Frontiers in Neuroanatomy最新文献

{"title":"Nucleus accumbens GLP-1 signaling and its role in reward and metabolic regulation: a systematic review.","authors":"Maysa Edwiges, Susana I Sá, Rui Lopes, Cesar Portela, José Paulo Andrade, João Rocha-Neves","doi":"10.3389/fnana.2026.1880560","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fnana.2026.1880560","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is an incretin hormone involved in glucose homeostasis, appetite regulation, and energy balance. Beyond its peripheral metabolic actions, growing evidence indicates that GLP-1 signalling within the central nervous system modulates reward-related processes. The nucleus accumbens (NAc), a key component of the mesolimbic reward pathway, represents a critical site where metabolic and motivational signals converge. However, the role of GLP-1 signalling within the human NAc remains incompletely understood. This systematic review aimed to synthesize current human evidence on GLP-1 expression and receptor signalling in the NAc and their role in reward and metabolic regulation.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A systematic search of PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science was conducted in December 2025. Human studies assessing GLP-1 or GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R) in relation to NAc structure, function, or connectivity were included. Study selection and data extraction were performed independently by two reviewers.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>From 276 screened records, five studies were included, totalling 284 participants. No consistent evidence emerged for direct GLP-1-related alterations in isolated NAc activation or GLP-1R expression. Instead, GLP-1 modulation of mesolimbic connectivity, particularly between the NAc and orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), was observed.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>Current human evidence suggests that GLP-1 modulates reward processing primarily through cortico-striatal connectivity rather than localized changes within the NAc, with potential translational implications for obesity and addiction. Further harmonized neuroimaging studies incorporating direct pharmacological manipulation are needed to clarify NAc-specific GLP-1 mechanisms.</p><p><strong>Systematic review registration: </strong>https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/view/CRD420251250453.</p>","PeriodicalId":12572,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Neuroanatomy","volume":"20 ","pages":"1880560"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13422549/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148630149","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"LiteMamba-Synth: lightweight state space models for efficient 3T-to-7T MRI translation.","authors":"Zhengrui Zhang, Jie Dong, Haoting Yang, Zehong Chen","doi":"10.3389/fnana.2026.1886476","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fnana.2026.1886476","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>The superior clinical utility of 7T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is constrained by high acquisition costs and limited scanner availability. While deep learning-based 3T-to-7T synthesis offers a potential solution, prevailing models typically rely on heavy parameterization, which increases computational redundancy and risk of overfitting on restricted medical datasets. In this paper, we focus on model efficiency and propose LiteMamba-Synth, an architecturally streamlined state space framework designed for high-fidelity MRI translation with minimal resource requirements.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Our core contribution is the integration of the ConvMamba block, which utilizes the linear-time complexity of State Space Models (SSMs) to capture expansive spatial dependencies without the prohibitive computational overhead of traditional attention mechanisms. To preserve essential anatomical details during the compression of the feature space, we introduce the Wavelet-Enhanced Skip connection (WES), a module that facilitates multi-scale frequency-domain feature fusion to safeguard high-frequency textures and edge information. Additionally, a lightweight Convolutional Block Attention Module (CBAM) is incorporated to adaptively recalibrate feature responses toward salient neuroanatomical regions.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Experimental results on the UNC T1w dataset demonstrate that LiteMamba-Synth achieves a competitive PSNR of 20.82 dB and an SSIM of 0.711. Crucially, our model maintains a compact footprint of merely 2.15 million parameters, representing a substantial reduction in complexity compared to contemporary deep learning baselines.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>By delivering high-quality synthesis results with minimal parameter overhead, LiteMamba-Synth provides a practical and scalable solution for deploying advanced MRI synthesis in resource-constrained clinical environments.