Frontiers in Neural Circuits最新文献

{"title":"Corticospinal excitability after 5-day Dry Immersion in women.","authors":"Inna Nosikova, Alexandra Riabova, Vladimir Kitov, Elena Tomilovskaya","doi":"10.3389/fncir.2023.1163346","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fncir.2023.1163346","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In light of the development of manned astronautics and the increasing participation of women in space flights, the question of female body adaptation to microgravity conditions becomes relevant. Currently, one of the important directions in this issue is to study the effects of support withdrawal as a factor of weightlessness on the human sensorimotor system. Dry Immersion is one of the well-known ground-based models, which adequately reproduces the main physiological effects of space flight. The aim of this study was to evaluate the changes in motor evoked potentials of the lower leg gravity-dependent muscles in women after a 5-day Dry Immersion. We analyzed evoked responses to transcranial and trans-spinal magnetic stimulation. In this method, areas of interest (the motor cortex and lumbosacral thickening of the spinal cord) are stimulated with an electromagnetic stimulus. The experiment was conducted with the participation of 16 healthy female volunteers with a natural menstrual cycle. The thresholds, amplitudes, and latencies of motor potentials evoked by magnetic stimulation were assessed. We showed that 5-day exposure to support withdrawal leads to a decrease in motor-evoked potential thresholds and central motor conduction time, although changes in motor response amplitudes were ambiguous. The data obtained correspond to the results of previous research on Dry Immersion effects on the sensorimotor system in men.</p>","PeriodicalId":12498,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Neural Circuits","volume":"17 ","pages":"1163346"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2023-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10556517/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41094926","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Interneuron odyssey: molecular mechanisms of tangential migration.","authors":"Ikram Toudji,&nbsp;Asmaa Toumi,&nbsp;Émile Chamberland,&nbsp;Elsa Rossignol","doi":"10.3389/fncir.2023.1256455","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fncir.2023.1256455","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cortical GABAergic interneurons are critical components of neural networks. They provide local and long-range inhibition and help coordinate network activities involved in various brain functions, including signal processing, learning, memory and adaptative responses. Disruption of cortical GABAergic interneuron migration thus induces profound deficits in neural network organization and function, and results in a variety of neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric disorders including epilepsy, intellectual disability, autism spectrum disorders and schizophrenia. It is thus of paramount importance to elucidate the specific mechanisms that govern the migration of interneurons to clarify some of the underlying disease mechanisms. GABAergic interneurons destined to populate the cortex arise from multipotent ventral progenitor cells located in the ganglionic eminences and pre-optic area. Post-mitotic interneurons exit their place of origin in the ventral forebrain and migrate dorsally using defined migratory streams to reach the cortical plate, which they enter through radial migration before dispersing to settle in their final laminar allocation. While migrating, cortical interneurons constantly change their morphology through the dynamic remodeling of actomyosin and microtubule cytoskeleton as they detect and integrate extracellular guidance cues generated by neuronal and non-neuronal sources distributed along their migratory routes. These processes ensure proper distribution of GABAergic interneurons across cortical areas and lamina, supporting the development of adequate network connectivity and brain function. This short review summarizes current knowledge on the cellular and molecular mechanisms controlling cortical GABAergic interneuron migration, with a focus on tangential migration, and addresses potential avenues for cell-based interneuron progenitor transplants in the treatment of neurodevelopmental disorders and epilepsy.</p>","PeriodicalId":12498,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Neural Circuits","volume":"17 ","pages":"1256455"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2023-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10538647/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41104511","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ultrastructural and immunocytochemical evidence of a colonial nervous system in hydroids.","authors":"Igor A Kosevich","doi":"10.3389/fncir.2023.1235915","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fncir.2023.1235915","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>As the sister group to all Bilateria, representatives of the phylum Cnidaria (sea anemones, corals, jellyfishes, and hydroids) possess a recognizable and well-developed nervous system and have attracted considerable attention over the years from neurobiologists and evo-devo researchers. Despite a long history of nervous system investigation in Cnidaria, most studies have been performed on unitary organisms. However, the majority of cnidarians are colonial (modular) organisms with unique and specific features of development and function. Nevertheless, data on the nervous system in colonial cnidarians are scarce. Within hydrozoans (Hydrozoa and Cnidaria), a structurally \"simple\" nervous system has been described for <i>Hydra</i> and zooids of several colonial species. A more complex organization of the nervous system, closely related to the animals' motile mode of life, has been shown for the medusa stage and a few siphonophores. Direct evidence of a colonial nervous system interconnecting zooids of a hydrozoan colony has been obtained only for two species, while it has been stated that in other studied species, the coenosarc lacks nerves.