Frontiers in Neuroanatomy最新文献

{"title":"Time-lapse imaging of identified granule cells in the mouse dentate gyrus after entorhinal lesion <i>in vitro</i> reveals heterogeneous cellular responses to denervation.","authors":"Davide Greco, Alexander Drakew, Nina Rößler, Tassilo Jungenitz, Peter Jedlicka, Thomas Deller","doi":"10.3389/fnana.2024.1513511","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fnana.2024.1513511","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Denervation of neurons is a network consequence of brain injury. The effects of denervation on neurons can be readily studied <i>in vitro</i> using organotypic slice cultures of entorhinal cortex and hippocampus. Following transection of the entorhino-dentate projection, granule cells (GCs) are denervated and show on average a transient loss of spines on their denervated distal dendrites but not on their non-denervated proximal dendrites. In the present study, we addressed the question how single GCs and their denervated and non-denervated segments react to entorhinal denervation. Local adeno-associated virus (AAV)-injections were employed to transduce dentate GCs with tdTomato and entorhinal projection neurons with EGFP. This made it possible to visualize both innervating entorhinal fibers and their target neurons and to identify dendritic segments located in the \"entorhinal\" and the \"hippocampal\" zone of the dentate gyrus. Confocal time-lapse imaging was used to image distal and proximal segments of single GCs after entorhinal denervation. Time-matched non-denervated cultures served as controls. In line with previous reports, average dendritic spine loss was ~30% (2-4 days post-lesion) in the denervated zone. However, individual GCs showed considerable variability in their response to denervation in both layers, and both decreases as well as increases in spine density were observed at the single cell level. Based on the standard deviations and the effect sizes observed in this study, a computer simulation yielded recommendations for the minimum number of neurons that should be analyzed in future studies using the entorhinal <i>in vitro</i> denervation model.</p>","PeriodicalId":12572,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Neuroanatomy","volume":"18 ","pages":"1513511"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11790675/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143188915","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Molecular characterization of chicken DA systems reveals that the avian personality gene, <i>DRD4</i>, is expressed in the mitral cells of the olfactory bulb.","authors":"Toshiyuki Fujita, Naoya Aoki, Chihiro Mori, Koichi J Homma, Shinji Yamaguchi","doi":"10.3389/fnana.2025.1531200","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fnana.2025.1531200","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Animal personalities are stable, context-dependent behavioral differences. Associations between the personality of birds and polymorphisms in the dopamine receptor D4 (DRD4) gene have been repeatedly observed. In mammals, our understanding of the role of the dopamine (DA) system in higher cognitive functions and psychiatric disorders is improving, and we are beginning to understand the relationship between the neural circuits modulating the DA system and personality traits. However, to understand the phylogenetic continuity of the neural basis of personality, it is necessary to clarify the neural circuits that process personality in other animals and compare them with those in mammals. In birds, the DA system is anatomically and molecularly similar to that in mammals; however, the function of DRD4 remains largely unknown. In this study, we used chicks as model birds to reveal the expression regions of the DA neuron-related markers <i>tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), dopa decarboxylase (DDC), dopamine</i> β<i>-hydroxylase (DBH)</i>, and <i>DRD4</i>, as well as other <i>DRDs</i> throughout the forebrain. We found that <i>DRD4</i> was selectively expressed in the mitral cells of the olfactory bulb (OB). Furthermore, a detailed comparison of the expression regions of DA neurons and <i>DRD4</i> in the OB revealed a cellular composition similar to that of mammals. Our findings suggest that the animal personality gene <i>DRD4</i> is important for olfactory information processing in birds, providing a new basis for comparing candidate neural circuits for personality traits between birds and mammals.</p>","PeriodicalId":12572,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Neuroanatomy","volume":"19 ","pages":"1531200"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11774857/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143065023","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hodological patterning as an organizing principle in vertebrate motor circuitry.","authors":"Joel C Glover","doi":"10.3389/fnana.2024.1510944","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fnana.2024.1510944","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Hodological patterning refers to developmental mechanisms that link the location of neurons in the brain or spinal cord to specific axonal trajectories that direct connectivity to synaptic targets either within the central nervous system or in the periphery. In vertebrate motor circuits, hodological patterning has been demonstrated at different levels, from the final motor output of somatic and preganglionic autonomic neurons targeting peripheral motoneurons and ganglion cells, to premotor inputs from spinal and brainstem neuron populations targeting the somatic motoneurons and preganglionic autonomic neurons, to cortical neurons that delegate movement commands to the brainstem and spinal neurons. In many cases molecular profiling reveals potential underlying mechanisms whereby selective gene expression creates the link between location and axon trajectory. At the cortical level, somatotopic organization suggests a potential underlying hodological patterning, but this has not been proven. This review describes examples of hodological patterning in motor circuits and covers current knowledge about how this patterning arises.