Frontiers in Marine Science最新文献

{"title":"Experimental evidence of a mixed breeding strategy and food-dependent maternal and larval traits in chub mackerel","authors":"Michio Yoneda, Masahiro Nakamura, Taizo Morioka, Tatsuo Tsuzaki, Hiroyuki Togashi, Ryuji Yukami","doi":"10.3389/fmars.2025.1674359","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2025.1674359","url":null,"abstract":"Food availability plays a critical role in shaping reproductive success of small pelagic fishes, and in natural population, reduced prey access often arises under conditions of intra- and inter-specific density dependence. While energy allocation to egg production has often been viewed along a capital–income continuum, recent studies suggest that reproductive strategies may be more flexible or mixed than previously assumed. However, few studies have empirically examined how the timing and location of prey availability affect reproductive traits in the context of density-dependence. To address this gap, we conducted stable isotope tracer and controlled feeding experiments using chub mackerel (<jats:italic>Scomber japonicus</jats:italic>) to determine when and how feeding conditions influence reproductive output. A diet-switch experiment using carbon and nitrogen stable isotope ratios revealed much slower isotopic turnover in chub mackerel compared to income-breeding anchovy in similar experiments, suggesting that chub mackerel primarily rely on stored reserves (capital breeding), with limited reliance on dietary resources during spawning. Food restriction during the five months prior to spawning significantly reduced somatic condition and egg production in repeat spawners. Larvae from food-restricted females exhibited reduced growth and starvation tolerance compared to those from well-fed females. These findings demonstrate that maternal nutritional history has marked effects on both egg production and larval performance, highlighting the importance of considering energy allocation tactics when evaluating density-dependent reproduction. Our findings further provide a basis for discussing recent changes in the reproductive output of the Pacific stock of chub mackerel in the light of maternal nutritional history and its role in reproductive success.","PeriodicalId":12479,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Marine Science","volume":"114 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145247139","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Detection of unusually high transcriptomic and proteomic abundance of bromoform-synthesizing halogenase in marine macroalgae Asparagopsis taxiformis","authors":"Zhenjian Lin, Shahima Islam, Matthew S. Hargrave, Rakesh Singh, Lingjie Zhou, Ramon Xie, Jennifer E. Smith, Eric W. Schmidt, Vinayak Agarwal","doi":"10.3389/fmars.2025.1664275","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2025.1664275","url":null,"abstract":"Halogenated molecules produced by marine algae are thought to be defensive secondary metabolites. The extraordinarily high concentration of bromoform in the seaweed <jats:italic>Asparagopsis</jats:italic>—up to 8% dry tissue weight—challenges the exclusivity of this paradigm. In this report, we provide evidence that the <jats:italic>mbb1</jats:italic> gene which encodes the bromoform producing halogenase is among the most highly transcribed genes in <jats:italic>Asparagopsis</jats:italic> tissue, with the resulting Mbb1 protein abundance rivaling that of enzymes involved in photosynthesis and carbon fixation. When the seaweed was stressed with light, transcripts for both <jats:italic>mbb1</jats:italic> and for proteins involved in photosynthesis were significantly downregulated. Conversely, heat stress modestly upregulated some photosynthesis genes but had no impact on <jats:italic>mbb1</jats:italic>. Taken together, these findings allow us to posit that bromoform production is not solely a stress-response or self-defense mechanism for <jats:italic>A. taxiformis</jats:italic>. Instead, we propose that the halogenase Mbb1 likely fulfils a primary metabolic function in this red alga thusly reconceptualizing halogenation biochemistry and pulling it out of the domain of natural product biosynthesis alone.","PeriodicalId":12479,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Marine Science","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145234987","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Managing the starry ray (Raja asterias) in the mid-western Adriatic Sea: why sex matters in fisheries conservation","authors":"Giada Bargione, Andrea Pardini, Fortunata Donato, Daniel Li Veli, Laura Sabatini, Emily Sepe, Giuseppe Scarcella, Alessandro Lucchetti","doi":"10.3389/fmars.2025.1679293","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2025.1679293","url":null,"abstract":"The starry ray, <jats:italic>Raja asterias</jats:italic> (Delaroche 1809), is a demersal Mediterranean skate often caught as bycatch in bottom trawls and set nets. Due to high fishing pressure in the Adriatic Sea, key