Frontiers in Marine Science最新文献

{"title":"Insights into anthropogenic threats and early mortality in the Guadalupe fur seal from a plausible mixed colony on the San Benito Archipelago, Mexico","authors":"Casandra Gálvez, Fernando R. Elorriaga-Verplancken, Claudia J. Hernández-Camacho, Arturo B. Enríquez-García, Stephen Raverty, Germán Ponce-Díaz, Ernesto I. Popoca-Arellano","doi":"10.3389/fmars.2026.1696006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2026.1696006","url":null,"abstract":"In Mexico, the Guadalupe fur seal ( <jats:italic>Arctocephalus townsendi</jats:italic> , GFS) is listed as Risk of Extinction, with one breeding site on Guadalupe Island, and another potential colony proposed in the late 1990s on the San Benito Archipelago (SBA). Although there are some health and mortality studies regarding GFS on Guadalupe Island, the SBA colony remains understudied. This study aimed to characterize the causes of neonatal GFS morbidity and mortality, and to assess potential threats to species conservation associated with entanglement, alopecia syndrome, and marine pollution on the West Island of the SBA during the 2024 breeding season. Field data on total births and neonate mortalities were collected during the first 30 days of life. Entanglement and alopecia syndrome incidents were recorded and analyzed to determine age class and sex predilection using Bayesian analyses. Also, marine pollution was classified and quantified by environmental debris type. The neonatal mortality rate in GFS was 29.52%. Perinate deaths were considered natural and attributed to trauma (50%) and emaciation/infectious disease (50%). The prevalence of the alopecia syndrome in non-pup GFSs was high (21% to 26%) during the 2024 breeding season. Clinically, there were bilateral and asymmetrical presentations, with a higher probability of detection of this syndrome in yearlings and juveniles, particularly in males. Entanglements were related to marine debris (100%), affecting juvenile individuals (80%) and adults (20%). A field survey of the composition of marine debris along the SBA beaches revealed that 92% was plastic, predominantly bottles (65%) and fishing gear (16%). Local or regional sources appear to contribute to pollution in the SBA based on the composition of the debris and its proximity to human habitation. Mortality and alopecia rates in immature GFSs were much higher compared to Guadalupe Island, identifying potential challenges in health and survival during early development stages in the SBA. The establishment of the GFS population in the SBA spans almost three decades; however, key demographic factors remain undetermined. Continued efforts to characterize the factors limiting the transition of the SBA from a plausible mixed to a breeding colony are warranted.","PeriodicalId":12479,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Marine Science","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2026-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147743840","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A decision tree to guide precautionary and adaptive tiering in marine nursery identification and management","authors":"John F. Hlavin, Julia R. Saltzman, Evan K. D’Alessandro, Catherine C. Macdonald","doi":"10.3389/fmars.2026.1812999","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2026.1812999","url":null,"abstract":"Many marine species depend on nurseries during early life stages to promote growth and increase survival to maturity, supporting stock replenishment and stability. Since the nursery was first formally defined 25 years ago as a habitat that yields a greater-than-average contribution of juvenile recruits to an adult population, researchers have repeatedly revisited the concept and debated the best nursery identification approach to balance both ecological complexity and management practicality. The sustained research interest has produced several alternative frameworks broadly categorizable as production-, persistence-, or connectivity-oriented. However, existing frameworks remain difficult to apply in high-priority and data-poor contexts. While persistence metrics have been applied to site fisheries restricted areas in the Mediterranean, no proposed metrics have been incorporated into U.S. fisheries management plans. To address the definitional ambiguity and research-management disconnect, we review the major topics of nursery literature and synthesize the discourse and research with a decision tree to guide the adaptive designation of four nursery tiers— <jats:italic>Candidate</jats:italic> , <jats:italic>Putative</jats:italic> , <jats:italic>Confirmed</jats:italic> , and <jats:italic>Refined Nurseries</jats:italic> —where the degree of precaution scales with management urgency, socioeconomic importance, system uncertainty, data availability, population accessibility, research capacity, and species ecology. We then compile potential