</p>","PeriodicalId":12572,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Neuroanatomy","volume":"18 ","pages":"1510944"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11750774/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143022761","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A novel approach to completely alleviate peripheral neuropathic pain in human patients: insights from preclinical data.","authors":"Safa Shehab, Mohammad I K Hamad, Bright Starling Emerald","doi":"10.3389/fnana.2024.1523095","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fnana.2024.1523095","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Neuropathic pain is a pervasive health concern worldwide, posing significant challenges to both clinicians and neuroscientists. While acute pain serves as a warning signal for potential tissue damage, neuropathic pain represents a chronic pathological condition resulting from injury or disease affecting sensory pathways of the nervous system. Neuropathic pain is characterized by long-lasting ipsilateral hyperalgesia (increased sensitivity to pain), allodynia (pain sensation in response to stimuli that are not normally painful), and spontaneous unprovoked pain. Current treatments for neuropathic pain are generally inadequate, and prevention remains elusive. In this review, we provide an overview of current treatments, their limitations, and a discussion on the potential of capsaicin and its analog, resiniferatoxin (RTX), for complete alleviation of nerve injury-induced neuropathic pain. In an animal model of neuropathic pain where the fifth lumbar (L5) spinal nerve is unilaterally ligated and cut, resulting in ipsilateral hyperalgesia, allodynia, and spontaneous pain akin to human neuropathic pain. The application of capsaicin or RTX to the adjacent uninjured L3 and L4 nerves completely alleviated and prevented mechanical and thermal hyperalgesia following the L5 nerve injury. The effects of this treatment were specific to unmyelinated fibers (responsible for pain sensation), while thick myelinated nerve fibers (responsible for touch and mechanoreceptor sensations) remained intact. Here, we propose to translate these promising preclinical results into effective therapeutic interventions in humans by direct application of capsaicin or RTX to adjacent uninjured nerves in patients who suffer from neuropathic pain due to peripheral nerve injury, following surgical interventions, diabetic neuropathy, trauma, vertebral disc herniation, nerve entrapment, ischemia, postherpetic lesion, and spinal cord injury.</p>","PeriodicalId":12572,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Neuroanatomy","volume":"18 ","pages":"1523095"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11747518/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143003875","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The histological development of the fetal human inferior colliculus during the second trimester.","authors":"Reetuparna Nanda, Mihail Bota, Jaikishan Jayakumar, Suresh S, S Lata, E Harish Kumar, Chitra Srinivasan, Sudha Vasudevan, Kumutha Jayaraman, Mohanasankar Sivaprakasam, Richa Verma","doi":"10.3389/fnana.2024.1502778","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fnana.2024.1502778","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The inferior colliculus (IC) is an important midbrain station of the auditory pathway, as well as an important hub of multisensory integration. The adult mammalian IC can be subdivided into three nuclei, with distinct cyto- and myeloarchitectonical profiles and distinct calcium binding proteins expression patterns. Despite several studies about its structural and functional development, the knowledge about the human fetal IC is rather limited. In this paper we first systematically describe the histological development of the human fetal IC and its subparts in five stages of the second trimester of pregnancy: 15 gestation weeks (GW), 18 GW, 21 GW, 24 GW, and 27 GW. We 3D reconstruct and calculate the volumetric growth of IC from one stage to another, which increases from 12.85 mm³ at 15 GW to 34.27 mm³ at 27 GW in the left hemisphere. The volumetric changes in the IC were further evaluated at the cellular level using serial Nissl-stained sections, as well as glial fibrillary acidic proteins (GFAP) and calretinin immunohistochemistry. We identify stellate-like and round neurons in the central nucleus of the IC (CNIC) at 24 GW and 27 GW, comparable to the adult human IC. Novel in this study, we investigate the differential calretinin expression patterns in the IC subparts, from 15 GW to 27 GW. CR labeling is identified mainly in the cortical IC rather than in the central nucleus. Furthermore, using GFAP, we describe the radial glial fibers patterns in IC, which are dominant at 18 GW and gradually taper off at later developmental stages. Finally, we describe the development of astroglia in each of the five developmental stages. All these results indicate that the human fetal IC development and cellular maturation occur in two major stages during the second trimester.