life history traits were investigated to support effective conservation and fishery management. Specimens were collected from 2019 to 2023 through both fishery-dependent and independent sampling in the mid-western Adriatic. Age was estimated for the first time in cartilaginous fish using burnt and dissected vertebrae. The reproductive cycle was assessed through macroscopic gonad examination, while spatial distribution was analyzed in relation to sex and maturity (mature vs immature). Trends in relative abundance and biomass (2007–2024) were evaluated using standardized survey data. Results revealed significant sexual dimorphism in biological traits. Females showed a broader size range (170–590 mm vs 160–505 mm), greater disc width (115–410 mm vs 105–342 mm), and positive allometric growth, compared to isometric growth in males. Growth patterns also differed: Von Bertalanffy parameters were L<jats:sub>∞</jats:sub> = 724, <jats:italic>k</jats:italic> = 0.28 for females and L<jats:sub>∞</jats:sub> = 574, <jats:italic>k</jats:italic> = 0.44 for males. Females reached greater maximum age (4.5 vs 4.0 years), and achieved sexual maturity at larger sizes (425 vs 360 mm) and older ages (approx. 3.0 vs 2.0 years). Spatial analysis showed that immature individuals are concentrated nearshore (&amp;lt;50 m depth), while mature ones inhabit deeper waters (up to 80 m). During the reproductive season, adults migrate inshore, overlapping with immature habitats. Abundance and biomass indices significantly increased over time, particularly after 2020. These findings underscore the need for sex-specific biological parameters in management strategies. Conservation measures should avoid using population-wide averages and instead adopt the most precautionary approach. Additionally, limiting fishing in shallow waters could reduce bycatch of immature or egg-laying individuals for much of the year, positively impacting population recovery.","PeriodicalId":12479,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Marine Science","volume":"109 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145234940","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Distribution and abundance of squat lobster (Pleuroncodes monodon) and its association with anchoveta in the coastal zone of the Peruvian Current (1998–2024)","authors":"Pedro Ramiro Castillo, Luis La Cruz, Carlos Valdez, Gustavo Cuadros, Ketty Ferrel, Marissela Pozada-Herrera, Rodolfo Cornejo, Aníbal Aliaga, Daniel Grados","doi":"10.3389/fmars.2025.1609766","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2025.1609766","url":null,"abstract":"The squat lobster or munida (<jats:italic>Pleuroncodes monodon</jats:italic>) is one of the most abundant species in the coastal zone of the Peruvian Current. Due to its high incidence of occurrence and biomass, it has been monitored since 1998 by the Instituto del Mar del Perú (IMARPE) through the Hydroacoustic Assessment Surveys for Anchoveta and Other Pelagic Resources. In this study, 59 surveys conducted between 1998 and 2024 were analyzed to study the spatial distribution, abundance, and ecological relationship of munida with anchoveta (<jats:italic>Engraulis ringens</jats:italic>). The results showed that between 1998 and 2000, munida expanded its distribution northward along the Peruvian coast, while from 2001 onward its range remained relatively stable. A clear seasonal pattern was identified: during winter and spring, both the distribution area and inertia increased, and the species tended to occur farther from the coast, whereas in summer and autumn the distribution contracted, except during anomalous oceanographic events (e.g., warm or cold conditions). Vertically, munida generally inhabited the surface layer down to approximately 168 m, although during the 2015 -2016 El Niño event it was recorded as deep as 203 m. The average biomass throughout the study period was close to 2.04 million tons, with a maximum of 5.38 million tons recorded during survey 1703-04. Munida was also the species most closely associated with anchoveta, and when both occurred together, their interaction varied depending on the time of day, probably reflecting diel vertical migration and differential aggregation behaviors. These findings suggest that munida is a key component of the Peruvian Current ecosystem, whose variability is influenced both by seasonal cycles and by anomalous oceanographic conditions, and that its association with anchoveta may have implications for ecosystem functioning and fisheries management in the region.","PeriodicalId":12479,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Marine Science","volume":"79 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145234939","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Submarine groundwater discharge creates cold‐water refugia that can mitigate exposure of heat stress in nearshore corals","authors":"Eric E. Grossman, Ferdinand K. J. Oberle, Curt D. Storlazzi","doi":"10.3389/fmars.2025.1621298","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2025.1621298","url":null,"abstract":"Coral