</p>","PeriodicalId":12572,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Neuroanatomy","volume":"20 ","pages":"1886476"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13391822/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148578058","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Editorial: Updates and discussions about basal ganglia and their circuits.","authors":"José Rodolfo Lopes de Paiva Cavalcanti, Expedito Silva do Nascimento-Júnior, Zhi-Li Huang, Adhil Bhagwandin","doi":"10.3389/fnana.2026.1888750","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fnana.2026.1888750","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":12572,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Neuroanatomy","volume":"20 ","pages":"1888750"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13323681/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148375442","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"TC2-Res: a structured fusion of tract-level and connectome-level brain imaging in small-sample cohorts of athletes.","authors":"Yang Shi, Lixian Chen, Mingxuan Huang, Zhiqi Huang, Jiayu Ou, Junwei Zeng","doi":"10.3389/fnana.2026.1841420","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fnana.2026.1841420","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Combining diffusion tract descriptors with structural connectome descriptors may help characterize athlete-related brain imaging patterns; however, this approach is challenging in small-sample studies, where flexible learned models can easily overfit. In such settings, simple linear classifiers often serve as strong baselines, although they do not explicitly encode the anatomical correspondence between tract-level microstructural descriptors and connectome-level organization. To address this gap, we introduce Tensor Connectome Consistency Residual (TC2-Res), a lightweight structured fusion framework that combines pair-aware tract representations, global modality branches, family-level encoders, and a tract-connectome consistency regularizer that encourages matched anatomical families to align in a shared latent space. In a small cohort of collegiate athletes, TC2-Res achieved a slightly higher mean balanced accuracy compared to a matched naive learned fusion baseline on the primary football-vs.-others task, whereas a classical linear support vector machine (SVM) remained the strongest overall classifier. The observed performance gain was modest and inconsistent across folds, and evidence of improvement specifically attributable to the consistency term was limited. These results suggest that anatomically structured fusion represents a plausible lightweight design direction for learned multimodal classification in limited-data settings while also highlighting the continued strength of classical linear baselines in this regime.</p>","PeriodicalId":12572,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Neuroanatomy","volume":"20 ","pages":"1841420"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13272116/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148276920","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Intrinsic elaboration of prefrontal modularity: a dual-control model of axon bundling and synaptic docking.","authors":"Tetsuo Yamamori, Akiya Watakabe, Henrik Skibbe","doi":"10.3389/fnana.2026.1761080","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fnana.2026.1761080","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The evolutionary expansion of the primate prefrontal cortex (PFC) presents a profound biological enigma: how does this region achieve a highly ordered, modular architecture in the absence of direct dense sensory templates that govern primary sensory areas? In this review, we synthesize classical neuroanatomical frameworks with recent advances in spatial transcriptomics and connectomics to delineate a model of intrinsic elaboration. We propose that PFC modularity emerges from a developmental program facilitated by expansion of the outer subventricular zone (OSVZ) and the legacy of whole-genome duplication (2R-WGD). Central to this proposal is a \"Dual-Control Model\" of circuit assembly, inferred by integrating anatomical tracer data with spatial and spatiotemporal transcriptomic datasets. This framework suggests that long-range connectivity is established through pre-target axon bundling (fasciculation), governed by a high-dimensional navigation code (e.g., ephrin/Eph, PCDH11X, PCDH17, ROBO2), while these bundles are anchored onto vertical columnar scaffolds through synaptic docking mechanisms (e.g., CBLN2, cadherins). By contrasting the PFC with the map-driven visual system, point-driven olfactory system, and layer-driven hippocampus, we argue that PFC uniqueness lies not in novel genes but in a combinatorial logic of a shared molecular toolkit, which can be understood as intrinsic elaboration. This framework may facilitate the emergence of a cognitive scaffold under relatively weak external sensory constraints. These molecular systems are considered to operate in concert with activity-dependent developmental refinement rather than independently of neural activity.