Frontiers in Endocrinology最新文献

{"title":"The pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of chronic endometritis: a comprehensive review.","authors":"Xinyang Yan, Jiao Jiao, Xiuxia Wang","doi":"10.3389/fendo.2025.1603570","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fendo.2025.1603570","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Chronic endometritis (CE) is a subtle but persistent inflammatory disorder of the endometrium that is often underdiagnosed due to its asymptomatic or non-specific presentation. The etiology of CE primarily involves microbial infections and immune dysregulation, often accompanied by microbial dysbiosis. Diagnosis relies on histopathological examination, especially the identification of stromal plasma cells, alongside hysteroscopic findings and microbiological testing, though standardization remains lacking. Mechanistically, CE-induced infertility stems from altered immune cell profiles, impaired endometrial receptivity, aberrant decidualization, dysbiosis of the endometrial microbiota, and abnormal uterine peristalsis. Aberrant gene expression and hormone receptor dysregulation further disrupt the implantation window. This review summarizes current understanding of the diagnostic criteria, pathogenic mechanisms, and therapeutic strategies for CE, emphasizing its crucial role in infertility and the need for standardized clinical management.</p>","PeriodicalId":12447,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Endocrinology","volume":"16 ","pages":"1603570"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12197937/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144505294","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Identification of stable reference genes and differential miRNA expression in Sri Lankan type 2 diabetes mellitus patients: a cross-sectional study.","authors":"Palihaderu Arachchige Dineth Supasan Palihaderu, Balapuwaduge Isuru Layan Madusanka Mendis, Jayasekara Mudiyanselage Krishanthi Jayarukshi Kumari Premarathne, Wajjakkara Kankanamlage Ruwin Dias, Swee Keong Yeap, Wan Yong Ho, Arosha Sampath Dissanayake, Iyanthimala Harshini Rajapakse, Panduka Karunanayake, Upul Senarath, Dilan Amila Satharasinghe","doi":"10.3389/fendo.2025.1554827","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fendo.2025.1554827","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Type 2 Diabetes mellitus is a major global health concern. MicroRNA plays an important role in regulating pancreatic beta cells as well as peripheral insulin signaling. This study aimed to identify reference microRNA s in type 2 Diabetes mellitus plasma and validate two target microRNAs among a Sri Lankan population with type 2 diabetes mellitus.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This is a cross-sectional experiment. A total of fifty-three (N = 53) non-hemolyzed plasma samples from individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus were selected to evaluate stability, in comparison to thirty-eight (N = 38) normoglycemic non-hemolyzed plasma samples. Initially, the stability of four candidate reference microRNAs (hsa-miR-16-5p, hsa-miR-425-5p, hsa-miR-191-5p, and hsa-miR-22-5p) was assessed. Stability was analyzed using the geNorm and BestKeeper algorithms. The relative expression changes of hsa-miR-29a-3p and hsa-miR-375-3p in the plasma of the same samples were evaluated using the validated reference microRNAs. The selected regulatory microRNAs were directly linked with type 2 diabetes mellitus pathogenesis and proved to be upregulated in type 2 diabetes mellitus plasma and serum.</p><p><strong>Results and discussion: </strong>The expressions of miR-16-5p and miR-191-5p were not stable between the two groups, miR-22-5p and miR-425-5p levels were found to be stable. A significant upregulation of hsa-miR-29a-3p and hsa-miR-375-3p was observed in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients compared to normoglycemic individuals (p ≤ 0.05). This was the first study to claim hsa-miR-425-5p and hsa-miR-22-5p as stably expressed reference microRNAs in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. Sri Lankan type 2 diabetic patients also had increased hsa-miR-29a-3p and hsa-miR-375-3p levels. However, large and well-matched sample studies were suggested to ensure that these microRNAs can be used as type 2 diabetes diagnostic markers in Sri Lanka.</p>","PeriodicalId":12447,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Endocrinology","volume":"16 ","pages":"1554827"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12197912/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144505317","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Management of patients with acromegaly in clinical practice in the gulf countries: a Delphi consensus survey.","authors":"Mussa H Almalki, Tarik Elhadd, Khaled M AlDahmani, Aishah Ekhzaimy, Abdullah Alqanaei, Hasan Frookh, Arwa Alyamani, Osamah Hakami, Zeinab Dabbous, Zaina Rohani, Wael Almistehi, Hazem Aljumah, Abdulla Alfutaisi, Alaaeldin Bashier, Moeber Mahzari","doi":"10.3389/fendo.2025.1593959","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fendo.2025.1593959","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Acromegaly management practices in the Gulf region lack standardized guidelines, leading to variability in care. This study aimed to establish evidence-based regional consensus recommendations to address clinical challenges and align management with local healthcare resources.