Forensic Science, Medicine and Pathology最新文献

{"title":"Forensic tissue mechanics of diabetes mellitus-related brain induration.","authors":"Johann Zwirner, Pavithran Devananthan, Natalia Kabaliuk, Paul D Docherty, Benjamin Ondruschka","doi":"10.1007/s12024-026-01336-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12024-026-01336-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Brain induration is a classical autopsy finding historically linked to diabetes mellitus, though its underlying causes and specificity remain debated. Manual palpation to assess tissue stiffness is subjective. This study investigated whether biomechanical testing provides objective diagnostic value to assess tissue stiffness beyond time since death estimation. Brains from 44 adult autopsy cases were examined. Cylindrical samples from six different brain regions underwent oscillatory shear rheometry to determine storage, loss, and complex shear modulus. Cerebrospinal fluid and vitreous humor were analysed for glucose and lactate to calculate Traub sum values, and HbA1c was measured in venous blood when available. Autopsy reports were screened for medical history of diabetes mellitus and reported brain induration. Seven cases of the cohort had a known history of diabetes mellitus. Only one case of a known hyperosmolar hyperglycaemia prior to autopsy (Traub sum 636 mg/dl) was described as showing brain induration during autopsy. A second hyperosmolar hyperglycaemia case (Traub sum 458 mg/dl) also showed extreme stiffness but no reported induration. Both exhibited the lowest brain weights of the investigated cohort (1080 and 1120 g) and ranked among the top three stiffness values across all regions. Rheological stiffness significantly correlated with Traub sum values, but not with brain weight. Other causes of increased stiffness, such as traumatic brain injury with edema, produced high but regionally inconsistent values. Brain induration is associated with hyperosmolar hyperglycaemia rather than diabetes mellitus in general. Rheometry provided a sensitive, objective means to detect brain stiffening, whereas exceptionally stiff brains were not necessarily noted in autopsy reports based on routine manual palpation. KEY POINTS: • Brain stiffness seems to be associated with acute hyperosmolar hyperglycaemia rather than diabetes mellitus per se. • Diabetic cases without biochemical evidence of hyperosmolar hyperglycaemia showed no significant increase in brain stiffness. • Oscillatory shear rheometry provides an objective, quantitative measure of brain stiffness that outperforms manual palpation. • Rheologically measured brain stiffness correlated significantly with Traub sum values across all six examined brain regions. • Hyperosmolar hyperglycaemic cases showed consistently elevated stiffness across all brain regions.</p>","PeriodicalId":12449,"journal":{"name":"Forensic Science, Medicine and Pathology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148720118","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fatal phosphine poisoning after accidental aluminium phosphide exposure: a forensic case report.","authors":"Tijana Gojković, Aleksandra Repić, Suzana Marković, Tijana Petrović","doi":"10.1007/s12024-026-01334-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12024-026-01334-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Aluminium phosphide is a widely used fumigant pesticide that releases phosphine (PH₃), a highly toxic gas responsible for severe and often fatal poisoning. Phosphine intoxication is characterized by rapid clinical deterioration, severe metabolic acidosis, cardiovascular collapse, and multiorgan failure. From a forensic perspective, the diagnosis may be challenging because autopsy findings are frequently nonspecific. We report a fatal case of phosphine poisoning following accidental exposure to aluminium phosphide (Phostoxin) in a 41-year-old electrician. Clinical, biochemical, autopsy, and toxicological findings were analyzed, with particular emphasis on classical qualitative toxicological methods. The patient collapsed at his workplace after entering a recently fumigated storage facility, resulting in accidental inhalation of phosphine gas. Laboratory investigations revealed severe metabolic acidosis (pH 6.81) with markedly elevated lactate concentrations (up to 25 mmol/L), indicating profound mitochondrial dysfunction. Biochemical findings demonstrated rapid progression of multiorgan failure, including severe myocardial injury, hepatic damage, renal failure, and coagulation abnormalities consistent with disseminated intravascular coagulation. Despite intensive treatment, the patient died 37 h after hospital admission. Forensic autopsy revealed nonspecific findings, including organ congestion and edema, while histological examination was limited by extensive postmortem autolysis. Toxicologicalanalysis of postmortem samples confirmed the presence of phosphine using classical qualitative reactions, including the silver nitrate and ammoniummolybdate tests. This case highlights the diagnostic challenges associated with phosphine poisoning and emphasizes the importance of integrating clinical, biochemical, and forensic findings in establishing the cause of death in suspected pesticide exposures. In addition, it underlines the continued relevance of classical toxicological methods as reliable and accessible tools for confirming phosphine exposure.