interventions for each nursery tier and list risk management tools with which they can be paired to support the socioeconomic and political viability of precautious approaches. Finally, we provide three hypothetical examples of the application of this novel tiered approach to nursery management for three shark taxa, considering examples from both biodiversity conservation and fishery sustainability contexts. This approach seeks to bridge the gap between research and management and realign the nursery concept with the core precautionary and adaptive principles of ecosystem-based management.","PeriodicalId":12479,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Marine Science","volume":"31 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2026-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147743825","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exposing estuarine regions as microplastic traps: modeling transport pathways and accumulation hotspots in the Minho Estuary (Portugal-Spain)","authors":"Alizée De Groodt, Luis R. Vieira, Fabiola N. Amorim, Ana Bio, Miguel Santos, Isabel Iglesias","doi":"10.3389/fmars.2026.1798554","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2026.1798554","url":null,"abstract":"The ubiquitous presence of microplastics (MPs) in the marine environment has become an increasingly evident crisis. Yet, fundamental questions regarding their origin, transport pathways and fate remain largely unanswered, particularly in estuaries. While international policy frameworks to reduce plastic pollution at their source are negotiated, targeted interventions are critically needed to prevent MPs from entering the ocean. Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) serve as essential infrastructures for improving freshwater quality, however, their efficiency in removing MPs is limited. Many WWTPs discharge their effluents into freshwater tributaries, making estuaries important sinks of MPs’ pollution, but the MPs’ dynamics in these systems remains poorly investigated and highly depends on the type of estuary. This study evaluates how varying river discharges and tidal conditions influence the spatial distribution, transport mechanisms and retention of MPs in estuarine environments. Integrating field observations with a Lagrangian particle tracking model coupled to a depth-averaged 2DH hydrodynamic model, the Minho Estuary (Portugal) is used as a case study to observe how contrasting hydrodynamic conditions affected the dynamics of MPs. The numerical models explicitly resolved the distribution of MPs across the lower estuary, revealing key mechanisms controlling MPs’ transport, determining whether the estuary functions as source or sink, and identifying concentration hotspots persistent across all conditions. While the study provides further evidence of the extensive presence of MPs in these systems, the findings demonstrate that turning this environmental crisis into targeted solutions represents scalable intervention strategies with direct, meaningful impacts on the reduction of marine MPs in the environment.","PeriodicalId":12479,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Marine Science","volume":"57 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2026-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147743787","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Levels of 129I in coastal Pacific Ocean waters from southern California, 2011–2020 and the legacy of Fukushima","authors":"A. J. Timothy Jull, Ching-Chih Chang, George S. Burr, Li Cheng, Joellen Russell, Mang Lin, Daniel R. Crocker, Mark Thiemens, Dana Biddulph, Marc W. Caffee, Tom Woodruff, Christopher Glynn, Guaciara M. Santos","doi":"10.3389/fmars.2026.1818503","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2026.1818503","url":null,"abstract":"The Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant accident released radionuclides directly into the ocean as a result of the Great East Japan Earthquake on March 11, 2011. This material has been transported across the Pacific Ocean and detected in the northeastern Pacific. We began a surface ocean <jats:sup>129</jats:sup> I monitoring program a few months after this disaster in June 2011, with samples from Scripps Pier, La Jolla, California, USA, with the expectation that surface currents originating off the east coast of Japan could eventually carry radionuclides to the La Jolla site. We could not identify a significant distinct signal that can be traced to Fukushima from the record from 2011-2020. We have however recorded a systematic seasonal <jats:sup>129</jats:sup> I time series record that appears to be due to surface circulation variations along the California coast, or perhaps other unexplained effects. We have reported on some of these effects previously, where we summarized results up to 2018. Since then, we have analyzed additional samples obtained during our sampling program for 2018–2020 