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A three-round Delphi consensus survey was conducted among 15 endocrinology experts from six Gulf countries. Forty-six statements across six domains-primary treatment, pre-surgery treatment with somatostatin analogs (SSAs), second-line therapy, radiotherapy, post-surgery follow-up, and long-term management-were evaluated. Consensus was predefined as ≥66.8% agreement.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Strong consensus was achieved on surgical resection as first-line therapy for eligible patients (100% agreement), with referrals to multidisciplinary centers emphasized (93.8%). Preoperative SSAs were endorsed to reduce surgical/anesthesia risks in high-risk patients (93.8%). For second-line management, watchful waiting for asymptomatic patients with mildly elevated insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) (93.8%) and combination therapy (where feasible) were supported. Radiotherapy received unanimous agreement for specific cases. Structured post-surgical follow-up protocols, including biochemical testing timelines and remission criteria, were established. Long-term monitoring emphasized individualized risk assessment.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>These guidelines provide a regionally tailored framework for acromegaly management, prioritizing surgery as the cornerstone of treatment while integrating adjuvant therapies and follow-up strategies aligned with Gulf healthcare infrastructures. The consensus reflects pragmatic adaptations to resource availability, such as endorsing watchful waiting in specific contexts. While acknowledging limitations such as potential expert bias, these consensus guidelines provide a framework for standardizing acromegaly care across the Gulf countries, with emphasis on surgical intervention as the cornerstone of treatment while recognizing the importance of adjunctive therapies.</p>","PeriodicalId":12447,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Endocrinology","volume":"16 ","pages":"1593959"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12197916/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144505318","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"T3 and T4 autoantibodies: emerging biomarkers for evaluating thyroid disorders.","authors":"Jiameng Liu, Chaoming Mao, Xueqian Mao, Xi Wang, Tingting Zheng, Liyang Dong, Yufei Mao","doi":"10.3389/fendo.2025.1537222","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fendo.2025.1537222","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction and objectives: </strong>The clinical significance of thyroid hormone autoantibodies, specifically triiodothyronine autoantibodies (T3-Ab) and thyroxine autoantibodies (T4-Ab), is not well understood due to current detection method limitations. This study investigated the clinical utility of T3-Ab and T4-Ab as biomarkers for thyroid function by developing a Magnetic Chemiluminescent Immunoassay (MCLIA) kit.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A chemiluminescent immunoassay kit was developed using magnetic nanomicroparticles conjugated with T3 or T4 antigens. An indirect detection approach (magnetic microparticle antigen-target antibody-anti-human IgG antibody) was employed. Reference ranges were established using 415 serum samples from healthy individuals. Additionally, serum samples from 1,654 patients with various diseases were analyzed for T3-Ab and T4-Ab distribution levels and positive rates. Mass spectrometry and recovery experiments assessed potential interference of T3-Ab and T4-Ab with thyroid hormone detection.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The validation process confirmed the efficacy of the MCLIA kit in detecting serum T3-Ab and T4-Ab. The reference ranges for both antibodies were set at ≤ 1.0 AU/mL and showed no significant correlations with other thyroid markers, including FT3, FT4, TSH, TG, TG-Ab, TPO-Ab, or TR-Ab. Notably, T3-Ab and T4-Ab levels interfered with FT3 and FT4 detection, especially in competitive chemiluminescent immunoassays. Elevated levels of T3-Ab and T4-Ab were found in patients undergoing immune checkpoint blockade therapy.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This study presents the first MCLIA kit for detecting T3-Ab and T4-Ab in human serum, revealing their potential as thyroid disorder biomarkers, particularly in cancer patients undergoing immune checkpoint blockade therapy, where they interfere with thyroid hormone measurements.