</p>","PeriodicalId":12572,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Neuroanatomy","volume":"18 ","pages":"1502778"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11743516/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143003877","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Minimal differences observed when comparing the morphological profiling of microglia obtained by confocal laser scanning and optical sectioning microscopy.","authors":"Sânziana Godeanu, Mădălina Iuliana Mușat, Anja Scheller, Eugen Osiac, Bogdan Cătălin","doi":"10.3389/fnana.2024.1507140","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fnana.2024.1507140","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>While widefield microscopy has long been constrained by out-of-focus scattering, advancements have generated a solution in the form of confocal laser scanning microscopy (cLSM) and optical sectioning microscopy using structured illumination (OSM). In this study, we aim to investigate, using microglia branching, if cLSM and OSM can produce images with comparable morphological characteristics.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>By imaging the somatosensory microglia from a tissue slice of a 3-week-old mouse and establishing morphological parameters that characterizes the microglial branching pattern, we were able to show that there is no difference in total length of the branch tree, number of branches, mean branch length and number of primary to terminal branches. We did find that area-based parameters such as mean occupied area and mean surveillance area were bigger in cLSM isolated microglia compared to OSM ones. Additionally, by investigating the difference in acquisition time between techniques and personal costs we were able to establish that the amortization could be made in 6.11 ± 2.93 years in the case of countries with a Human Development Index (HDI) = 7-9 and 7.06 ± 3.13 years, respectably, for countries with HDI < 7. As such, OSM systems seem a valid option if one just wants basic histological evaluation, and cLSM should be considered for groups that demand higher resolution or volumetric images.</p>","PeriodicalId":12572,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Neuroanatomy","volume":"18 ","pages":"1507140"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11739110/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143003876","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cell density quantification of high resolution Nissl images of the juvenile rat brain.","authors":"Julie Meystre, Jean Jacquemier, Olivier Burri, Csaba Zsolnai, Nicolas Frank, João Prado Vieira, Ying Shi, Rodrigo Perin, Daniel Keller, Henry Markram","doi":"10.3389/fnana.2024.1463632","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fnana.2024.1463632","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Nissl histology underpins our understanding of brain anatomy and architecture. Despite its importance, no high-resolution datasets are currently available in the literature for 14-day-old rats. To remedy this issue and demonstrate the utility of such a dataset, we have acquired over 2000 high-resolution images (0.346 μm per pixel) from eight juvenile rat brains stained with cresyl violet. To analyze this dataset, we developed a semi-automated pipeline using open-source software to perform cell density quantification in the primary somatosensory hindlimb (S1HL) cortical column. In addition, we performed cortical layer annotations both manually and using a machine learning model to expand the number of annotated samples. After training the model, we applied it to 262 images of the S1HL, retroactively assigning segmented cells to specific cortical layers, enabling cell density quantification per layer rather than just for entire brain regions. The pipeline improved the efficiency and reliability of cell density quantification while accurately assigning cortical layer boundaries. Furthermore, the method is adaptable to different brain regions and cell morphologies. The full dataset, annotations, and analysis tools are made publicly available for further research and applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":12572,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Neuroanatomy","volume":"18 ","pages":"1463632"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11688196/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142914332","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Inhibition of neuroinflammation by GIBH-130 (AD-16) reduces neurodegeneration, motor deficits, and proinflammatory cytokines in a hemiparkinsonian model.","authors":"Maria E Bianchetti, Ana Flavia F Ferreira, Luiz R G Britto","doi":"10.3389/fnana.2024.1511951","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fnana.2024.1511951","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative condition characterized by the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) of the brain, manifesting itself with both motor and non-motor symptoms. A critical element of this pathology is neuroinflammation, which triggers a harmful neurotoxic cycle, exacerbating cell death within the central nervous system. AD-16 (also known as GIBH-130) is a recently identified compound capable of reducing the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines while increasing the expression of anti-inflammatory cytokines in Alzheimer's disease models. Here, for the first time, we sought to comprehend the potential impact of orally administered AD-16 in mitigating neurodegeneration and subsequent disease progression in PD. To accomplish this, 6- hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) unilateral striatal injections were employed to induce a PD model in male C57BL/6 mice. Cylinder and apomorphine-induced rotation behavior tests were conducted to assess motor behavior and validate the PD model 3 days after the injection. AD-16 was administered via gavage daily between days 3 and 9 after surgery. On the last day of treatment, motor tests were performed again. All animals were euthanized on day 10 and immunohistochemistry techniques were performed to detect tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and Iba-1 and thus label dopaminergic neurons and microglia in the SNc and striatum (CPu). These same regions were collected for ELISA assays to assess different cytokine concentrations. Our results revealed an enhancement in the motor function of the AD-16-treated animals, as well as reduced nigrostriatal neurodegeneration. In addition, AD-16 reduced the increase in microglia density and prevented the changes in its morphology observed in the PD animal models. Furthermore, AD-16 was able to avoid the increase of pro-inflammatory cytokines levels that were present in 6-OHDA-injected animals who received vehicle. Consequently, AD-16 emerges as a compound with significant potential for negative modulation of neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation suppression in the 6-OHDA animal model of Parkinson's disease.