Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology最新文献

{"title":"The value of fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) promoter methylation in the repair and regeneration during the course of chronic hepatitis B.","authors":"Xue Li, Ying Zhang, Jihui Li, Tong Zhao, YuChen Fan, Shuai Gao, Kai Wang","doi":"10.3389/fcell.2025.1643250","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fcell.2025.1643250","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection continues to pose a significant threat to global public health. The capacity for liver repair and regeneration plays a critical role in maintaining liver homeostasis during HBV infection. This study investigates the impact of FGF21 promoter methylation on liver repair and regeneration in chronic HBV infection.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A total of 216 patients with chronic hepatitis B admitted to the Department of Hepatology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University from October 2023 to October 2024, along with 15 healthy controls, were included in this study. FGF21 promoter methylation levels in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were assessed using Methlight. Group comparisons were conducted using the Kruskal-Wallis Test, while Spearman correlation analysis was employed to examine the relationship between FGF21 promoter methylation levels and liver injury, repair, and regeneration in chronic HBV patients.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The methylation level of the FGF21 promoter in HBeAg(+) CHB patients was significantly lower compared to HBeAg(-) CHB patients and healthy controls. Additionally, HBeAg(+) CHB patients exhibited significantly higher viral loads and more severe liver damage than HBeAg(-) CHB patients. Spearman correlation analysis revealed that the methylation level of the FGF21 promoter in CHB patients was positively correlated with liver repair and regeneration capacity.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The methylation level of FGF21 serves as an important biomarker for evaluating liver repair and regeneration ability in patients with HBV. It is closely associated with the extent of liver injury and viral load.</p>","PeriodicalId":12448,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology","volume":"13 ","pages":"1643250"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12479408/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145206029","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The next frontier in lung development and regeneration research: harnessing iPSC models to illuminate notch signaling pathways.","authors":"Yuetong Song, Sha Yang, Timothy Lam, Henry T Quach, Jielin Yang, Rasha Salih, Amy P Wong","doi":"10.3389/fcell.2025.1672074","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fcell.2025.1672074","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The respiratory system relies on a diverse repertoire of epithelial cell types to ensure efficient air conduction and gas exchange. This cellular heterogeneity arises through tightly coordinated intercellular signaling events that extend from embryonic development into the postnatal period. Among the key regulatory pathways, Notch signaling plays an integral role in guiding cell fate determination, proliferation, and differentiation. It is indispensable for the proper formation, maintenance, and repair of the airway epithelium. This review examines the broad influence of Notch signaling on mammalian airway epithelial biology and highlights unresolved questions-particularly those specific to human lung development-where human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived models offer promising tools to bridge existing knowledge gaps.</p>","PeriodicalId":12448,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology","volume":"13 ","pages":"1672074"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12477140/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145198947","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mitochondrial fission process 1 protein: a comprehensive review of its core roles in mitochondrial dynamics, disease, and therapeutic targets.","authors":"Qingzhi Ran, Chen Gao, Chunrong Xiang, Xuanhui He, Yongkang Zhang, Yin Zhang, Hengwen Chen","doi":"10.3389/fcell.2025.1646072","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fcell.2025.1646072","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Mitochondrial fission process 1 (MTFP1) has emerged as a central regulator of mitochondrial dynamics, playing indispensable roles in maintaining organellar integrity, bioenergetic homeostasis, and stress adaptation - particularly in high-energy-demand tissues such as cardiac and skeletal muscle. Mounting evidence implicates MTFP1 dysfunction in the pathogenesis of diverse diseases including cardiovascular disorders, myopathies, and cancer. Beyond its canonical role in mediating mitochondrial fusion-fission balance, recent studies have unveiled MTFP1's multifaceted involvement in calcium signaling modulation, ROS metabolism, and mitochondria-ER communication networks, substantially expanding its functional repertoire in cellular physiology. The protein's pleiotropic effects stem from its ability to integrate metabolic status with organelle dynamics and quality control mechanisms. Particularly noteworthy is MTFP1's cell-type-specific regulation of the ROS-calcium axis, which appears critical for its differential impacts in disease states. These discoveries position MTFP1 as both a mechanistic linchpin connecting mitochondrial dynamics to cellular homeostasis and a promising but challenging therapeutic target requiring precise contextual modulation. Current research frontiers focus on elucidating tissue-specific regulatory mechanisms of MTFP1 activity, developing microenvironment-sensitive targeting strategies, and exploring its potential as a biomarker for mitochondrial dysfunction-related pathologies. This evolving understanding of MTFP1's integrative functions opens new avenues for developing precision therapies targeting mitochondrial dynamics in energy-metabolism-linked diseases.