from Scripps and also report other results collected during 2015–2016 from Newport Beach, CA, which had not been reported. These results support and expand on the previously published dataset.","PeriodicalId":12479,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Marine Science","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2026-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147743788","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Diversity and connectivity of bacterial communities in polymetallic nodule-rich abyssal plains (Eastern Tropical Pacific)","authors":"Batuhan Cagri Yapan, Felix Janssen, Antje Boetius, Matthias Haeckel, Massimiliano Molari","doi":"10.3389/fmars.2026.1759595","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2026.1759595","url":null,"abstract":"Polymetallic nodules of the abyssal seafloor are considered potential resources of nickel, cobalt, copper, as well as rare earth elements. The Clarion-Clipperton Fracture Zone (CCZ) hosts potential nodule mining sites licensed to several contractors for exploration of the metal resources. A solid understanding of natural conditions and their variability is fundamental for assessing environmental risks of future mining, particularly regarding microbial communities that play key roles in biogeochemical processes and ecosystem functioning. In this study, we sequenced 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes from environmental samples across polymetallic nodule fields in the Pacific Ocean to investigate baseline patterns of benthic bacterial diversity. Bacterial communities were compared among sediments, nodules, and bottom waters. Samples from the DISCOL Experimental Area in the Peru basin are included in the analysis to provide a broader spatial perspective. The patterns of benthic bacterial diversity and connectivity observed in this study corroborate those previously reported, extending across spatial scales from tens to thousands of kilometers. These patterns include: higher bacterial alpha-diversity in sediments compared to nodules and bottom waters, and benthic bacterial communities enriched by taxa that are potentially involved in metal cycling and resilient to metal toxicity (e.g., Hyphomicrobiaceae, Magnetospiraceae, Methyloligallaceae, Kiloniellaceae). Our findings underscore the significance of these patterns for the management of mining activities in deep-sea environments. The most abundant taxa showed a high connectivity between areas investigated, with differences mostly controlled by isolation-by-distance. Still, bacterial community structures showed substantial differences among investigated areas that were partly driven by the availability of trophic resources and nodule coverage. Turnover in community structure on a regional scale was small and mainly controlled by distance. However, community composition in terms of relative abundances showed a high variability even on local scales &amp;lt;30km, most likely due to spatial heterogeneity in environmental conditions (e.g., topography and nodule coverage). These results indicate that environmental management of deep-sea mining and conservation strategies should consider both regional connectivity and local heterogeneity in microbial communities. Establishing no-take or reference areas with similar microbial composition to mining sites will be essential to preserve ecosystem functions and services.","PeriodicalId":12479,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Marine Science","volume":"67 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2026-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147743810","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cm-scale marine habitat mapping of entire Tumon Bay, Guam Coral Reef using NASA airborne fluid lensing and NeMO-Net pre (2022) and post (2024) Typhoon Mawar","authors":"Soufyane Bouchelaghem, Ved Chirayath, Imad Eddine Tibermacine, Alexandra C. Dempsey, Sam J. Purkis","doi":"10.3389/fmars.2026.1785978","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2026.1785978","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction High-resolution imaging of coral reefs is critical for understanding ecosystem dynamics and guiding conservation efforts yet monitoring these changes at ecologically relevant spatial and temporal scales remains challenging. Methods We present cm-scale benthic habitat maps for over 5 km <jats:sup>2</jats:sup> of coral reefs in Tumon Bay, Guam, for 2022 and 2024, before and after Category 4 Typhoon Mawar (May 2023). NASA Airborne Fluid Lensing data were combined with <jats:italic>in-situ</jats:italic> ground-truthing and citizen-science annotations from the NeMO-Net platform. NeMO-Net’s original CNN was modified to an Attentive Residual U-Net (ARU-Net) with an EfficientNet-B3 encoder, class-weighted loss, and attention gating to classify seven habitat classes at pixel (cm) scale, using only ~1% of the 2022 dataset