</p>","PeriodicalId":12572,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Neuroanatomy","volume":"18 ","pages":"1511951"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11684390/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142906824","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bridging veins: an analysis of surgical anatomy and histology correlated with interhemispheric approaches.","authors":"Yuanliang Ye, TianCai Lan, Xiangbo Zeng, Jianqing Yang, Ruixiang Wei, Jiale Zhu, Moukun Liu, Xiaowen Zhu","doi":"10.3389/fnana.2024.1406252","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fnana.2024.1406252","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Damage to bridging veins could lead to disastrous complications during interhemispheric approaches. We investigated the morphological and histological characteristics of bridging veins. A total of 10 cadaveric heads and 86 patients were analyzed with either anatomic dissection or neuroimaging. The morphological features of the bridging veins and superior sagittal sinus were analyzed by the endoscope. The histology of the junction between the bridging veins and superior sagittal sinus was evaluated under the microscope with staining for H&E, elastic fiber, and Masson's staining. We found three types of bridging vein configurations in the junction between the bridging vein and superior sagittal sinus: direct connection (type A), vein runs a certain distance below the dural wall tightly (type B), and vein runs a certain distance on the lateral sinus (type C). Valvular-like fibrous cords were present on the opening of type A, trabecular in type B, and arachnoid granules in type C. Loose connective tissue connected the venous wall and dura mater in type A, sinus wall forms the inner wall of the bridging vein in type B, bridging vein accompanied by arachnoid granules in the type C. This classification enables surgeons to predict various bridging vein configurations, followed by safely achieving the optimal dissection during interhemispheric approaches.</p>","PeriodicalId":12572,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Neuroanatomy","volume":"18 ","pages":"1406252"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11634616/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142817782","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Differential effects of prolonged post-fixation on immunohistochemical and histochemical staining for postmortem human brains.","authors":"Weiya Ma, Eve-Marie Frigon, Josefina Maranzano, Yashar Zeighami, Mahsa Dadar","doi":"10.3389/fnana.2024.1477973","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fnana.2024.1477973","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Immunohistochemical (IHC) and histochemical (HC) staining techniques are widely used on human brains that are post-fixed in formalin and stored in brain banks worldwide for varying durations, from months to decades. Understanding the effects of prolonged post-fixation, postmortem interval (PMI), and age on these staining procedures is important for accurately interpreting their outcomes, thereby improving the diagnosis and research of brain disorders afflicting millions of people worldwide.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In this study, we conducted both IHC and HC staining on the prefrontal cortex of postmortem human brains post-fixed for 1, 5, 10, 15, and 20 years. For IHC staining, we used two antibodies for each marker: the neuron marker neuronal nuclear antigen (NeuN), the astrocyte marker glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), and the microglia marker ionized calcium-binding adaptor molecule 1 (Iba1). For HC staining, we conducted hematoxylin and eosin Y (H&E), cresyl violet (CV), and Luxol fast blue (LFB) stains to examine neuropils, neurons, and myelin, respectively.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We observed that the intensity of NeuN, Iba1, CV, or LFB staining was negatively correlated with post-fixation durations. Conversely, we detected a positive correlation between the intensity of GFAP and H&E staining and post-fixation durations. Moreover, there was no correlation between the intensity of NeuN, GFAP, Iba1, H&E, CV, and LFB staining and PMI. Additionally, no correlation was found between these staining intensities and age, except for the intensity of GFAP immunostained by one antiserum, which was negatively correlated with age.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Taken together, these findings suggest that prolonged post-fixation has both positive and negative effects, while age and PMI exert limited influence on these IHC and HC parameters. Therefore, it is essential to consider these differential changes when interpreting results derived from tissues with extended post-fixation durations. Furthermore, if feasible, we recommend conducting IHC and HC staining on human brains with the same post-fixation time spans and using the most optimal antibodies to mitigate the impact on subsequent analyses.</p>","PeriodicalId":12572,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Neuroanatomy","volume":"18 ","pages":"1477973"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11602276/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142749663","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}