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In the present study, the presence of a nervous system in the coenosarc of three species of colonial hydroids - the athecate <i>Clava multicornis</i>, and thecate <i>Dynamena pumila</i> and <i>Obelia longissima</i> - was studied based on immunocytochemical and ultrastructural investigations.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Confocal scanning laser microscopy revealed a loose system composed of delicate, mostly bipolar, neurons visualized using a combination of anti-tyrosinated and anti-acetylated a-tubulin antibodies, as well as anti-RF-amide antibodies. Only ganglion nerve cells were observed. The neurites were found in the growing stolon tips close to the tip apex. Ultrastructural data confirmed the presence of neurons in the coenosarc epidermis of all the studied species. In the coenosarc, the neurons and their processes were found to settle on the mesoglea, and the muscle processes were found to overlay the nerve cells. Some of the neurites were found to run within the mesoglea.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>Based on the findings, the possible role of the colonial nervous system in sessile hydroids is discussed.</p>","PeriodicalId":12498,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Neural Circuits","volume":"17 ","pages":"1235915"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2023-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10512838/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41119449","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Template MRI scans reliably approximate individual and group-level tES and TMS electric fields induced in motor and prefrontal circuits.","authors":"Jennifer Y Cho, Sybren Van Hoornweder, Christopher T Sege, Michael U Antonucci, Lisa M McTeague, Kevin A Caulfield","doi":"10.3389/fncir.2023.1214959","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fncir.2023.1214959","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Electric field (E-field) modeling is a valuable method of elucidating the cortical target engagement from transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and transcranial electrical stimulation (tES), but it is typically dependent on individual MRI scans. In this study, we systematically tested whether E-field models in template MNI-152 and Ernie scans can reliably approximate group-level E-fields induced in <i>N</i> = 195 individuals across 5 diagnoses (healthy, alcohol use disorder, tobacco use disorder, anxiety, depression).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We computed 788 E-field models using the CHARM-SimNIBS 4.0.0 pipeline with 4 E-field models per participant (motor and prefrontal targets for TMS and tES). We additionally calculated permutation analyses to determine the point of stability of E-fields to assess whether the 152 brains represented in the MNI-152 template is sufficient.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Group-level E-fields did not significantly differ between the individual vs. MNI-152 template and Ernie scans for any stimulation modality or location (<i>p</i> > 0.05). However, TMS-induced E-field magnitudes significantly varied by diagnosis; individuals with generalized anxiety had significantly higher prefrontal and motor E-field magnitudes than healthy controls and those with alcohol use disorder and depression (<i>p</i> < 0.001). The point of stability for group-level E-field magnitudes ranged from 42 (motor tES) to 52 participants (prefrontal TMS).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>MNI-152 and Ernie models reliably estimate group-average TMS and tES-induced E-fields transdiagnostically. The MNI-152 template includes sufficient scans to control for interindividual anatomical differences (i.e., above the point of stability). Taken together, using the MNI-152 and Ernie brains to approximate group-level E-fields is a valid and reliable approach.</p>","PeriodicalId":12498,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Neural Circuits","volume":"17 ","pages":"1214959"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2023-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10510202/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41146544","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multisite rTMS combined with cognitive training modulates effective connectivity in patients with Alzheimer's disease.","authors":"Yuanyuan Qin,&nbsp;Li Ba,&nbsp;Fengxia Zhang,&nbsp;Si Jian,&nbsp;Tian Tian,&nbsp;Min Zhang,&nbsp;Wenzhen Zhu","doi":"10.3389/fncir.2023.1202671","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fncir.2023.1202671","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To investigate the effective connectivity (EC) changes after multisite repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) combined with cognitive training (COG).</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>We selected 51 patients with mild or moderate Alzheimer's disease (AD) and delivered 10 Hz rTMS over the left dorsal lateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and the lateral temporal lobe (LTL) combined with COG or sham stimulation for 4 weeks. The selected AD patients were divided into real (real rTMS+COG, <i>n</i> = 11) or sham (sham rTMS+COG, <i>n</i> = 8) groups to undergo neuropsychological assessment, resting-state fMRI, and 3D brain structural imaging before (T0), immediately at the end of treatment (T4), and 4 weeks after treatment (T8). A 2 × 3 factorial design with \"time\" as the within-subjects factor (three levels: T0, T4, and T8) and \"group\" as the between-subjects factor (two levels: real and sham) was used to investigate the EC changes related to the stimulation targets in the rest of the brain, as well as the causal interactions among seven resting-state networks based on Granger causality analysis (GCA).