for training. Results Our model achieved 88% overall pixel-scale accuracy across seven ecologically relevant benthic classes. Full-coverage habitat maps for 2022 and 2024 reveal a 59% decline in massive coral, a 35% decline in coral fore-reef, and a 105% increase in algal cover, providing spatially explicit evidence of Typhoon Mawar’s reef impact. Discussion Coupling Fluid Lensing imagery with the NeMO-Net citizen-science platform and a modified ARU-Net yields accurate cm-resolved habitat assessments from sparse labels, supporting timely evaluation of disturbance and restoration outcomes in complex shallow-water reef environments.","PeriodicalId":12479,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Marine Science","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2026-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147743835","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Differential sensitivity of Saccharina latissima (Phaeophyceae) to emissions from corrosion protection systems informs biomonitoring strategies","authors":"Caya de Leeuw van Weenen, Jessica Knoop, Barbara Rossi, Lise Appels, Nicolas Larché","doi":"10.3389/fmars.2026.1805764","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2026.1805764","url":null,"abstract":"Corrosion protection systems used on offshore structures release metals or chlorine-produced oxidants into surrounding waters. Yet, their effects on marine biomonitoring species remain poorly understood. Here, we assess how emissions from induced current cathodic protection systems and zinc- and aluminium-based galvanic anodes affect the early developmental stages of the kelp Saccharina latissima. Zoospores and gametophytes were exposed for three weeks to metals or chlorine-produced oxidants at concentrations ranging from 0.5 to 2500 micrograms per liter under controlled laboratory conditions. Developmental success, survival, and early sporophyte growth were quantified. Our results show that chlorine-produced oxidants from induced current systems caused the strongest inhibition in exposed gametophytes, resulting in reduced growth above 50 micrograms per liter and complete developmental failure at the highest exposure. Zinc and aluminium from galvanic anodes produced comparatively weaker effects in exposed gametophytes, with effects emerging at 500 micrograms per liter, well above concentrations typical of offshore environments. However, sensitivity to zinc and aluminium was greater during the zoospore stage, likely due to the absence of a protective extracellular matrix. Our results provide a basis for determining a safe distance from corrosion protection sources using sensitivity thresholds and suggest the use of transplanted sporophytes for robust biomonitoring strategies. S. latissima is robust against environmentally realistic metal emissions from galvanic anodes but potentially less resistant to oxidants produced by impressed current cathodic protection systems.","PeriodicalId":12479,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Marine Science","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2026-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147743834","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Wide range lower atmosphere duct parameter inversion from automatic identification system signals using hybrid strategy artificial lemming algorithm","authors":"Ting Ting Fu, Hao Cha, Yu Luo, Hong Wei Fu, Yu Zhang, Bin Tian","doi":"10.3389/fmars.2026.1789382","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2026.1789382","url":null,"abstract":"Lower atmospheric ducts significantly alter the propagation of Very High Frequency (VHF) and higher-frequency electromagnetic waves in the marine boundary layer, critically impacting radar and communication systems. Effective duct monitoring is essential for optimizing these systems. Emerging, more economical remote sensing approaches—such as satellite-based remote sensing and the monitoring of ubiquitous shipborne Automatic Identification System (AIS) signals—provide promising alternatives for large-scale, cost-effective data acquisition compared to the traditional monitoring methods (e.g., radiosondes, lidars). To tackle the challenges posed by the inversion of lower-atmospheric duct with large vertical extent and high parameter dimensionality, robust and accurate parameter inversion techniques are urgently required. To address this, this study proposes the Hybrid Strategy Artificial Lemming Algorithm (HSALA), an intelligent optimization framework for prior-information-free duct inversion. Comparative inversion simulations of HSALA, the standard Artificial Lemming Algorithm (ALA), Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), Grey Wolf Optimization (GWO), and Harris Hawk Optimization (HHO) demonstrate HSALA’s superior accuracy and stability under ideal, noise-free conditions. It achieves a mean inversion accuracy exceeding 98% and reduces the