Frontiers in Neuroanatomy最新文献

{"title":"NeuroEditor: a tool to edit and visualize neuronal morphologies","authors":"Ivan Velasco, Juan J. Garcia-Cantero, Juan P. Brito, Sofia Bayona, Luis Pastor, Susana Mata","doi":"10.3389/fnana.2024.1342762","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fnana.2024.1342762","url":null,"abstract":"The digital extraction of detailed neuronal morphologies from microscopy data is an essential step in the study of neurons. Ever since Cajal’s work, the acquisition and analysis of neuron anatomy has yielded invaluable insight into the nervous system, which has led to our present understanding of many structural and functional aspects of the brain and the nervous system, well beyond the anatomical perspective. Obtaining detailed anatomical data, though, is not a simple task. Despite recent progress, acquiring neuron details still involves using labor-intensive, error prone methods that facilitate the introduction of inaccuracies and mistakes. In consequence, getting reliable morphological tracings usually needs the completion of post-processing steps that require user intervention to ensure the extracted data accuracy. Within this framework, this paper presents NeuroEditor, a new software tool for visualization, editing and correction of previously reconstructed neuronal tracings. This tool has been developed specifically for alleviating the burden associated with the acquisition of detailed morphologies. NeuroEditor offers a set of algorithms that can automatically detect the presence of potential errors in tracings. The tool facilitates users to explore an error with a simple mouse click so that it can be corrected manually or, where applicable, automatically. In some cases, this tool can also propose a set of actions to automatically correct a particular type of error. Additionally, this tool allows users to visualize and compare the original and modified tracings, also providing a 3D mesh that approximates the neuronal membrane. The approximation of this mesh is computed and recomputed on-the-fly, reflecting any instantaneous changes during the tracing process. Moreover, NeuroEditor can be easily extended by users, who can program their own algorithms in Python and run them within the tool. Last, this paper includes an example showing how users can easily define a customized workflow by applying a sequence of editing operations. The edited morphology can then be stored, together with the corresponding 3D mesh that approximates the neuronal membrane.","PeriodicalId":12572,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Neuroanatomy","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-02-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139768424","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of the neuroprotective efficacy of the gramine derivative ITH12657 against NMDA-induced excitotoxicity in the rat retina","authors":"Johnny Di Pierdomenico, Alejandro Gallego-Ortega, María Norte-Muñoz, Beatriz Vidal-Villegas, Isaac Bravo, María Boluda-Ruiz, Jose Manuel Bernal-Garro, Iván Fernandez-Bueno, Jose Carlos Pastor-Jimeno, María Paz Villegas-Pérez, Marcelino Avilés-Trigueros, Cristobal de los Ríos, Manuel Vidal-Sanz","doi":"10.3389/fnana.2024.1335176","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fnana.2024.1335176","url":null,"abstract":"PurposeThe aim of this study was to investigate, the neuroprotective effects of a new Gramine derivative named: ITH12657, in a model of retinal excitotoxicity induced by intravitreal injection of NMDA.MethodsAdult Sprague Dawley rats received an intravitreal injection of 100 mM NMDA in their left eye and were treated daily with subcutaneous injections of ITH12657 or vehicle. The best dose–response, therapeutic window study, and optimal treatment duration of ITH12657 were studied. Based on the best survival of Brn3a + RGCs obtained from the above-mentioned studies, the protective effects of ITH12657 were studied <jats:italic>in vivo</jats:italic> (retinal thickness and full-field Electroretinography), and <jats:italic>ex vivo</jats:italic> by quantifying the surviving population of Brn3a + RGCs, αRGCs and their subtypes α-ONsRGCs, α-ONtRGCs, and α-OFFRGCs.ResultsAdministration of 10 mg/kg ITH12657, starting 12 h before NMDA injection and dispensed for 3 days, resulted in the best significant protection of Brn3a + RGCs against NMDA-induced excitotoxicity. <jats:italic>In vivo</jats:italic>, ITH12657-treated rats showed significant preservation of retinal thickness and functional protection against NMDA-induced retinal excitotoxicity. <jats:italic>Ex vivo</jats:italic> results showed that ITH12657 afforded a significant protection against NMDA-induced excitotoxicity for the populations of Brn3a + RGC, αRGC, and αONs-RGC, but not for the population of αOFF-RGC, while the population of α-ONtRGC was fully resistant to NMDA-induced excitotoxicity.ConclusionSubcutaneous administration of ITH12657 at 10 mg/kg, initiated 12 h before NMDA-induced retinal injury and continued for 3 days, resulted in the best protection of Brn3a + RGCs, αRGC, and αONs-RGC against excitotoxicity-induced RGC death. The population of αOFF-RGCs was extremely sensitive while α-ONtRGCs were fully resistant to NMDA-induced excitotoxicity.","PeriodicalId":12572,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Neuroanatomy","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139768404","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Distribution of calcium-binding proteins immunoreactivity in the bottlenose dolphin entorhinal cortex","authors":"Jean-Marie Graïc, Annamaria Grandis, Simona Sacchini, Claudio Tagliavia, Giulia Salamanca, Bruno Cozzi, Cristiano Bombardi","doi":"10.3389/fnana.2024.1321025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fnana.2024.1321025","url":null,"abstract":"IntroductionThe entorhinal cortex has been shown to be involved in high-level cognitive functions in terrestrial mammals. It can be divided into two main areas: the lateral entorhinal area (LEA) and the medial entorhinal area (MEA). Understanding of its structural organization in cetaceans is particularly important given the extensive evidence for their cognitive abilities. The present