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>At the voxel level, the EC changes from the left DLPFC out to the left inferior parietal lobe and the left superior frontal gyrus, as well as from the left LTL out to the left orbital frontal cortex, had a significant group × time interaction effect. At the network level, a significant interaction effect was identified in the increase in EC from the limbic network out to the default mode network. The decrease in EC at the voxel level and the increase in EC at the network level were both associated with the improved ability to perform activities of daily living and cognitive function.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Multisite rTMS combined with cognitive training can modulate effective connectivity in patients with AD, resulting in improved ability to perform activities of daily living and cognitive function.</p>","PeriodicalId":12498,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Neural Circuits","volume":"17 ","pages":"1202671"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2023-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10508233/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41138538","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Editorial: Neural circuits underlying general anesthetics mediated consciousness changes.","authors":"Cheng Zhou","doi":"10.3389/fncir.2023.1251970","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fncir.2023.1251970","url":null,"abstract":"COPYRIGHT © 2023 Zhou. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. Editorial: Neural circuits underlying general anesthetics mediated consciousness changes","PeriodicalId":12498,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Neural Circuits","volume":"17 ","pages":"1251970"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2023-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10507362/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41136941","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Anatomical identification of a corticocortical top-down recipient inhibitory circuitry by enhancer-restricted transsynaptic tracing.","authors":"Yusuke Atsumi, Yasuhiro Oisi, Maya Odagawa, Chie Matsubara, Yoshihito Saito, Hiroyuki Uwamori, Kenta Kobayashi, Shigeki Kato, Kazuto Kobayashi, Masanori Murayama","doi":"10.3389/fncir.2023.1245097","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fncir.2023.1245097","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Despite the importance of postsynaptic inhibitory circuitry targeted by mid/long-range projections (e.g., top-down projections) in cognitive functions, its anatomical properties, such as laminar profile and neuron type, are poorly understood owing to the lack of efficient tracing methods. To this end, we developed a method that combines conventional adeno-associated virus (AAV)-mediated transsynaptic tracing with a distal-less homeobox (Dlx) enhancer-restricted expression system to label postsynaptic inhibitory neurons. We called this method \"Dlx enhancer-restricted Interneuron-SpECific transsynaptic Tracing\" (DISECT). We applied DISECT to a top-down corticocortical circuit from the secondary motor cortex (M2) to the primary somatosensory cortex (S1) in wild-type mice. First, we injected AAV1-Cre into the M2, which enabled Cre recombinase expression in M2-input recipient S1 neurons. Second, we injected AAV1-hDlx-flex-green fluorescent protein (GFP) into the S1 to transduce GFP into the postsynaptic inhibitory neurons in a Cre-dependent manner. We succeeded in exclusively labeling the recipient inhibitory neurons in the S1. Laminar profile analysis of the neurons labeled via DISECT indicated that the M2-input recipient inhibitory neurons were distributed in the superficial and deep layers of the S1. This laminar distribution was aligned with the laminar density of axons projecting from the M2. We further classified the labeled neuron types using immunohistochemistry and <i>in situ</i> hybridization. This <i>post hoc</i> classification revealed that the dominant top-down M2-input recipient neuron types were somatostatin-expressing neurons in the superficial layers and parvalbumin-expressing neurons in the deep layers. These results demonstrate that DISECT enables the investigation of multiple anatomical properties of the postsynaptic inhibitory circuitry.</p>","PeriodicalId":12498,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Neural Circuits","volume":"17 ","pages":"1245097"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2023-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10502327/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10672540","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Toward personalized circuit-based closed-loop brain-interventions in psychiatry: using symptom provocation to extract EEG-markers of brain circuit activity.","authors":"Brigitte Zrenner, Christoph Zrenner, Nicholas Balderston, Daniel M Blumberger, Stefan Kloiber, Judith M Laposa, Reza Tadayonnejad, Alisson Paulino Trevizol, Gwyneth Zai, Jamie D Feusner","doi":"10.3389/fncir.2023.1208930","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fncir.2023.1208930","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Symptom provocation is a well-established component of psychiatric research and therapy. It is hypothesized that specific activation of those brain circuits involved in the symptomatic expression of a brain pathology makes the relevant neural substrate accessible as a target for therapeutic interventions. For example, in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), symptom provocation is an important part of psychotherapy and is also performed prior to therapeutic brain stimulation with transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). Here, we discuss the potential of symptom provocation to isolate neurophysiological biomarkers reflecting the fluctuating activity of relevant brain networks with the goal of subsequently using these markers as targets to guide therapy. We put forward