root mean square error (RMSE) by over 80% on average in noise-free conditions across 30 trials. Further validation using field-collected AIS data yields a mean parameter inversion accuracy of approximately 81.4%, confirming the method’s practical applicability while highlighting the performance gap introduced by real-world complexities such as signal noise, model bias and atmospheric horizontal inhomogeneity. This method provides a promising and effective solution for operational duct monitoring using AIS signals, bridging a significant gap toward real-time, large-range inversion. The insights from the field validation underscore the value of this approach for engineering practice and outline a clear path for future refinement.","PeriodicalId":12479,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Marine Science","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2026-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147743809","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Subtle response in Arctic coastal benthos to environmental change - a case study from NE Kalaallit Nunaat (Greenland)","authors":"Amalia Keck Al-Habahbeh, Bodil Annikki Bluhm, Raul Primicerio, Mikael Kristian Sejr","doi":"10.3389/fmars.2026.1812238","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2026.1812238","url":null,"abstract":"Climate change is rapidly altering the environment in the Arctic with large implications for marine life. This study presents the first time-series analysis of epibenthic community structure in Young Sound, NE Kalaallit Nunaat (Greenland), aiming to assess the structural and functional changes over time in response to climate-driven environmental change. Using data collected by drop cameras and ROVs at depths of 20m to 60m, from years 2003–2010 and 2021-2022, we evaluated the taxonomic and functional composition of the benthic community. Brittle stars and bivalves were the most common taxa, altogether comprising 95% of total abundances, and they displayed fluctuating temporal trend, with a significant reduction in bivalve abundances in the later years. Dissimilarities in the benthic communities were primarily driven by differences in depth and secondly by the length of the open water period. Longer ice-free period led to an increase in the large and small size classes, short-lived and filter/suspension feeding taxa, which may impact higher trophic levels in the fjord. This shift indicates that ecosystem changes are also occurring in the outflow region of the Arctic, underscoring the vulnerability of Arctic benthic ecosystems to climate change.","PeriodicalId":12479,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Marine Science","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2026-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147743793","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Eddy-induced chlorophyll variability in the Norwegian Sea revealed by Bio-Argo observations","authors":"Nikita Sandalyuk, Eduard Khachatrian","doi":"10.3389/fmars.2026.1677822","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2026.1677822","url":null,"abstract":"Mesoscale eddies play a vital role in shaping marine biogeochemical processes, particularly influencing chlorophyll (Chl) distribution in oceanic systems. Understanding how eddies affect Chl distribution is critical for assessing regional productivity. The presented study focuses on the Norwegian Sea region, which is characterized by the high intensity of mesoscale eddy activity and complex dynamical processes. To study the eddy impact on the Chl distribution in the region of interest, we employed a colocalization method that combines altimetry data with Bio-Argo profiles, allowing us to derive composite Chl structures for both cyclonic (CEs) and anticyclonic (AEs) eddies. Our study provides insights into the subsurface 2D and 3D patterns of eddy-induced Chl distribution, showing that both CEs and AEs can enhance Chl concentration in the Norwegian Sea, with AEs driving greater Chl elevation during the summer months. Our analysis reveals that both eddy types are associated with positive subsurface Chl anomalies, reaching up to 0.5–0.7 mg/m³, with the strongest signals confined to the upper 50 m. While CEs exhibit peak anomalies near 25 m depth, AEs show a more complex dipole-like structure with maxima located both in the core and at the periphery within a depth layer of ∼20–50 m. The obtained results also demonstrated remarkably high concentration of Chl within the Lofoten Vortex. Given the prevalence of mesoscale eddies in the region, these findings suggest their crucial role in the biogeochemical dynamics of the Norwegian Sea.","PeriodicalId":12479,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Marine Science","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2026-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147743790","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}