</p>","PeriodicalId":12447,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Endocrinology","volume":"16 ","pages":"1537222"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12197961/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144505293","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Secretion of placental peptide hormones: functions and trafficking.","authors":"Sadia M Ahmadi, Maira L Perez, Carlos M Guardia","doi":"10.3389/fendo.2025.1584303","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fendo.2025.1584303","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The placenta is a dynamic endocrine organ that plays a crucial role in fetal development by secreting a diverse array of peptide hormones that regulate maternal and fetal physiology. These hormones, including human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), human placental lactogen (hPL), and placental growth hormone (hPGH), among others, are essential for pregnancy maintenance, fetal growth, and metabolic adaptation. Dysregulation of the secretory machinery and the levels of these hormones in circulation is associated with a myriad of pregnancy-related disorders. Despite their significance, the mechanisms governing their intracellular trafficking and secretion remain incompletely understood. This review synthesizes current knowledge on the secretion pathways of placental hormones, highlighting the interplay between constitutive and regulated secretion, and the challenges in defining these mechanisms due to the unique structure of the syncytiotrophoblast. We also discuss how emerging technologies, such as 2D and 3D placental models and advanced protein trafficking assays, can provide deeper insights into the regulation of placental hormone secretion. Understanding these processes will not only enhance our knowledge of placental biology but also provide new avenues for diagnosing and treating pregnancy-related disorders.</p>","PeriodicalId":12447,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Endocrinology","volume":"16 ","pages":"1584303"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12197938/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144505322","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A myostatin inhibitory antibody combined with insulin, partially rescues the musculoskeletal phenotype of female insulin-deficient diabetic mice.","authors":"R Clay Bunn, Reuben Adatorwovor, Philip D Ray, Alexander R Keeble, Christopher S Fry, Sasidhar Uppuganti, Jeffry S Nyman, John L Fowlkes, Evangelia Kalaitzoglou","doi":"10.3389/fendo.2025.1558740","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fendo.2025.1558740","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Type 1 diabetes is associated with deficits in both skeletal muscle and bone. Inhibition of myostatin, a negative regulator of muscle mass, was explored as a druggable target to improve the musculoskeletal phenotype associated with insulin-deficient diabetes in female mice.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We investigated whether administration of an inhibitory myostatin antibody (MyoAb) in streptozotocin-induced diabetes in female mice is protective for skeletal muscle and bone. DBA/2J female mice were injected with low-dose streptozotocin or with citrate buffer (vehicle). Subsequently, mice were implanted with insulin-containing or vehicle pellets, with groups being randomized to myostatin or control antibody for 8 weeks. At study end, body composition and <i>in vivo</i> contractile muscle function were assessed, systemic myostatin and glycated hemoglobin were quantified, gastrocnemii were weighed and analyzed for fiber type composition, and femur microarchitecture and biomechanical properties were analyzed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Glycated hemoglobin was significantly higher in diabetic mice compared to non-diabetic mice and diabetic mice treated with insulin. In diabetic mice, the combination of insulin and MyoAb resulted in higher lean mass, higher average gastrocnemius weight and larger muscle fiber size (Type IIB, IIX and hybrid fibers) compared to no treatment. <i>In vivo</i> contractile muscle function testing showed that insulin increased muscle torque in diabetic mice, however there was no effect of the MyoAb. Lastly, microarchitecture analysis of the distal femur showed improvement in some, but not all trabecular bone properties, in mice treated with insulin alone or together with MyoAb. Specifically, trabecular thickness and trabecular bone volume fraction were higher with combination treatment compared to insulin treatment alone.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Myostatin inhibition when used in conjunction with insulin treatment improves muscle mass and trabecular bone properties in a mouse model of insulin-deficient diabetes in female mice.