</p>","PeriodicalId":12572,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Neuroanatomy","volume":"20 ","pages":"1761080"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13269059/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148270796","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Revisiting the clastosome: a stress-induced nuclear proteolytic compartment of mammalian cells.","authors":"Miguel Lafarga, María T Berciano, Noemí Rueda, Sofía Cardona-Cortés, Olga Tapia","doi":"10.3389/fnana.2026.1839944","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fnana.2026.1839944","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The nuclear ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS) is fundamental to maintaining proteostasis and ensuring the quality control of nuclear proteins. Within the nucleus, proteasomes are distributed throughout the nucleoplasm and can aggregate into nuclear bodies. In 2002, our group provided the first description in mammalian cells of a specific subtype of nuclear body highly enriched in: (i) ubiquitin conjugates, (ii) the proteolytically active 20S and 19S regulatory complexes of the 26S proteasome, (iii) the molecular chaperone Hsp70, and (iv) proteasome substrates. We coined the term clastosome to define this nuclear proteolytic center of the UPS. Clastosomes exhibit dynamic behavior, and their formation is transiently and robustly induced in mammalian neurons during osmotic stress, coinciding with enhanced proteasomal activity. Subsequent studies have confirmed and mechanistically expanded our understanding of these nuclear proteolytic centers, which are now recognized as nuclear condensates formed via liquid-liquid phase separation mechanisms. Notably, PML nuclear bodies can establish interactions with clastosomes, thereby linking the PML protein and the SUMOylation pathway with UPS-mediated protein degradation. The association between PML nuclear bodies and clastosomes has been implicated in the clearance of toxic mutant proteins associated with certain neurodegenerative diseases. This review examines the structure, composition, and dynamic regulation of clastosomes, focusing on their modulation during stress responses and neurodegeneration. Given the essential role of nuclear proteolytic centers in proteostasis regulation, a better understanding of mechanisms that modulate their assembly may offer therapeutic strategies for neurodegenerative proteinopathies and other pathologies.</p>","PeriodicalId":12572,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Neuroanatomy","volume":"20 ","pages":"1839944"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13269222/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148270811","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Selective enrichment of TCF4 in GABAergic neurons during postnatal primate development.","authors":"Alain C Burette, Rebecca I Hipp, Sarah Salvador, Chavely Gonzalez Ramirez, Ridthi K R Patel, Naomi R Salvador, Katherine A Dasher, Jeff Bennett, David G Amaral, Benjamin D Philpot","doi":"10.3389/fnana.2026.1720211","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fnana.2026.1720211","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The transcription factor 4 (<i>TCF4</i>) gene is essential for brain development, and its disruption causes Pitt-Hopkins syndrome. Common genetic variants in <i>TCF4</i> also confer risk for schizophrenia and related psychiatric disorders. While the developmental roles of TCF4 are well established, its postnatal functions remain poorly defined, particularly during the prolonged maturation of the primate neocortex, when many neuropsychiatric symptoms first emerge. Here, we mapped cell-type-specific TCF4 expression across postnatal development in rhesus macaque neocortex using immunofluorescence, and <i>in situ</i> hybridization. We also re-analyzed public bulk-tissue and single-nucleus transcriptomic datasets spanning 16 brain regions in both humans and macaques. TCF4 was predominantly neuronal, with minimal expression in microglia, oligodendrocytes, and astrocytes. In late gestation, TCF4 was broadly expressed in excitatory and inhibitory neurons, but expression declined with maturation and became selectively enriched in inhibitory populations. By young adulthood, nuclear TCF4 levels were highest in somatostatin-positive and vasoactive intestinal peptide-positive interneurons, intermediate in parvalbumin interneurons (~6-fold above non-GABAergic cells), and lowest in cholecystokinin interneurons (~4-fold above non-GABAergic cells). This interneuron-subtype hierarchy was independently reproduced by single-nucleus RNA sequencing across all neocortical regions. Together, these findings position mature GABAergic interneurons as the principal site of TCF4 function in the primate neocortex, providing a cellular framework for linking TCF4 dysfunction to cortical circuit imbalance in Pitt-Hopkins syndrome and psychiatric disease.</p>","PeriodicalId":12572,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Neuroanatomy","volume":"20 ","pages":"1720211"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13226529/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148156225","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"ATF3-based peripheral neural tract tracing.","authors":"Laurent Gautron","doi":"10.3389/fnana.2026.1842056","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fnana.2026.1842056","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Defining neural connectivity between peripheral organs and the nervous system remains a fundamental challenge. While neural tract tracing techniques are well established and highly effective in the central nervous system, their application in peripheral tissues-particularly through retrograde approaches-continues to generate controversy. This article highlights an alternative approach based on the neuronal injury response. Specifically, I discuss the use of activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3), a molecular marker robustly upregulated in neurons following axonal injury, as an indirect means of identifying organ-specific innervation. By integrating classical and injury-induced approaches, this framework may help resolve longstanding debates regarding visceral innervation and improve the reliability of circuit-mapping strategies in the peripheral nervous system.