 0.05). Regarding teaching satisfaction and peer teaching evaluation, the experimental group scored higher than the control group, and the difference was statistically significant (<i>p</i> < 0.05). For average practical test scores and theoretical test scores, the experimental group scored higher than the control group, and the difference was statistically significant (<i>p</i> < 0.05).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Using the 3D Body Mobile application in cranial anatomy teaching can enhance the interest and intuitiveness of instructional content to a certain extent. Through three-dimensional models, interactive operations, and dynamic demonstrations, previously abstract anatomical structures become vivid, intuitive, and easier to understand. This tool optimizes teaching methods and the allocation of educational resources, offering students a more flexible and self-directed learning approach. At the same time, it addresses some shortcomings of traditional teaching methods, providing new strategies and references for future instruction.</p>","PeriodicalId":12572,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Neuroanatomy","volume":"20 ","pages":"1883985"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13612429/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149059794","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mapping the human thalamus: a historical review of thalamic atlases from histology to modern neuroanatomy.","authors":"Michelle Antonios, Gabor Szekely, Theofanis Karayannis, Andras Jakab","doi":"10.3389/fnana.2026.1927141","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fnana.2026.1927141","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This review outlines the development of thalamic atlases from early post-mortem 2D histological maps to modern 3D multimodal atlases used in neuroscience and clinical practice. Given the central role of the thalamus in sensory processing, movement, and cognition, accurate anatomical mapping has been essential for both research and neurosurgical targeting. By synthesizing historical and modern approaches, we highlight the methodological advances, such as the development of thalamus-specific MRI sequences, that have improved the precision of thalamic nuclei delineation. We focus on open-source atlases that support reproducible research and clinical applications. Future developments will likely focus on integrating multi-scale data; combining cytoarchitectonic, with quantitative MRI and computational models to improve thalamic parcellation and accurate localization <i>in vivo</i>.</p>","PeriodicalId":12572,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Neuroanatomy","volume":"20 ","pages":"1927141"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13530975/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148873728","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Leonardo di ser piero da Vinci-a bridge between ancient and post-Galenic anatomy based on studies of the ventricular system of the brain.","authors":"Jarosław Dzierżanowski, Michał Krakowiak, Julia Stelmach, Natalia Haczyk, Piotr Zieliński","doi":"10.3389/fnana.2026.1899378","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fnana.2026.1899378","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>When thinking about the beginning of modern anatomical drawings that reflect topography in detail, our thoughts often turn to the more than 200 woodcuts included in Andreas Vesalius's \"De humani corporis fabrica libri septem.\" However, Leonardo da Vinci also produced detailed anatomical sketches before the publication of the Fabrica, including drawings that addressed the cerebral ventricular system. The goal of this narrative historical review is to examine how medical knowledge of the ventricular system evolved from antiquity, represented by Galen of Pergamon and Hippocrates of Kos, toward post-Galenic anatomy. This analysis is based on four sketches created between approximately 1487 and 1509, held in the collections of the Royal Library at Windsor, England, and the Schlossmuseum in Weimar, Germany. Although medical literature frequently references Leonardo's anatomical work, relatively few studies have focused specifically on the morphology of the ventricular system while also considering the physiology and philosophy of the turn of the 15th and 16th centuries. This study therefore analyzes Leonardo's ventricular drawings as an important transitional episode in the visual history of neuroanatomy. At the same time, it acknowledges that Leonardo's anatomical studies were largely unpublished during his lifetime, that their influence on later anatomists remains uncertain, and that retrospective interpretation of historical drawings requires caution.</p>","PeriodicalId":12572,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Neuroanatomy","volume":"20 ","pages":"1899378"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13490159/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148791612","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Brain inputs to the vestibular nuclei in lampreys.","authors":"Cecilia Jiménez-López, Paula Rivas-Ramírez, Carmen Núñez-González, Marta Barandela, Manuel A Pombal, Juan Pérez-Fernández","doi":"10.3389/fnana.2026.1875207","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fnana.2026.1875207","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>To avoid image blurring, the vestibulo-ocular (VOR) and the optokinetic (OKR) reflexes stabilize gaze. In all vertebrates, the VOR is mediated via direct projections from the vestibular nuclei to the motor nuclei that control the extraocular muscles. Lampreys show three vestibular nuclei that are well characterized in terms of their projections and sensory inputs, but much less is known about their inputs from other brain regions and the connectivity between them.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We used tracer injections and extracellular electrophysiological recordings, to analyze the inputs to each vestibular nucleus.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The lamprey vestibular nuclei are largely interconnected, while their inputs from other brain regions are scarce. The main rostral areas projecting to the vestibular nuclei are the pretectum and the ventral tier of the thalamus, which send ipsilateral inputs to the three vestibular nuclei.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>These findings show that the interconnectivity of the vestibular nuclei was already stablished at the beginning of vertebrate evolution, and that the pretectal input provides visual information to all the vestibular nuclei, indicating that visuovestibular integration for gaze and body stabilization was already important at the base of vertebrate evolution.</p>","PeriodicalId":12572,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Neuroanatomy","volume":"20 ","pages":"1875207"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13457225/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148711980","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The influence of Cajal and Lorente de Nó on Donald O. Hebb's neuropsychological theory.","authors":"Richard E Brown","doi":"10.3389/fnana.2026.1861011","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fnana.2026.1861011","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Donald O. Hebb was born in Chester Nova Scotia on 22 July 1904, attended the Chester school and the Halifax County Academy, and obtained a BA in English and Philosophy from Dalhousie University in 1925. After obtaining a teacher's certificate he taught in his old school in Chester for a year and then in Montreal while attending McGill University to obtain his MA in Psychology as a part-time student. He moved to Chicago to work with Karl Lashley and then completed his PhD with Lashley at Harvard in 1936. He was an instructor for a year at Harvard (1936-37) and then received a Fellowship to work at the Montreal Neurological Institute (1937-39), conducting neuropsychological tests on the patients of Dr. Wilder Penfield. From 1939 to 1942 he was a professor at Queen's University in Kingston, Ontario and then a Research Associate of Professor Lashley, studying emotionality in chimpanzees at the Yerkes Primate Center in Florida (1942-1947). It was there that he began to write his influential book, <i>The Organization of Behavior</i>. This book introduced the concepts of synaptic change, cell assemblies, and phase sequences to account for the neural events underlying behavior. Hebb's work revolutionized the study of brain and behavior by establishing a biological basis for psychological phenomena. Hebb became a professor of Psychology at McGill University in 1947 and head of this department in 1948, completing his book at McGill in 1949. The crucial element in Hebb's theory was the concept of reverberatory circuits of Lorente de Nó, based on Cajal's concept of closed circuits. This paper examines the unpublished notes and papers written by Hebb between 1932 and 1947 as he developed his theory of neuropsychological function based on the concept of closed or reverberatory circuits and how this theory was used in psychology, neuroscience and the computer modeling of brain functions.</p>","PeriodicalId":12572,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Neuroanatomy","volume":"20 ","pages":"1861011"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-07-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13454044/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148706193","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}