</p>","PeriodicalId":12447,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Endocrinology","volume":"16 ","pages":"1558740"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12198561/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144505351","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The effect of acupuncture on blood glucose control in patients with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.","authors":"Yuqi Si, Jiayao Chen, Lizhu Chen, Yan Zheng, Yixuan Qiu, Beibei Wang, Yiwen Liang, Yubo Zhang, Yaling Chen","doi":"10.3389/fendo.2025.1596062","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fendo.2025.1596062","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>This meta-analysis aimed to ascertain the effectiveness of acupuncture in treating clinical symptoms of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and to summarize the acupoints and meridians involved.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, Embase, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), and Wanfang were thoroughly retrieved to acquire randomized controlled trials (RCTs) evaluating acupuncture as an adjunct treatment for T2DM. Outcome measures focused on improvements in T2DM clinical symptoms. The meta-analysis was implemented leveraging RevMan 5.4 and Stata 15 software, with sensitivity and subgroup analyses to assess the stability of results and identify heterogeneity sources.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>21 RCTs encompassing 2,117 individuals with T2DM were analyzed. The results of 2-hour postprandial glucose (2h PG), body mass index (BMI), fasting blood glucose (FBG), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), bilateral median nerve motor conduction velocity, and plasma viscosity were reliable. No publication bias was noted, except for Packed Cell Volume (PCV) and Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome Score Scale (TCMSS). The meta-analysis showed that acupuncture significantly improved clinical markers such as glycated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), 2h PG, FBG, and fasting serum insulin (FINS). Subgroup analysis for FBG, 2h PG, and triglycerides (TG) indicated that the primary source of heterogeneity for FBG was related to participants with uncomplicated T2DM and a treatment duration of less than three months. No significant heterogeneity was observed for 2h PG, while the TG data were unstable.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Acupuncture can significantly alleviate the main clinical symptoms of T2DM, but significant heterogeneity was observed for individual indicators. Further investigation is needed to corroborate its precise therapeutic effectiveness and identify potential influencing factors.</p><p><strong>Systematic review registration: </strong>https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/view/CRD42024602165, identifier CRD42024602165.</p>","PeriodicalId":12447,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Endocrinology","volume":"16 ","pages":"1596062"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12187737/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144495630","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Using easy-to-collect indices to develop and validate models for identifying metabolic syndrome and pre-metabolic syndrome.","authors":"Chao Shi, Yin Cheng, Ling Ma, Lanqiqi Wu, Hongjuan Shi, Yining Liu, Jinyu Ma, Huitian Tong","doi":"10.3389/fendo.2025.1587354","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fendo.2025.1587354","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>This study aimed to develop and validate models for identifying individuals at high risk for metabolic syndrome (MetS) and pre-MetS using easily collectible indices.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A cross-sectional analysis was conducted using data from the Ningxia Cardiovascular Disorders Survey (NCDS) in China, collected between January 2020 and December 2021. The study population comprised 10,520 participants with complete demographic, anthropometric, and laboratory data. The diagnostic models for MetS were developed using five easily collectible indicators. The performance of the models was compared with that of Lipid Accumulation Product (LAP), Triglyceride-Glucose (TyG) Index, and Waist-to-Height Ratio (WHtR). These same models were subsequently applied to pre-MetS detection as a secondary analysis. Area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC), Hosmer and Lemeshow test, bootstrap method, Brier score and Decision Curve Analysis were employed to evaluate the performance of the models.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Model 1 comprised factors such as WC, SBP, DBP and gender. In contrast, Model 2 included all the variables from Model 1 while additionally incorporating FPG. In the training set, the AUC for Model 1 and Model 2 were 0.914 and 0.924, respectively. The AUC for Model 1 and Model 2 in identifying the presence of pre-MetS and MetS conditions were 0.883 and 0.902, respectively. In the external validation set, the AUC for Model 1 and Model 2 in identifying the presence of MetS were 0.929 and 0.934, respectively. For detecting pre-MetS and MetS conditions, the AUC for Model 1 and Model 2 were 0.885 and 0.902, respectively. Compared to TyG, LAP, and WHtR, model 1 and 2 exhibited a superior ability to identify MetS as well as pre-MetS and MetS conditions in both the training and validation sets.