</p>","PeriodicalId":12449,"journal":{"name":"Forensic Science, Medicine and Pathology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148720045","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fatal accidental oxygen insufflation via suprapubic catheter.","authors":"Kunz Sn, Baisch S, Steinhoff Sl","doi":"10.1007/s12024-026-01335-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12024-026-01335-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Medical tubing misconnections represent a severe and often underreported hazard in clinical and home-care settings. While intravenous and enteral feeding misconnections are well-documented, accidental connections between oxygen delivery systems and urinary catheters are exceedingly rare. We present an unusual forensic case of a 65-year-old male with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and lower-body paralysis who accidentally connected his nasal cannula oxygen tubing to his suprapubic bladder catheter following a fall from his bed. The cause of death was determined to be acute respiratory failure secondary to barotrauma-induced tension pneumothorax and tension pneumoperitoneum, exacerbated by pre-existing pulmonary compromise. This case highlights the vital role of combining postmortem CT-scan with traditional autopsy to accurately diagnose complex barotrauma and gas distribution. Furthermore, it underscores the urgent need for standardized, incompatible connector designs (such as the ISO 80369 standards) to prevent fatal mechanical misconnections, especially in patients susceptible to hypoxia-induced cognitive impairment.</p>","PeriodicalId":12449,"journal":{"name":"Forensic Science, Medicine and Pathology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148706089","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Forensic characteristics of hymenal injuries in child sexual abuse: evidence from a large case series in Vietnam.","authors":"Tuan Anh Tran, Truc Thanh Thai, Truc Kim Thi Tran, Nhu Duc Nguyen, Hanh Tuyet Thi Ngo","doi":"10.1007/s12024-026-01320-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12024-026-01320-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Hymenal examination plays an important role in the forensic examination of suspected child sexual abuse. However, interpretation of hymenal findings remains challenging because of anatomical variation and subtle genital injuries, creating the potential for misinterpretation in medico-legal assessments. This study aimed to characterize hymenal morphology, hymenal injuries, and related forensic findings among female child sexual abuse victims in Vietnam and to examine patterns associated with repeated abuse. A retrospective analysis was conducted using forensic examination records of female children under 16 years of age referred for suspected sexual abuse at a specialized medico-legal center. Sociodemographic characteristics, assault-related information, hymenal morphology, and genital and extra-genital injuries were extracted from standardized forensic reports. Cases with diagnostic uncertainty or complex forensic findings were reviewed through expert consultation, and final conclusions were established by consensus within the forensic assessment team. A total of 443 children were included, with a mean age of 13.3 ± 2.6 years. The median interval between the alleged assault and forensic examination was 19 days (IQR: 4-89 days). Repeated sexual abuse accounted for 68.4% of cases. In multivariable analysis, older age (aOR = 1.25, 95% CI: 1.14-1.37), parental divorce (aOR = 1.95, 95% CI: 1.15-3.30), and abuse occurring in private or semi-private settings were independently associated with repeated sexual abuse. The annular hymen was the most frequently observed morphology (60.3%). Overall, 69.3% of cases showed combined hymenal dilatation and tear, followed by tear only (19.6%) and dilatation only (6.3%), while 4.7% had no hymenal injury. Most tears were old (81.7%) and located in the anterior region (65.2%). Additional genital and extra-genital injuries were uncommon. Repeated sexual abuse was common among examined victims. The annular hymen was the most frequently observed morphology, and combined hymenal dilatation and tear was the predominant injury pattern, while other genital and extra-genital injuries were uncommon. While these findings provide additional forensic reference data, no single hymenal morphology or injury pattern should be interpreted as diagnostic of sexual abuse in isolation and findings should be considered within the broader clinical and investigative context.</p>","PeriodicalId":12449,"journal":{"name":"Forensic Science, Medicine and Pathology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148705761","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fumarate hydratase downregulation in myocardial tissue: a potential biomarker for death from mechanical asphyxia.","authors":"Yi Shi, Hongmei Xu, Hanfeng Jiang, Wencan Li, Dongchuan Zhang, Lu Tian, Bi Xiao, Junyi Lin, Yu Shao, Weiyi Zhang, Tianpu Wu, Yue Chen, Weigang Zhang, Xinbiao Liao, Kaijun Ma, Long Chen","doi":"10.1007/s12024-026-01338-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12024-026-01338-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The authentication of death from mechanical asphyxia (DMA) remains a significant challenge in forensic pathology because of the lack of specific biomarkers. The present study identified fumarate hydratase (FH), a key tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle enzyme, as a potential biomarker associated with DMA and investigated its regulatory mechanism in the context of acute severe hypoxia. Western blot analysis of 87 human myocardial samples revealed that FH protein expression was significantly downregulated in DMA cases than in controls (hemorrhagic shock, brain injury, and other causes). These findings were independently validated by immunohistochemistry (IHC) in a separate cohort of 118 human samples. The diagnostic performance of myocardial FH, evaluated by receiver operating characteristic curve analysis, yielded an area under the curve of 0.8561, with 84.38% sensitivity and 70.93% specificity. In vitro experiments using AC16 cardiomyocytes revealed that hypoxia led to decreased FH expression at both the mRNA and protein levels, and this effect was reversed by the N-acetylcysteine antioxidant. FH downregulation resulted in significant accumulation of its substrate, fumarate, in human DMA myocardium, hypoxic cells, and culture medium. This subsequent accumulation of fumarate triggered the activation of the cytoprotective KEAP1-NRF2 pathway, as evidenced by NRF2 nuclear translocation and the upregulation of downstream antioxidant genes. Collectively, the present results support myocardial FH downregulation as a promising adjunctive biomarker associated with DMA and reveal a novel hypoxia-FH-fumarate-NRF2 axis, providing crucial insights into cellular responses to fatal hypoxic injury. KEY POINTS: • FH expression is significantly reduced in myocardial tissue from mechanical asphyxia cases. • FH immunohistochemistry shows potential utility for the postmortem identification of mechanical asphyxia. • Hypoxia-induced FH suppression leads to fumarate accumulation in cardiomyocytes. • Fumarate accumulation activates the KEAP1-NRF2 antioxidant pathway.