a general experimental framework based on the rapid switching between psychiatric symptom states. This enable neurophysiological measures to be derived from EEG and/or TMS-evoked EEG measures of brain activity during both states. By subtracting the data recorded during the baseline state from that recorded during the provoked state, the resulting contrast would ideally isolate the specific neural circuits differentially activated during the expression of symptoms. A similar approach enables the design of effective classifiers of brain activity from EEG data in Brain-Computer Interfaces (BCI). To obtain reliable contrast data, psychiatric state switching needs to be achieved multiple times during a continuous recording so that slow changes of brain activity affect both conditions equally. This is achieved easily for conditions that can be controlled intentionally, such as motor imagery, attention, or memory retention. With regard to psychiatric symptoms, an increase can often be provoked effectively relatively easily, however, it can be difficult to reliably and rapidly return to a baseline state. Here, we review different approaches to return from a provoked state to a baseline state and how these may be applied to different symptoms occurring in different psychiatric disorders.</p>","PeriodicalId":12498,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Neural Circuits","volume":"17 ","pages":"1208930"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2023-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10475600/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10188158","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Linking neural circuits to the mechanics of animal behavior in <i>Drosophila</i> larval locomotion.","authors":"Hiroshi Kohsaka","doi":"10.3389/fncir.2023.1175899","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fncir.2023.1175899","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The motions that make up animal behavior arise from the interplay between neural circuits and the mechanical parts of the body. Therefore, in order to comprehend the operational mechanisms governing behavior, it is essential to examine not only the underlying neural network but also the mechanical characteristics of the animal's body. The locomotor system of fly larvae serves as an ideal model for pursuing this integrative approach. By virtue of diverse investigation methods encompassing connectomics analysis and quantification of locomotion kinematics, research on larval locomotion has shed light on the underlying mechanisms of animal behavior. These studies have elucidated the roles of interneurons in coordinating muscle activities within and between segments, as well as the neural circuits responsible for exploration. This review aims to provide an overview of recent research on the neuromechanics of animal locomotion in fly larvae. We also briefly review interspecific diversity in fly larval locomotion and explore the latest advancements in soft robots inspired by larval locomotion. The integrative analysis of animal behavior using fly larvae could establish a practical framework for scrutinizing the behavior of other animal species.</p>","PeriodicalId":12498,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Neural Circuits","volume":"17 ","pages":"1175899"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2023-08-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10499525/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10287247","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Distinctive features of the central synaptic organization of <i>Drosophila</i> larval proprioceptors.","authors":"Marie R Greaney, Chris C Wreden, Ellie S Heckscher","doi":"10.3389/fncir.2023.1223334","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fncir.2023.1223334","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Proprioceptive feedback is critically needed for locomotor control, but how this information is incorporated into central proprioceptive processing circuits remains poorly understood. Circuit organization emerges from the spatial distribution of synaptic connections between neurons. This distribution is difficult to discern in model systems where only a few cells can be probed simultaneously. Therefore, we turned to a relatively simple and accessible nervous system to ask: how are proprioceptors' input and output synapses organized in space, and what principles underlie this organization? Using the <i>Drosophila</i> larval connectome, we generated a map of the input and output synapses of 34 proprioceptors in several adjacent body segments (5-6 left-right pairs per segment). We characterized the spatial organization of these synapses, and compared this organization to that of other somatosensory neurons' synapses. We found three distinguishing features of larval proprioceptor synapses: (1) Generally, individual proprioceptor types display segmental somatotopy. (2) Proprioceptor output synapses both converge and diverge in space; they are organized into six spatial domains, each containing a unique set of one or more proprioceptors. Proprioceptors form output synapses along the proximal axonal entry pathway into the neuropil. (3) Proprioceptors receive few inhibitory input synapses. Further, we find that these three features do not apply to other larval somatosensory neurons. Thus, we have generated the most comprehensive map to date of how proprioceptor synapses are centrally organized. This map documents previously undescribed features of proprioceptors, raises questions about underlying developmental mechanisms, and has implications for downstream proprioceptive processing circuits.</p>","PeriodicalId":12498,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Neural Circuits","volume":"17 ","pages":"1223334"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2023-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10410283/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10024938","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}