</p>","PeriodicalId":12448,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology","volume":"13 ","pages":"1646072"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12477198/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145198960","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"<i>In vitro</i> and <i>in vivo</i> osteogenesis of rat adipose-derived stem cells combined with calcium alginate gel scaffold induced by calcitonin gene-related peptide.","authors":"Changzhi Huang, Xiaofeng Liu, Liang Lin, Shimin Zhang, Nanyi Xu, Xiaoyong Wang, Jiuzao Lin","doi":"10.3389/fcell.2025.1669459","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fcell.2025.1669459","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Backgroud: </strong>Bone defect repair is clinically challenging due to the limitations of traditional treatments. Tissue engineering holds great potential for constructing bone substitutes. This study evaluates the osteogenic capability of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)-induced rat adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) combined with calcium alginate (CaAlg) scaffolds both <i>in vitro</i> and <i>in vivo</i>.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>ADSCs were isolated from rat inguinal fat pads, cultured, and characterized at passage 3. For <i>in vitro</i> experiments, cells were grouped and assessed over time using the CCK-8 assay for proliferation, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity assays, ALP staining, alizarin red staining (ARS), RT-PCR, and Western blotting for osteogenesis-related gene and protein expression. For <i>in vivo</i> experiments, constructs were evaluated after 12 weeks using X-ray, micro-CT, gross observation, and H&E staining.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>ADSCs had clear surface antigen characteristics and displayed an \"S\"-shaped proliferation curve post-osteogenic induction. <i>In vitro</i>, CGRP and CaAlg scaffolds synergistically enhanced ADSC osteogenic differentiation, with higher early ALP activity and late-stage mineralization in the CGRP-ADSCs-CaAlg group. Additionally, osteogenesis-related gene and protein expressions were upregulated in CGRP-induced and scaffold-combined groups. <i>In vivo</i>, bone formation was observed in both ADSCs-CaAlg and CGRP-ADSCs-CaAlg groups, but not in the control group.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>These findings indicate that CGRP can induce ADSCs combined with CaAlg scaffolds to form tissue-engineered bone <i>in vivo</i>, with CGRP and CaAlg scaffolds showing a synergistic effect on promoting ADSC osteogenic differentiation.</p>","PeriodicalId":12448,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology","volume":"13 ","pages":"1669459"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12463825/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145185049","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Periostin-integrin signaling in hepatocellular carcinoma: from biological function to clinical application.","authors":"Jun Lei, Yong Liu, Shuai Yuan, Xiaxia Yuan, Qi Yuan","doi":"10.3389/fcell.2025.1520739","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fcell.2025.1520739","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the third leading cause of cancer death worldwide and the most common primary tumor. Periostin (POSTN) is located in the extracellular matrix (ECM) and triggers tumor growth signals by binding to integrin receptors. The interaction of highly expressed POSTN with cell surface receptor integrins regulates intracellular signaling pathways and promotes HCC progression. In this review, the structure and isoforms of POSTN will be summarized, and the relationship between POSTN-integrin signaling and the diagnosis and prognosis of HCC patients, tumor cell proliferation and metastasis, immune escape, cancer stem cells and angiogenesis will be reviewed. The interaction between POSTN-integrin and the key signaling pathways of HCC and its mechanism in disease progression were emphasized, and the potential value of this signaling axis as a therapeutic target for HCC was explored, providing a theoretical basis for in-depth understanding of the pathophysiological process of HCC and the development of new therapeutic strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":12448,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology","volume":"13 ","pages":"1520739"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12463895/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145185059","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Diagnostic performance and generalizability of deep learning for multiple retinal diseases using bimodal imaging of fundus photography and optical coherence tomography.","authors":"Xingwang Gu, Yang Zhou, Jianchun Zhao, Hongzhe Zhang, Xinlei Pan, Bing Li, Bilei Zhang, Yuelin Wang, Song Xia, Hailan Lin, Jie Wang, Dayong Ding, Xirong Li, Shan Wu, Jingyuan Yang, Youxin Chen","doi":"10.3389/fcell.2025.1665173","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fcell.2025.1665173","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To develop and evaluate deep learning (DL) models for detecting multiple retinal diseases using bimodal imaging of color fundus photography (CFP) and optical coherence tomography (OCT), assessing diagnostic performance and generalizability.