</p>","PeriodicalId":12449,"journal":{"name":"Forensic Science, Medicine and Pathology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148705914","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Computed tomography as a tool in the analysis of dentomaxillofacial characteristics for human identification: A bibliometric analysis of the most cited publications.","authors":"Itamar Júnio Vilhena Storck, Luiz Renato Paranhos, Gabriel Phelipe de Paula Santos, Danilo Cassiano Ferraz, Débora Duarte Moreira, Walbert de Andrade Vieira, Ademir Franco","doi":"10.1007/s12024-026-01323-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12024-026-01323-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Computed tomography has become an important tool in human identification, supporting comparative and reconstructive approaches. This study aimed to analyze the scientific literature on the use of computed tomography in human identification, focusing on publication trends, collaboration networks, and key themes to understand the field's evolution. A bibliometric review was conducted following the Guideline for Reporting Bibliometric Reviews of the Biomedical Literature (BIBLIO). An electronic search was conducted in the Web of Science Core Collection. Records were ranked by citation count, and the most-cited articles were screened. Extracted data comprised authorship, country, publication year, journal, impact factor, study design, institution, keywords, citations, and research topic. Reviewer agreement was assessed with the Kappa coefficient (κ ≥ 0.81). Bibliometric analyses were performed in Power BI, and Spearman's correlation was used to test associations between citation counts, journal impact factor, and year of publication. Scientific production increased from 2015 onwards. Most studies were observational, concentrating on age and sex estimation. A methodological shift was observed with the progressive introduction of artificial intelligence. Japan had the highest citation impact. Gifu University showed the highest citations per article, and Unicamp was the most productive institution. No significant association was identified between impact factor and citations. The results confirmed computed tomography as a strategic tool in forensic sciences, especially when combined with artificial intelligence. This study offers insights into the interface between radiology and forensics and paves the way for expanding the applicability of image-based human identification.</p>","PeriodicalId":12449,"journal":{"name":"Forensic Science, Medicine and Pathology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148677804","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Claw-like hand postures mimicking cadaveric spasm: a possible role for terminal neuromuscular activity.","authors":"Pawan Mittal, Michael Bohnert, Gaurav Sharma","doi":"10.1007/s12024-026-01333-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12024-026-01333-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Instantaneous rigor, historically referred to as cadaveric spasm, remains a controversial concept in forensic pathology with divergent interpretations. Despite skepticism regarding its status as a distinct entity, apparent immediate postmortem fixation-particularly of the hands-continues to be reported. We describe a witnessed suicidal railway fatality in a 38-year-old female who exhibited unusual limb postures suggestive of instantaneous rigor. Detailed scene reconstruction and autopsy revealed heterogeneous limb positioning: some postures were attributable to biomechanical support, whereas others, particularly involving the hands, were not readily explained by environmental factors, object retention, or conventional postmortem changes. These findings may be better interpreted as reflecting terminal neuromuscular activity during a brief agonal phase, followed by stabilization of the resulting posture by early rigor mortis. A comparable suicidal hanging case demonstrated similar hand postures, providing additional observational support for this proposed interpretation. Overall, these observations are consistent with a hypothesis that apparent instantaneous fixation may represent a continuum of terminal neuromuscular phenomena rather than a distinct postmortem entity. Careful correlation of scene findings with autopsy features remains essential when interpreting such unusual postmortem postures. Although these observations are hypothesis-generating, they highlight the importance of distinguishing terminal agonal neuromuscular activity from postures traditionally attributed to cadaveric spasm during medico-legal interpretation.