Village and Agriculture最新文献

{"title":"Ocena kondycji finansowej gmin oraz jej wybranych uwarunkowań na przykładzie województwa wielkopolskiego przy wykorzystaniu metody TOPSIS","authors":"A. Standar","doi":"10.7366/WIR022017/04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7366/WIR022017/04","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of the study is to determine the level of financial standing of gminas, to evaluate differences thereof and to identify determinants influencing the level differences. An example of the Wielkopolska Province was used. Source material comes from the databases of the Ministry of Finance and the GUS Local Data Bank. In the first stage of the study, a synthetic financial measure was calculated using the TOPSIS method. The construction of this measure was preceded by the selection of indicators, whose dependence was checked by Ward’s method. In the second stage of the study, the characteristics of the separated groups of gminas were analyzed according to the level of financial standing. For this purpose selected descriptive statistics methods were used. The relation between the groups of level of financial standing and the groups of selected determinants was checked (Chi-squared test was used). The research has shown that the gminas in general feature average financial standing, which is determined by a location of gmina, type and the degree of technical infrastructure development. The gminas located next to a big city such as Poznan, are in the best financial situation while the outermost location limits the income potential of gminas, which adversely affects investment opportunities. This is not a prerequisite, however, as some gminas featuring lower financial independence also carry out numerous projects, albeit thanks to significant EU funding.","PeriodicalId":124819,"journal":{"name":"Village and Agriculture","volume":"140 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122246889","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Skala i uwarunkowania ubóstwa rodzin rolniczych w Polsce","authors":"M. Dudek","doi":"10.7366/WIR022017/01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7366/WIR022017/01","url":null,"abstract":"The article focuses on changes in the scale of poverty among Polish farming families in 2004–2015 and describes selected determinants thereof. Two types of poverty, namely extreme and relative ones were considered. The study shows that the scale of poverty among farming population fluctuated and slightly decreased. This was due to changes in economic situation, particularly in the labour market in terms of unemployment. The analysis of the survey data also revealed that the risk of poverty was alleviated by taking up employment by the members of farming families or by receiving pensions or social benefits. This was the case of the majority of families running small farms, where non-agricultural income constitutes a relatively important source of income. The study also showed that to a relatively great extent poverty was the problem of large families and farmers running small subsistence farms. The data reported in the article were drawn from both public statistics on the living conditions of households and field surveys conducted by IAFE-NRI in 76 villages located across Poland.","PeriodicalId":124819,"journal":{"name":"Village and Agriculture","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128214111","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Wpływ typów rolnictwa na emisję gazów cieplarnianych","authors":"B. Czyżewski, Łukasz Kryszak","doi":"10.7366/WIR012017/05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7366/WIR012017/05","url":null,"abstract":"Problems related to the quality of natural environment are currently the major challenges facing the agricultural sector. The main issue is the air pollution associated with greenhouse gases but also with other pollutants. In terms of the impact of agriculture on the environment numerous studies have been conducted, however, they often fail to take into account economic determinants. The main goal of the article was to examine how the economic characteristics of different types of farming affect pollutants emissions. Characteristics both in micro- (remuneration of work force, expenditures related to the intensity of land management) and macro-scale (GDP per capita, average farm size, level of financial support to the agricultural sector) are taken into account. The hypothesis is that the productivity of factors and the characteristics describing the intensity of farming otherwise affect the emission of air pollutants according to the type of agriculture. The study covers the years 1995–2009 in 40 countries by using panel regression. It turns out that the type of agriculture in developed countries can effectively combine economic and environmental goals. In less developed countries growing labour and capital compensation still promote the increase of air pollutants emissions. In the middle-income countries there is a need for incentives to introduce energy-saving technologies.","PeriodicalId":124819,"journal":{"name":"Village and Agriculture","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114038785","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Processes of Change in the Social Structure of Poland’s Rural Population in the Years 1991–2013","authors":"M. Halamska","doi":"10.7366/WIR042016/05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7366/WIR042016/05","url":null,"abstract":"The article discusses changes in the social structure of rural population in the years 1991–2013. In that period the share of farmers decreased from 46% to 27%, the share of workers increasing from 33% to 45% and the share of middle class – from 15% to 27%. These changes are the result of three overlapping processes: deagrarianisation / depeasantization (the specific, two-phase “end” of the peasants), proletarianization (saturation of rural community by the representatives of social groups classified as blue-collar workers) and gentrification (i.e. the growth of middle class, also called bourgeois). In Poland, those processes took a different course than in the West: they are not only shifted in time, but they also overlap. The article is based on the data from 1991, 2003 and 2013.","PeriodicalId":124819,"journal":{"name":"Village and Agriculture","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115945131","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Restructuring of the Rural Economy in Ukraine: Undergoing Processes and New Directions","authors":"V. Krupin","doi":"10.7366/WIR042016/04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7366/WIR042016/04","url":null,"abstract":"The article is devoted to a review and analysis of restructuring in the rural economy of Ukraine in the past 25 years, being the years of the country’s independence. The main issues have been noted, one of the most influential being the chaotic and unregulated development – based not on thought-through policies, but on the urge of various business groups to achieve high incomes and control over the market, leaving most of the rural inhabitants without proper support and with underdeveloped infrastructure. The main changes in the 1990s and 2000s have been reviewed with the focus on their influence upon the rural economy. Agricultural production indicators have been analysed, including the structure of areas under crops, changes in the production of main agricultural crops, quantity of livestock, including poultry, as well as economic issues, such as incomes in the sector. Vast analysis is given of factors which influence the undergoing processes in Ukrainian rural economy (in particular the state agricultural support system and quality of reforms in agriculture), as well as local endogenous factors (reluctance of rural inhabitants to develop and take personal initiative).","PeriodicalId":124819,"journal":{"name":"Village and Agriculture","volume":"34 47 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116215519","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Challenges for Modelling CAP 2014–2020 within CGE Model Framework","authors":"K. Zawalińska, A. Ciechomska, Błażej Jendrzejewski","doi":"10.7366/WIR042016/01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7366/WIR042016/01","url":null,"abstract":"The paper discusses various approaches to modelling measures of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) within a computable general equilibrium (CGE) framework for the new budgetary period 2014–2020. The task of modelling such a complex policy as the CAP with the use of CGE is not easy at least for three reasons. First, the policy itself is very complex – Pillar 2 alone includes about 17 very heterogeneous measures, which differ in terms of implementation and eligibility criteria. Pillar 1 measures are not targeted (in terms of goods and services that may be bought with these funds) and thus the assessment of their impact requires additional knowledge on how they were spent. Second, although CGE models represent all sectors of the economy, yet they normally do not characterise individual sectors with such a precision as would be desired for modelling the nuances of the individual CAP measures. Third, the CAP evolves towards less tangible measures (risk management, quality improvements, conditionality based on environmental requirements), and towards increasing role of non-marketed goods (provision of public goods, environmental amenities, food safety). There is also an increasing role of human capital manifested by e.g. bottom-up approaches or co-operation measures. They, however, are difficult to grasp by the CGE models since they are not directly observed or linked to the exogenous variables controlled in this types of models. While taking all the challenges into account and relaying on a literature review the article presents some solution and makes suggestions for possible ways of modelling new CAP 2014–2020 within CGE modelling framework which may be useful in the policy evaluation.","PeriodicalId":124819,"journal":{"name":"Village and Agriculture","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129625965","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Changes in the Spatial Distribution of the Level and Dynamics of Socio-Economic Development of Rural Areas in Poland","authors":"M. Stanny, A. Rosner, Edyta Kozdroń","doi":"10.7366/WIR042016/02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7366/WIR042016/02","url":null,"abstract":"This article shows the characteristics of spatial differentiation of level and dynamics of socio-economic development of rural areas in Poland. The Authors try to define typical directions of the development of gminas and look for an answer to the question: what, and what gminas’ features, determine the direction of development? The analysis presented in the paper has been based on the data originating from the Rural Development Monitoring Project. The results showed the differentiation of the development level to be a part of very dynamic contemporary reality. Criteria up to this date documented in research and arranging spatial diversity of social and economic phenomena apply specifically to description of the development’s level, while dynamics is being arranged by a different criteria. Moreover, the research describes four basic profiles of the dynamics of gminas’ development.","PeriodicalId":124819,"journal":{"name":"Village and Agriculture","volume":"42 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124829885","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Social Process of Defining Quality Food, Based on the Opinions of Polish Consumer Cooperative Members","authors":"Ruta