reef mortality around the world is accelerating due to human activities and rising sea temperatures that cause bleaching, which is expected to become more frequent. Our ability to predict which corals will be most resilient, however, remains limited due to insufficient information characterizing nearshore temperature and habitat conditions. In this study, we examine how submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) reduces nearshore water temperatures and exposure of corals to heat stress, complementing the understanding that SGD can adversely affect coral when it contains elevated nutrient concentrations. Data from fixed nearshore sensors and vertical depth profiles along ~100 km of the western shoreline of the Island of Hawai’i from 2003 to 2014 demonstrate that submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) can reduce nearshore water temperatures by 1 °C–5°C and create estuarine-like conditions with salinities as low as 20 PSU, where the prevalent coral species, <jats:italic>Pocillopora meandrina, Porites lobata</jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>Montipora capitata</jats:italic>, thrive. Time-series temperature records reveal that exposure to high ambient ocean temperatures, which are known to initiate bleaching events, are reduced up to 5%–46% of the time. Coral health surveys indicated coral bleaching in response to moderately high annual temperatures in 2010 and 2011, with more colonies affected farther from cold, SGD-fed waters. Synthesis of these results, along with coral response data following the more extreme marine heat wave of 2014–2015, demonstrates lower coral loss and greater coral recovery near groundwater seeps, particularly those with higher flux and influence on reducing nearshore water temperatures. Our results demonstrate that SGD may therefore provide a beneficial ecosystem service and enhance coral reef resilience, particularly where human-related nutrient additions to groundwater can be mitigated. The implications of our findings are relevant across tropical coasts where groundwater inputs can be substantial, such as the Caribbean and Indo-Pacific, and contribute to improving our understanding of coral sensitivity to gradients in temperature and nutrient stress. Improved management of groundwater resources could thus be vital to local–regional strategies for mitigating future heat stress.","PeriodicalId":12479,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Marine Science","volume":"108 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145234986","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The process of trace metals enrichment in pyrite under methane seepage in the northern South China Sea","authors":"Yanting Ling, Xuan Chen, Daidai Wu, Qinyi Zhang, Shengyi Mao, Guangrong Jin, Jie Liu, Haizhen Zhai, Chao Yang, Zheng Su, Nengyou Wu","doi":"10.3389/fmars.2025.1653453","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2025.1653453","url":null,"abstract":"Pyrite is an important indicator of methane seepage. The effects of organic sulfate reduction (OSR) and sulfate-driven anaerobic oxidation of methane (SD-AOM) on the trace metals in pyrite have aroused interest; however, further studies about how these two pathways control the trace element patterns are still required. Therefore, we studied the geochemical and mineralogical characteristics of sediment samples from the northern South China Sea, aiming to investigate the enrichment mechanisms of trace elements into pyrites in methane seep systems. We applied laser ablation–inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) to analyze the trace element patterns of pyrites in core Z22–3. We used Sr/Ca-Mg/Ca, (Mo/U) <jats:sub>EF</jats:sub> values, chromium reducible sulfur (CRS) content, total organic carbon (TOC), δ<jats:sup>34</jats:sup>S, and δ<jats:sup>13</jats:sup>C values of bulk sediments to determine the position of sulfate–methane transition zones (SMTZs). Progressively more positive δ<jats:sup>34</jats:sup>S values (up to −36.54‰) of the CRS and an increase in Mg/Ca indicate the enhancement of SD-AOM, suggesting that the position of SMTZs is located at depths of 181 to 481 and 1,101 to 1,401 cmbsf. Within SMTZs, pyrites exhibit obvious enrichments in Co, Ni, Mo, and Pb and depletion in Mn, Zn, Cu, and V. We discuss the process of methane seepage affecting trace elements in pyrites: the reductive dissolution of iron/manganese oxyhydroxide aggregates fueled by the enhancement of AOM and substitution for ferrous in pyrites contribute to the enrichments of Mo, Co and Ni in pyrites. Elements with faster water exchange kinetics rates than Fe, such as Cu, Pb and Zn, rather precipitate as independent metal sulfides than incorporating into pyrite, thus resulting in the depletion of these trace elements in pyrites. This study provides novel insight into the deep-sea trace element cycle between sediments and authigenic pyrites, establishing geochemical indicators of AOM based on