</p>","PeriodicalId":12449,"journal":{"name":"Forensic Science, Medicine and Pathology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148677794","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Death by lion (Panthera leo): injury patterns and forensic perspectives of large feline attacks.","authors":"Richard Sivulič, Martin Janík, Jaroslav Ivan, Lívia Jančiová, Petr Hejna, Ľubomír Straka","doi":"10.1007/s12024-026-01332-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12024-026-01332-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Fatalities resulting from large felid attacks represent a rare subset of injuries in autopsy practice and are rarely documented in the medico-legal literature. Here, we present the case of a 67-year-old man who was fatally injured and extensively devoured by a captive African lion. An autopsy revealed multiple vital bite wounds to the head and neck with severance of the major neck vessels and the cervical spine. In addition, there was extensive postmortem damage, with defleshing injuries and bite marks to the lower extremities and multiple claw marks to the abdomen and back. The vitality of the wounds clearly decreased in the head-to-toe direction. Injury patterns inflicted by large felids on humans mirror their natural predatory behavior, with fatal bites typically targeting the cranio-cervical region. Unlike other large felids, lions may engage in postmortem consumption of human remains, an important feature for forensic considerations. Despite habituation to humans, captive large felids retain their predatory instincts, which may be triggered during feeding and play or by sudden movements. Given the rarity of such cases, this report provides additional insights into investigative strategies, mechanisms of attack, and injury morphology within this largely unexplored area of fatal large feline-to-human confrontation. In addition, this article consolidates the available literature on fatal and nonfatal large feline attacks on humans and highlights relevant medico-legal features for forensic professionals.</p>","PeriodicalId":12449,"journal":{"name":"Forensic Science, Medicine and Pathology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148668944","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"New trends in the overdose epidemic: postural impact on abusers of fentanyl and xylazine and clinical and forensic implications.","authors":"Manuela Luís Oliveira da Silva, Joana Barbosa, Ricardo Jorge Dinis-Oliveira","doi":"10.1007/s12024-026-01331-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12024-026-01331-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The illegal drug trade has changed dangerously since xylazine, a veterinary α2 adrenergic agonist, has become a common additive in illegally made fentanyl, creating the \"tranq dope\" mix. Together, they cause a synergistic central nervous system and respiratory depression that is more severe than that observed with opioid toxicity alone. This raises important questions about awareness, stigma, and clinicians' responses. A scoping review was performed in accordance with PRISMA-ScR guidelines, utilizing a PCC-structured research question. Studies examining fentanyl and/or xylazine exposure with clinically or toxicologically significant data were searched in PubMed and ScienceDirect. 38 studies were included, most from North America, including case reports, retrospective studies, narrative reviews, animal studies, qualitative research, and toxicological analyses. Co-exposure to fentanyl and xylazine has been linked to severe necrotic cutaneous ulcers, unique postural phenomena like the forward-flexed \"fentanyl fold,\" acute muscle rigidity, including Wooden Chest Syndrome, and synergistic respiratory depression. Naloxone reverses the opioid component but does not counteract the sedative effects of xylazine, making overdose management more difficult and necessitating multimodal strategies like wound care, oxygenation support, and increased drug-checking services. Exposure to fentanyl-xylazine calls into question established models of opioid overdose and necessitates coordinated clinical and public health interventions. To combat this rapidly evolving threat, stigma must be reduced, harm reduction infrastructure expanded, and prospective research funded.</p>","PeriodicalId":12449,"journal":{"name":"Forensic Science, Medicine and Pathology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-08-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148663633","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Applicability of trichoscopy in forensic medicine.","authors":"Michelle Lise, Carlos Durão","doi":"10.1007/s12024-026-01328-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12024-026-01328-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Hair is a resilient forensic element capable of preserving morphological and biochemical information and may provide relevant evidence in cases of mechanical violence involving forcible traction or avulsion. This report describes the application of trichoscopy as a complementary tool in forensic medicine for the evaluation and documentation of traumatic hair-pulling injuries. A 66-year-old woman underwent forensic medical examination after reporting a single episode of hair traction injury resulting from interpersonal violence. Clinical assessment was performed, followed by trichoscopic examination of the affected scalp area to document hair shaft and follicular alterations. Trichoscopy revealed short terminal hairs of varying lengths, black dots, yellow dots, and the presence of vellus hairs. Petechial haemorrhages were not observed, probably due to the four-week interval between the traumatic event and forensic examination. The findings were compatible with post-traumatic alopecia after forcible traction. This case suggests that trichoscopy may represent a useful, painless, non-invasive, and reproducible complementary method for the objective documentation of traumatic scalp injuries, allowing digital image recording and highlighting its potential role as an auxiliary tool in forensic medicine.</p>","PeriodicalId":12449,"journal":{"name":"Forensic Science, Medicine and Pathology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148629903","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}