study describes the cytoarchitectural and immunohistochemical properties of the entorhinal cortex of the bottlenose dolphin (&lt;jats:italic&gt;Tursiops truncatus&lt;/jats:italic&gt;, Montagu, 1821), perhaps the most studied cetacean species and a paradigm for dolphins and other small cetaceans.MethodsFour bottlenose dolphins’ entorhinal cortices were processed. To obtain a precise overview of the organization of the entorhinal cortex we used thionin staining to study its laminar and regional organization, and immunoperoxidase technique to investigate the immunohistochemical distribution of three most commonly used calcium-binding proteins (CBPs), calbindin D-28k (CB), calretinin (CR) and parvalbumin (PV). Entorhinal cortex layers thickness were measured, morphological and morphometric analysis for each layer were conducted and statistically compared.ResultsSix layers in both the LEA and MEA were identified. The main difference between the LEA and the MEA is observed in layers II and III: the neurons in layer II of the LEA were denser and larger than the neurons in layer II of MEA. In addition, a relatively cell-free zone between layers II and III in LEA, but not in MEA, was observed. The immunohistochemical distribution of the three CBPs, CB, CR and PV were distinct in each layer. The immunostaining pattern of CR, on one side, and CB/PV, on the other side, appeared to be distributed in a complementary manner. PV and CB immunostaining was particularly evident in layers II and III, whereas CR immunoreactive neurons were distributed throughout all layers, especially in layers V and VI. Immunoreactivity was expressed by neurons belonging to different morphological classes: All CBPs were expressed in non-pyramidal neurons, but CB and CR were also found in pyramidal neurons.DiscussionThe morphological characteristics of pyramidal and non-pyramidal neurons in the dolphin entorhinal cortex are similar to those described in the entorhinal cortex of other species, including primates and rodents. Interestingly, in primates, rodents, and dolphins, most of the CBP-containing neurons are found in the superficial layers, but the large CR-ir neurons are also abundant in the deep layers. Layers II and III of the entorhinal cortex contain neurons that give rise to the perforant pathway, which conveys most of the cortical information to the hippocampal formation. From the hippocampal formation, reciprocal projections are directed back to the deep layer of the entorhinal cortex, which distributes the information to the neocortex and subcortical area. Our data reveal that in the dolphin entorhina","PeriodicalId":12572,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Neuroanatomy","volume":"32 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139768472","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cajal, the neuronal theory and the idea of brain plasticity","authors":"Jairo A. Rozo, Irene Martínez-Gallego, Antonio Rodríguez-Moreno","doi":"10.3389/fnana.2024.1331666","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fnana.2024.1331666","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This paper reviews the importance of Cajal’s neuronal theory (the Neuron Doctrine) and the origin and importance of the idea of brain plasticity that emerges from this theory. We first comment on the main Cajal’s discoveries that gave rise and confirmed his Neuron Doctrine: the improvement of staining techniques, his approach to morphological laws, the concepts of dynamic polarisation, neurogenesis and neurotrophic theory, his first discoveries of the nerve cell as an independent cell, his research on degeneration and regeneration and his fight against reticularism. Second, we review Cajal’s ideas on brain plasticity and the years in which they were published, to finally focus on the debate on the origin of the term plasticity and its conceptual meaning, and the originality of Cajal’s proposal compared to those of other authors of the time.</p>","PeriodicalId":12572,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Neuroanatomy","volume":"232 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-01-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139902249","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Domingo Sánchez y Sánchez (1860–1947): Cajal’s man on the nervous system of invertebrates","authors":"Adela Serrano-Herrera, Juan Manuel Espinosa-Sanchez","doi":"10.3389/fnana.2023.1330452","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fnana.2023.1330452","url":null,"abstract":"Domingo Sánchez y Sánchez (1860–1947), a distinguished disciple of Santiago Ramón y Cajal, played a fundamental role in the Spanish School of Neurohistology through the meticulous use of diverse staining and microscopic techniques in the study of the histology and physiology of the invertebrate nervous system, generating valuable contributions that were recognized and cited by the scientific community. His research covered a wide range of areas: he was initially an anthropologist and zoologist, later earning a doctorate in Medicine and specializing in the neurohistology of invertebrates, including the detailed study of the retina and nerve centers of insects, and the discovery of histolysis in nerve centers of insect larvae during metamorphosis, challenging scientific paradigms of the time. Furthermore, Sánchez’s work on the neurofibrils of insects was crucial in supporting Cajal’s neuronal theory and refuting Bethe and Apathy’s reticularist hypothesis. Additionally, he also made preliminary observations of the Golgi apparatus, the lysosomal system, the endoplasmic reticulum, and the sarcoplasmic reticulum of skeletal muscles (Cajal-Fusari network). Domingo Sánchez y Sánchez’s exceptional scientific research and contributions to neurohistology in 20th century Spain continue to serve as a significant legacy.Life science identifiers<jats:italic>Apis mellifera</jats:italic>: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:9082C709-6347-4768-A0DC-27DC44400CB2<jats:italic>Helix aspersa</jats:italic>: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:9099927E-24DF-4F89-B352-6B7902CD4A38","PeriodicalId":12572,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Neuroanatomy","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139409980","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Editorial: Interactions between the mammalian main and accessory olfactory systems, volume II","authors":"Jorge Larriva-Sahd, Pablo Sanchez-Quinteiro","doi":"10.3389/fnana.2023.1343648","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fnana.2023.1343648","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":12572,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Neuroanatomy","volume":" 34","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2023-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138963364","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Molecular mechanisms of corpus callosum development: a four-step journey","authors":"Maria Gavrish, Angelina Kustova, Juan C. Celis Suescún, Paraskevi Bessa, Natalia Mitina, Victor Tarabykin","doi":"10.3389/fnana.2023.1276325","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fnana.2023.1276325","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The Corpus Callosum (CC) is a bundle of axons connecting the cerebral hemispheres. It is the most recent structure to have appeared during evolution of placental mammals. Its development is controlled by a very complex interplay of many molecules. In humans it contains almost 80% of all commissural axons in the brain. The formation of the CC can be divided into four main stages, each controlled by numerous intracellular and extracellular molecular factors. First, a newborn neuron has to specify an axon, leave proliferative compartments, the Ventricular Zone (VZ) and Subventricular Zone (SVZ), migrate through the Intermediate Zone (IZ), and then settle at the Cortical Plate (CP). During the second stage, callosal axons navigate toward the midline within a compact bundle. Next stage is the midline crossing into contralateral hemisphere. The last step is targeting a defined area and synapse formation. This review provides an insight into these four phases of callosal axons development, as well as a description of the main molecular players involved.</p>","PeriodicalId":12572,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Neuroanatomy","volume":"57 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2023-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139483722","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Erratum: Characterization of primary visual cortex input to specific cell types in the superior colliculus","authors":"","doi":"10.3389/fnana.2023.1346294","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fnana.2023.1346294","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":12572,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Neuroanatomy","volume":"82 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2023-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139005716","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Editorial: Women in Neuroanatomy","authors":"Lidia Alonso-Nanclares","doi":"10.3389/fnana.2023.1343539","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fnana.2023.1343539","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":12572,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Neuroanatomy","volume":"23 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2023-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139010020","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Age-related changes in the primary auditory cortex of newborn, adults and aging bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) are located in the upper cortical layers","authors":"Jean-Marie Graïc, Livio Corain, Livio Finos, Valentina Vadori, Enrico Grisan, Tommaso Gerussi, Ksenia Orekhova, Cinzia Centelleghe, Bruno Cozzi, Antonella Peruffo","doi":"10.3389/fnana.2023.1330384","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fnana.2023.1330384","url":null,"abstract":"<sec><title>Introduction</title><p>The auditory system of dolphins and whales allows them to dive in dark waters, hunt for prey well below the limit of solar light absorption, and to communicate with their conspecific. These complex behaviors require specific and sufficient functional circuitry in the neocortex, and vicarious learning capacities. Dolphins are also precocious animals that can hold their breath and swim within minutes after birth. However, diving and hunting behaviors are likely not innate and need to be learned. Our hypothesis is that the organization of the auditory cortex of dolphins grows and mature not only in the early phases of life, but also in adults and aging individuals. These changes may be subtle and involve sub-populations of cells specificall linked to some circuits.</p></sec><sec><title>Methods</title><p>In the primary auditory cortex of 11 bottlenose dolphins belonging to three age groups (calves, adults, and old animals), neuronal cell shapes were analyzed separately and by cortical layer using custom computer vision and multivariate statistical analysis, to determine potential minute morphological differences across these age groups.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>The results show definite changes in interneurons, characterized by round and ellipsoid shapes predominantly located in upper cortical layers. Notably, neonates interneurons exhibited a pattern of being closer together and smaller, developing into a more dispersed and diverse set of shapes in adulthood.</p></sec><sec><title>Discussion</title><p>This trend persisted in older animals, suggesting a continuous development of connections throughout the life of these marine animals. Our findings further support the proposition that thalamic input reach upper layers in cetaceans, at least within a cortical area critical for their survival. Moreover, our results indicate the likelihood of changes in cell populations occurring in adult animals, prompting the need for characterization.</p></sec>","PeriodicalId":12572,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Neuroanatomy","volume":"130 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2023-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139102976","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}