trace element patterns in pyrites.","PeriodicalId":12479,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Marine Science","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145241242","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characteristics and primary controls of coral reef carbonate karstification in the South China Sea since the Miocene","authors":"Yang Yang, Kefu Yu, Bin Xiong, Wei Jiang, Shendong Xu, Rui Wang, Tianlai Fan","doi":"10.3389/fmars.2025.1619169","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2025.1619169","url":null,"abstract":"Coral reef karstification plays a vital role in sea-air CO<jats:sub>2</jats:sub> exchange, yet its mechanisms remain unclear. This study employs an 878.22-m coral reef sequence (dating to19.6 Ma) from Well CK2 in the Xisha Islands, South China Sea (SCS), to investigate karstification processes, including their signatures, primary controls, and implications for marine carbonate dissolution in global carbon cycling. Petrological and geochemical analyses of CK2 revel distinct karstification characteristics, including: (1) higher surface porosity 25–30%), with randomly distributed pores and fractures of variable sizes and shapes; (2) yellowish-brown to black impregnations; (3) micritic cements accompanied by well-crystallized mineral crystals, and (4) moderately well-sorted and rounded grains. Geochemical signatures show elevated <jats:sup>8787</jats:sup>Sr/<jats:sup>86</jats:sup>Sr, Mn content, and Mn/Sr ratios, coupled with depleted δ¹³C, δ<jats:sup>18</jats:sup>O and Sr content. These features collectively indicate that karstification in CK2 was dominated by non-selective dissolution and recrystallization processes, principally occurring at the mixing zone in meteoric water systems during prolonged subaerial exposure. Karstification signatures varied across geological epochs, implying different controlling mechanisms. Late Miocene (12.6–10.2 Ma), driven by sustained sea-level fall, exhibited an extreme <jats:sup>87</jats:sup>Sr/<jats:sup>86</jats:sup>Sr shift and severe erosion. Pleistocene (2.2–1.8, 1.1–0.89, 0.29 and 0.2 Ma), influenced by frequent sea-level fluctuations and warm, humid environments linked to glacial-interglacial cycle and Asian monsoon, displayed the highest surface porosity (15–40%, mean 25%), ochre to tawny impregnations, and micritized cements, along with negative δ¹³C-δ<jats:sup>18</jats:sup>O and elevated <jats:sup>87</jats:sup>Sr/<jats:sup>86</jats:sup>Sr and Mn/Sr ratios. In contrast, the Middle Miocene Climatic Optimum (16.6–16 Ma) lacked typical karst characteristics but comprised of well-rounded and sorted coral gravels, suggesting reef-building organisms mediate karstification via substrate architecture. These findings demonstrate that sea-level changes and climate conditions control coral reef karstification intensity. Concurrently, dissolution during karstification may significantly modify ocean alkalinity and dissolved inorganic carbon, with potential feedback on carbon cycling in future climate scenarios.","PeriodicalId":12479,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Marine Science","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145234990","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Environmental conditions and carbonate chemistry variability influencing coral reef composition along the Pacific coast of Costa Rica","authors":"Celeste Sánchez-Noguera, Ines D. Lange, Jorge Cortés, Carlos Jiménez, Christian Wild, Tim Rixen","doi":"10.3389/fmars.2025.1606253","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2025.1606253","url":null,"abstract":"Coral reef development is influenced by a wide variety of factors, including temperature, salinity, nutrient concentrations, and carbonate chemistry. Studies focusing on physicochemical drivers of coral reef distribution and composition in the Eastern Tropical Pacific (ETP) are scarce, and carbonate chemistry and nutrient data for this region are limited. This study measured coral reef composition and physicochemical parameters along the Pacific coast of Costa Rica, over a one-year period at three locations: Santa Elena and Matapalo in the north, and Parque Nacional Marino Ballena in the south. Our results show high seasonal and spatial variability of physicochemical conditions with significant differences mainly explained by inorganic nutrient concentrations, with driving processes also having a strong influence on the variability of carbonate chemistry parameters. Coastal upwelling is the main driver of the seasonal variability in Santa Elena. Comparison of seasonal dissimilarity within locations confirms the presence of a geographical gradient, with stronger influence of the upwelling in Santa Elena relative to Matapalo, where several parameters displayed a lower seasonality and a carbonate system that supports reef development throughout the year. Conversely, in Marino Ballena the river discharges during rainy season exerted a strong control on the seasonal variability. The integrated analysis of