</p>","PeriodicalId":12572,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Neuroanatomy","volume":"20 ","pages":"1842056"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13219289/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148137684","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Stereological evaluation of the neuroprotective effects of curcumin on the spinal cord in a streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat model.","authors":"Burcu Delibaş, Ayşe İkinci Keleş, Arife Ahsen Kaplan, Berk Kocaman, Gamze Altun, Kıymet Kübra Tüfekci, Abit Aktaş, Süleyman Kaplan","doi":"10.3389/fnana.2026.1822774","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fnana.2026.1822774","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>This study examined how curcumin influences spinal cord morphological parameters in rats with STZ-induced diabetes using unbiased stereological methods.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Fifty-six female Wistar albino rats were randomly divided into seven experimental groups (<i>n</i> = 8): Control, Sham, Curcumin, Diabetes Mellitus (DM), DM + Curcumin after 7 days (DC1), DM + Curcumin after 21 days (DC2), and DM + Curcumin simultaneously (DC3). Diabetes was induced via a single intraperitoneal dose of STZ (50 mg/kg). Curcumin was administered at a dose of 30 mg/kg via intragastric gavage for 14 consecutive days. C3-C5 spinal segments were collected at the end of the experiment, processed for histology, and stained with toluidine blue and cresyl violet for stereological analysis. Neuronal quantification in the anterior horn was performed using physical fractionator. The volume fractions of the spinal cord, including white matter (WM/total volume) and gray matter (GM/total volume), were estimated using the Cavalieri's principle.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The diabetic (DM) group showed a significant reduction in motor neuron number compared with the Control group (<i>p</i> = 0.019), demonstrating diabetes-induced neuronal loss. In contrast, the DC2 treatment group showed a significant increase in motor neuron counts compared with DM (<i>p</i> = 0.04), suggesting a possible neuroprotective effect of curcumin. Total spinal cord volume did not differ significantly among groups. WM/Total ratio decreased in the Sham group but increased with curcumin (DC3). GM/Total ratio was lower in DC3 than Sham, and curcumin produced a non-significant improvement compared with diabetic rats. Increased caspase-3 immunoreactivity in the diabetic group indicates activation of apoptotic pathways, consistent with the observed reduction in motor neuron number and soma size. Furthermore, the marked increase in GFAP immunoreactivity, particularly in the DC2 group, reflects astrocyte activation and a reactive gliosis, which are commonly associated with metabolic stress and neuroinflammation in diabetic conditions.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>Curcumin administration partially mitigated spinal motor neuron loss induced by experimental diabetes. The timing of curcumin treatment influenced its efficacy. These findings suggest that curcumin may have therapeutic potential for preventing diabetes-induced spinal cord neurodegeneration.</p>","PeriodicalId":12572,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Neuroanatomy","volume":"20 ","pages":"1822774"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13176206/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147963152","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Perisomatic innervation on the semilunar granule cells and outer molecular layer granule cells of the dentate gyrus of the mouse.","authors":"Laura Rovira-Esteban, Isaac Vieco-Martí, Javier Herraiz-Cabanes, Emilio Varea, Juan Nacher, Carlos Crespo, José Miguel Blasco-Ibáñez","doi":"10.3389/fnana.2026.1749335","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fnana.2026.1749335","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Semilunar granule cells in the dentate gyrus represent a distinct type of granule cell, distinguished by their unique morphology and physiology. These cells are located within the inner molecular layer and the upper juxta-granule cell layer of the dentate gyrus. The presence of a smaller number of granule cells has also been observed in the outer molecular layer; however, the information regarding these cells is limited. In the present study, the perisomatic innervation that these two types of granule cells receive was characterized using confocal and electron microscopy. Our findings revealed that both semilunar granule cells and outer molecular layer granule cells receive substantial excitatory and inhibitory perisomatic contacts. The inhibitory contacts are derived from parvalbumin fast-spiking cells and cholecystokinin regular-spiking cells. The origin of excitatory contacts has been traced to hilar mossy cells and supramammillary afferents.</p>","PeriodicalId":12572,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Neuroanatomy","volume":"20 ","pages":"1749335"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13168021/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147941066","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}