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Our models offered an easy, accurate and efficient tool for identifying MetS and pre-MetS, which might be used in large-scale population screening or self-health management at home.</p>","PeriodicalId":12447,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Endocrinology","volume":"16 ","pages":"1587354"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12187839/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144495592","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Associations between high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels and computed tomography-defined low muscle mass in older adults and sex-related differences.","authors":"Weixiao Zhang, Yongkang Liu, Yiping Zhang, Dingzhe Zhang, Jianhua Wang, Xiao Chen","doi":"10.3389/fendo.2025.1600431","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fendo.2025.1600431","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The associations between high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels and the risk of sarcopenia are inconclusive. This study aimed to investigate the association between HDL-C levels and chest computed tomography (CT)-defined low muscle mass in older adults and its sex-related differences.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This prospective study involved 1995 participants aged ≥50 years. The muscle area of the bilateral erector spinae muscles was measured at the T12 level on a single CT image. Linear regression analysis was used to evaluate the effects of related factors on muscle area. Multivariate logistic regression and restricted cubic spline (RCS) analysis were used to analyze the relationships between HDL-C quartile and low muscle mass in all participants and in the male and female subgroups.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>An increased HDL-C level was associated with a greater risk of lower muscle area overall (β=-1.91, 95% CI: -2.95 to -0.87) and in male participants (β=-3.16, 95% CI: -4.70- -1.61), whereas no significant difference was found in the female subgroup (<i>P</i> > 0.05). A higher continuous HDL-C level was associated with a greater risk of low muscle mass in all participants (odds ratio (OR) =2.28, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.51-3.45) and in the male subgroup (OR=3.28, 95% CI: 1.84-5.87) after adjustment for confounders, whereas no significant difference was found in the female subgroup (P>0.05). Furthermore, the RCS model showed similar results regarding the relationship between HDL-C levels and the risk of low muscle mass.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Higher HDL-C levels were associated with a significantly greater risk of low muscle mass, particularly in older male adults. HDL-C levels are useful in identifying older individuals who are at risk for low muscle mass.</p>","PeriodicalId":12447,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Endocrinology","volume":"16 ","pages":"1600431"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12187748/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144495624","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Metabolic syndrome in children and adolescents: definitions, epidemiology, pathophysiology, interventions, and challenges.","authors":"Baoquan Zhang, Huiying Shi, Wenhong Cai, Bin Yang, Wenlong Xiu","doi":"10.3389/fendo.2025.1512642","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fendo.2025.1512642","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a group of cardiometabolic risk factors with high prevalence in the adult population. To date, there is no consensus on the definition for MetS in children and adolescents despite the presence of well-established diagnostic criteria in adults. The etiology of MetS is associated with a complex interaction between genetic susceptibility and environmental factors, in which the modifiable environmental risk factors are considered to play an important role in this process. MetS is significantly associated with an increased risk of diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Thus, it is necessary to pay attention to the prevention of MetS in childhood and adulthood. Given the current epidemic of obesity in children and adolescents, there is an urgent need to provide adequate guidelines for the definition, screening, and treatment strategies of MetS in younger patients. In this narrative review, we provide some diagnostic criteria and epidemiological studies and highlight the pathogenesis and management of MetS.</p>","PeriodicalId":12447,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Endocrinology","volume":"16 ","pages":"1512642"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12187684/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144495626","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}