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This cross-sectional study utilized 1445 CFP-OCT pairs from 1,029 patients across three hospitals. Five bimodal models developed, and the model with best performance (Fusion-MIL) was tested and compared with CFP-MIL and OCT-MIL. Models were trained on 710 pairs (Maestro device), validated on 241, and tested on 255 (dataset 1). Additional tests used different devices and scanning patterns: 88 pairs (dataset 2, DRI-OCT), 91 (dataset 3, DRI-OCT), 60 (dataset 4, Visucam/VG200 OCT). Seven retinal conditions, including normal, diabetic retinopathy, dry and wet age-related macular degeneration, pathologic myopia (PM), epiretinal membran, and macular edema, were assessed. PM ATN (atrophy, traction, neovascularization) classification was trained and tested on another 1,184 pairs. Area under receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) was calculated to evaluated the performance.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Fusion-MIL achieved mean AUC 0.985 (95% CI 0.971-0.999) in dataset 2, outperforming CFP-MIL (0.876, <i>P</i> < 0.001) and OCT-MIL (0.982, <i>P</i> = 0.337), as well as in dataset 3 (0.978 vs. 0.913, <i>P</i> < 0.001 and 0.962, <i>P</i> = 0.025) and dataset 4 (0.962 vs. 0.962, <i>P</i> < 0.001 and 0.962, <i>P</i> = 0.079). Fusion-MIL also achieved superior accuracy. In ATN classification, AUC ranges 0.902-0.997 for atrophy, 0.869-0.982 for traction, and 0.742-0.976 for neovascularization.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Bimodal Fusion-MIL improved diagnosis over single-modal models, showing strong generalizability across devices and detailed grading ability, valuable for various scenarios.</p>","PeriodicalId":12448,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology","volume":"13 ","pages":"1665173"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12460420/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145185074","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"<i>In vitro</i> culture of olfactory epithelial cells from <i>Megalobrama amblycephala</i> and their response to amino acid mixtures and prostaglandin F_2α.","authors":"Suhua Guan, Xin Huang, Dongmei Zhu, Zexia Gao, Han Liu","doi":"10.3389/fcell.2025.1587151","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fcell.2025.1587151","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Olfaction is essential for the survival and reproduction of fish, as it facilitates foraging, food localization, mate selection, and breeding. The <i>in vitro</i> cultured olfactory epithelial cells will provide an important resource for research on how fish use olfaction to detect odor molecules in their environment. In this study, olfactory epithelial cells from <i>Megalobrama amblycephala</i> were cultured <i>in vitro</i> to investigate their responses to various odors, amino acids, and prostaglandin F_2α (PGF_2α). Initially, the olfactory epithelial cells were cultured <i>in vitro</i> using the explant method and collagenase digestion technique. Based on observations of <i>in vitro</i> growth characteristics, collagenase digestion demonstrated superior growth stability and morphological features of ciliated neurons. The presence of olfactory neurospheres was identified through scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Immunofluorescence analysis revealed that most of the cells cultured were labeled with NEUN antibody. Additionally, the expression of olfactory receptors (<i>ORs</i>) was detected in the <i>in vitro</i> cultured olfactory epithelial cells using fluorescence <i>in situ</i> hybridization (FISH) and reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR). Stimulation with amino acids mixture and PGF_2α significantly increased the number of olfactory epithelial cells labeled with pERK. RNA-seq analysis revealed that 1,276 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified following PGF_2α stimulation, with pathways related to olfaction and reproduction being significantly enriched. Collectively, this study successfully established an <i>in vitro</i> model of the olfactory epithelium cells in <i>M. amblycephala</i> and preliminarily investigated its response to odorant molecules, providing a valuable platform for research on fish olfactory function.</p>","PeriodicalId":12448,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology","volume":"13 ","pages":"1587151"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12460313/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145185028","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Novelties and limitations of tissue-engineered materials in treating traumatic nerve injuries: a mini review.","authors":"Stefanie Deininger, Andreas Knoll, Nadja Grübel, Andrej Pala, Ralph König, Christian Rainer Wirtz, Maria Teresa Pedro","doi":"10.3389/fcell.2025.1603678","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fcell.2025.1603678","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Peripheral nerve injuries remain challenging due to the limited regenerative capacity over long distances and the complexity of repair mechanisms. While autologous nerve grafts are the clinical gold standard, their use is restricted by donor-site morbidity and tissue availability. Tissue-engineered materials such as nerve