Śpiewak","doi":"10.7366/WIR042016/07","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7366/WIR042016/07","url":null,"abstract":"This article describes how members of consumer cooperatives define quality food. Cooperatives are seen as one of the forms of Alternative Food Networks. The concept of quality food is defined subjectively. The analysis presented in the paper is based on the results of a questionnaire conducted in winter 2015/2016 among members of consumer cooperatives in Poland. The spontaneously made three main associations with the notion of “high quality food” indicate that customers consider qualities that are the result of the ways and methods of production. Food quality and safety are the results of individual and organisational trust and mutual relations, among consumers themselves as well as between consumers and producers. In the case of mass-produced food, issues of safety have become crucial: for the indicated group food safety means shifting from the rules of the “industrial world” to the rules of the “domestic world” where safety is the result of trust, direct consumer/supplier relations, and/or traditions rather than standardised","PeriodicalId":124819,"journal":{"name":"Village and Agriculture","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116567641","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spatial Determinants of Business Location in Rural Areas","authors":"M. Kłodziński, P. Zarębski","doi":"10.7366/WIR042016/03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7366/WIR042016/03","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of the discussion in this paper was to identify types of gminas due to the dynamics of enterprise occurrence with respect to the level of socio-economic development. Four types of gminas were described, namely: sustainably developing, unstably developing, slowly developing ones as well as those immune to deve lopment. As a result of statistical analysis it was found out that the spatial distribution of the number of enterprises is not determined by the level of socio-economic development, which was confirmed by low correlation and low value of determination coefficient for the linear model. A low dynamics of enterprises’ development in northern Poland, and in the border gminas in the eastern and north-eastern parts of the country was noted. The map of types (models) of socio-economic development of Poland shows polarization. There is a clear division between gminas characterized by stable development, which are located mainly in the western and southern Poland, and the gminas featuring unstable development, which are located predominantly in the eastern part of Poland.","PeriodicalId":124819,"journal":{"name":"Village and Agriculture","volume":"88 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131418483","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Efektywność polskiego rolnictwa na tle pozostałych krajów Unii Europejskiej","authors":"J. Baran","doi":"10.7366/WIR032016/03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7366/WIR032016/03","url":null,"abstract":"W artykule, bazując na metodzie Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA), okreś- lono efektywnośc polskiego rolnictwa na tle 25 krajow UE w 2014 r. Zastosowano model DEA zorientowany na minimalizacje nakladow. Do modelu przyjeto jako zmienne: (1) efekt (wartośc produkcji rolnej) oraz (4) naklady (powierzchnia UR, liczba pelnozatrudnionych w rolnictwie, zuzycie nawozow, zuzycie energii). Stworzono ranking panstw pod wzgledem efektywności rolnictwa. Efektywnym sektorem rolnictwa charakteryzowaly sie: Holandia, Dania, Grecja, Wielka Brytania, Wlochy i Belg ia. Dla panstw, w ktorych rolnictwo uznane zostalo za nieefektywne zgodnie z ideą benchmarkingu, zaproponowano zmiany w pozio- mie nakladow, ktore moglyby przyczynic sie do poprawy ich efektywności. Efektywnośc rolnictwa w Polsce wypadla slabo na tle pozostalych czlonkow UE. Przyczyną tej sytuacji mogą byc problemy strukturalne, niska wydajnośc pracy w sektorze rolnym w Polsce oraz ekstensywny charakter produkcji rolniczej. Nastepnie zbadano, czy ist nieje zaleznośc pomiedzy ro zwojem gospodarczym poszcze- golnych krajow – czlonkow UE a poziomem efektywności rolnictwa. W wyniku przepro- wadzonych badan stwierdzono, ze „stare” kraje UE-15, ktore charakteryzują sie wyzszym poziomem rozwoju gospodarczego, mają rowniez wyzszą efektywnośc rolnictwa. Z kolei w krajach, ktore przystąpily do UE po 2004 r., zaobserwowano odwrotną zaleznośc: im wyzszy rozwoj gospodarczy, tym mniejsza efektywnośc rolnictwa. ----- The article determines efficiency of agriculture in the EU Member States in 2014 based on Data Envelopment Analysis method. The DEA model focused on minimizing inputs. The model features the following variables: 1 effect (value of agricultural production) and 4 inputs (arable area, number of people employed in agriculture, use of fertilizers, use of energy). It was found that among the 25 studied countries, 6 countries had efficient agriculture. The efficient agriculture group included the Netherlands, Denmark, Greece, the UK, Italy and Belgium. Based on the DEA method benchmarks have been defined for countries with inefficient agriculture. On the basis of these benchmarks for inefficient agricultural sectors, it is possible to determine a combination of technologies that allow the same results to be achieved with less input. The efficiency of agriculture in Poland fared poorly compared to other EU Member States. The reason behind it might be structural problems, low labour and land productivity in the agricultural sector in Poland and the extensive nature of agricultural production.","PeriodicalId":124819,"journal":{"name":"Village and Agriculture","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127478989","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}