coral reef composition and physicochemical parameters suggests that in addition to inorganic nutrients carbonate chemistry also plays a key role in coral distribution. Analyzing the spatial distribution of the main reef builders provides insights into the species-specific tolerance to varying conditions. <jats:italic>Pavona clavus</jats:italic> is widely distributed in both the northern and southern locations, suggesting that this massive coral is very tolerant to the high variability of physicochemical conditions. The dominant corals in the north (<jats:italic>Pavona gigantea</jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Pocillopora</jats:italic> spp.) are highly tolerant to nutrient-enriched cold waters with low aragonite saturation, while one of the main reef-builders in southern locations (<jats:italic>Porites</jats:italic> cf. <jats:italic>lobata</jats:italic>) cope better with low salinity, low aragonite saturation and low light intensity caused by river discharges. Understanding the preferences of individual coral species at our study locations can shed light on the environmental factors driving coral reef distribution in other locations of the ETP.","PeriodicalId":12479,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Marine Science","volume":"108 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145234996","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hydrodynamic alterations induced by floating solar structures co-located with an offshore wind farm","authors":"Pauline Denis, Arthur Capet, Jan Vanaverbeke, Thomas R. H. Kerkhove, Geneviève Lacroix, Sébastien Legrand","doi":"10.3389/fmars.2025.1674859","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2025.1674859","url":null,"abstract":"Floating photovoltaic installations (FPV) are among the promising emerging marine renewable energy systems contributing to future global energy transition strategies. FPVs can be integrated within existing offshore wind farms, contributing to more efficient use of marine space. This complementarity has gained increasing attention as a sustainable approach to enhance green energy production while reducing offshore grid infrastructure costs, particularly in the North Sea. This study presents a first assessment to quantify the mid- and far-field hydrodynamic effects of FPVs (elevated design) deployed within an existing offshore wind farm (OWF) in the Belgian part of the North Sea. A subgrid-scale parameterization was adopted into the 3D hydrodynamic model COHERENS to assess impacts on four key hydrodynamic metrics: surface irradiance reduction due to shading, changes in current velocity fields, turbulent kinetic energy production, and variations in current-induced bottom shear stress. Four scenarios were compared: a baseline without structures, a scenario with only offshore wind turbines and two combined wind and photovoltaic configurations (sparse and dense). At farm scale, simulations showed small effects of FPV shading on sea surface temperature (&amp;lt; 0.1°C), but significant reductions in current speed, increased turbulent kinetic energy mainly beneath the floaters, and a noticeable impact on bottom shear stress. This hydrodynamic modeling study constitutes a first step toward a comprehensive environmental impact assessment of FPVs, particularly in relation to their biogeochemical effects on the water column and benthic habitats. The findings provide valuable insights to support sustainable marine spatial planning, environmental assessments, and industrial design strategies in the North Sea and beyond.","PeriodicalId":12479,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Marine Science","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145235054","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Myth and reality on human rights at sea in the era of globalization","authors":"Zhipeng Cui, Xingguo Cao, Pengfei Zhang","doi":"10.3389/fmars.2025.1657709","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2025.1657709","url":null,"abstract":"The twenty-first-century maritime sector, shaped by globalization, technological advances, and economic shifts, faces persistent gaps in safeguarding seafarers’ rights. Despite international efforts like the ILO’s Maritime Labor Convention 2006, their effectiveness is undermined by the industry’s polycentric governance, weak compliance mechanisms, and the isolated nature of seafaring profession. Through a review of regulatory gaps and case studies, it demonstrates how current standards fall short in practice, arguing that their decentralized structure and weak implementation fail to address systemic risks. This study proposes supplementary measures to strengthen accountability and compliance, emphasizing the need for coordinated action to protect seafarers in an increasingly deregulated industry.","PeriodicalId":12479,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Marine Science","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145234992","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}