guidance conduits (NGCs), hydrogels, and bioactive scaffolds offer alternative solutions by providing structural support and delivering trophic, immunomodulatory, or electrical cues. This mini-review categorizes these materials by their functional properties, including drug delivery, cell integration, and electroactivity, and critically assesses their preclinical performance and translational limitations. Natural materials such as collagen and chitosan exhibit good biocompatibility but limited mechanical stability and variability. Synthetic polymers and electroactive materials allow for customization and controlled stimulation but often provoke immune responses or degrade into harmful byproducts. Advanced drug-delivery systems using hydrogels and microspheres enable targeted factor release, yet reproducibility and kinetics remain critical barriers. Cell-integrated constructs, including Schwann cell-like cells and engineered neural tissue, offer high regenerative potential but face challenges in scalability, regulatory classification, and manufacturing. Importantly, many preclinical studies do not benchmark against autografts or address neuroma formation, fibrosis, and delayed regeneration-key issues in human lesions. A summary of preclinical constructs and translational barriers is provided to highlight recurring obstacles such as immune incompatibility, insufficient vascular integration, and regulatory hurdles. Future research must refine model systems, align regulatory strategies, and enhance construct functionality to enable effective clinical translation.</p>","PeriodicalId":12448,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology","volume":"13 ","pages":"1603678"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12460357/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145185106","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correction: Editorial: Survival strategies: cellular responses to stress and damage.","authors":"Bhawana Bissa, Aurore Claude-Taupin, Pavel Ivanov, Jingyue Jia, Jing Pu","doi":"10.3389/fcell.2025.1665855","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fcell.2025.1665855","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2025.1630652.].</p>","PeriodicalId":12448,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology","volume":"13 ","pages":"1665855"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12461065/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145185089","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reflecting on chiral chimeric cancer and microbes: ambidextrous metabolism-the real danger?","authors":"Chika Edward Uzoigwe","doi":"10.3389/fcell.2025.1586481","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fcell.2025.1586481","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The advent of genetic technologies requires consideration of neo-microbes. Attention must first be given to mirror life-forms that exhibit chirality discordant to that prevalent in nature. It is important to understand the merits and challenges faced by \"contra-lateralized\" organisms. The hypothesis here is that such organisms would suffer almost insuperable disadvantages. Their energy transduction mechanisms would result in ATP hydrolysis. They would be vulnerable to both innate achiral and acquired bi-chiral host immunity, but their defense and virulence mechanisms would exhibit heterodox chirality and thus be ineffectual. They would be savagely out-competed by commensals. It is hypothesized that the greatest utility and threat is from \"ambidextrous\" species that exhibit chiral chimerism/chiral duality. Different functions would be executed by effectors of varying chirality which may be inducible or facultative. Such microbiota would show predominantly conventional biochemical \"lateralization\". However, few strategic functions would exhibit non-conformative chirality. One of the most significant dangers and potential benefits is the sheer unpredictability of the host response to counter-chiral antigens/molecules. Some synthetic enantiomers are an order of magnitude more active than their stereoisomer. Exceptional hazards thus lie in chiral chimeras that may elicit a hyper-exuberant immune reaction and shield themselves from that immune response by deploying a \"cloaking\" device in the form of a contra-chiral cell wall. As proof of this principle, cancer, which frequently overwhelms hosts, shows biochemical ambidexterity with bio-affinity for both L-glucose and D-glucose uptake and potentially also exploits D-amino acids for protein synthesis. Intriguingly, organisms of varying sophistication exhibit varying degrees of chiral duality. Hetero-chiral D-alanine and L-galactose derivates (fucose) and conjugate enzymes, for example, are bio-molecular protagonists. Extreme caution is required with such stereo-diverse agents, especially given that their chiral plasticity would be transmissible via plasmids or recombination, unlike obligate \"mirror\" species. However, effective regulation is fraught with obstacles as non-canonical chiral and bi-chiral enzymes and molecules already exist in nature, serving roles germane to species' survival. The fundamental question is whether there is a need for a critical threshold for the heterochiral metabolic enrichment of organisms beyond which a tangible hazard subsists.</p>","PeriodicalId":12448,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology","volume":"13 ","pages":"1586481"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12460432/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145185026","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}