Foot & Ankle Orthopaedics最新文献

{"title":"A Historical Perspective of Surgical Procedures Used in the Treatment of Hallux Valgus: A Contemporary Review.","authors":"Hugo A Ubillus, Andrew S Bi, Nina D Fisher, Thelma R Jimenez Mosquea, Raymond J Walls","doi":"10.1177/24730114251341297","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/24730114251341297","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Visual AbstractThis is a visual representation of the abstract.</p>","PeriodicalId":12429,"journal":{"name":"Foot & Ankle Orthopaedics","volume":"10 2","pages":"24730114251341297"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12126636/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144198597","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Accuracy of Patient-Specific Instrument Resections In Vivo in Total Ankle Arthroplasty on Postoperative Weightbearing CT Scan.","authors":"Moawiah S Mustafa, George Dierking, Justin Ivoc, Glenn G Shi, Ramiro Lopez, Cole Herbel, Edward T Haupt","doi":"10.1177/24730114251338258","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/24730114251338258","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Background: &lt;/strong&gt;Total ankle arthroplasty (TAA) using patient-specific instrumentation (PSI) has increased in popularity with evidence for decreased operative duration, fluoroscopy usage, and increased implant placement accuracy. To date, no comparisons have verified the accuracy of PSI in vivo using preoperative and postoperative weightbearing computed tomography (WBCT). Our study aims to supplement the literature by quantifying the accuracy and precision of PSI-guided implant positioning using WBCT. The primary study outcome is to identify positioning deviations in degrees or millimeters in any plane for talus and tibial PSI-guided resections and subsequent implant placement. Secondary outcomes were correlation and regression analyses performed to identify variables that correlate to resection or implant placement deviation, as well as comparison to existing radiography-based PSI techniques.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Methods: &lt;/strong&gt;This was a single-surgeon, single-implant consecutive patient retrospective study where preoperative and postoperative WBCTs were obtained. TAA was performed by the senior author with the same low-profile implant for all cases. Talus and tibial resection analysis was performed in computer-automated fashion on postoperative segmented WBCTs and is described as 3 possible deviations from plan (cut height in millimeters, sagittal slope, varus/valgus deviation). Overall deformity in this group was not severe. Implant placement factors independent of PSI guides are described as center-of-mass translations (mm) and axial rotation (degrees). Desired accuracy for the PSI system was within ±2 mm or ±2 degrees of the preoperative plan. Statistical analysis of data collected included Student &lt;i&gt;t&lt;/i&gt; test and linear regression analyses.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results: &lt;/strong&gt;Thirty patients were included. Four talus implants were excluded per intraoperative surgeon discretion (deviation from PSI plan, use of conventional instruments). All postoperative tibial measurements were within the desired limits, except for mediolateral center of mass positioning (&lt;i&gt;P&lt;/i&gt; = .003) and slope (&lt;i&gt;P&lt;/i&gt; = .013). Two of six talar parameters also diverged from preoperative measurements: axial rotation (&lt;i&gt;P&lt;/i&gt; = .015) and anteroposterior positioning (&lt;i&gt;P&lt;/i&gt; = .002). In addition, no correlations exceeding &lt;i&gt;r&lt;/i&gt; = 0.5 were noted between preoperative deformity measurements and postoperative positioning.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusion: &lt;/strong&gt;For the 26 ankles that did not require an intraoperative deviation from PSI plan and/or use of conventional instruments, total ankle replacement performed with PSI using WBCT results in component placement with relatively little deviation from the preoperative plan. In addition, the lack of correlation between preoperative deformity and implant placement suggests that the magnitude of preoperative deformity in this group was not associated with the accuracy of PSI-guided component positioning.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;","PeriodicalId":12429,"journal":{"name":"Foot & Ankle Orthopaedics","volume":"10 2","pages":"24730114251338258"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12123138/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144198598","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Celecoxib as Heterotopic Ossification Prophylaxis in Total Ankle Arthroplasty: A Retrospective Cohort Study.","authors":"Caroline Cristofaro, Mohammad Athar, Ellie B Pinsker, Brad Meulenkamp, Timothy R Daniels, Mansur M Halai","doi":"10.1177/24730114251337748","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/24730114251337748","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>This study aimed to determine whether prophylactic celecoxib reduces the prevalence of radiographic heterotopic ossification (HO) following total ankle arthroplasty (TAA). Secondary aims included evaluating its effect on the severity of radiographic HO and its association with patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This retrospective cohort study included all patients who underwent a primary TAA between April 2019 to May 2023 at a single academic institution. The intervention group was composed of patients prescribed 4 weeks of celecoxib postoperatively and was compared to controls who received no celecoxib. Radiographs at ≥8 months were reviewed and graded using the modified Brooker classification for severity of HO. Ankle Osteoarthritis Score pain and disability, 36-Item Short Form Health Survey physical function and mental health were assessed at follow-up.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>One hundred seventy-nine patients, 95 males (53.1%) and 84 females (46.9%), were included. The mean age was 65.8 ± 9.6 years. Ninety patients (50.3%) received celecoxib and 89 (49.7%) did not. The prevalence of HO at the time of follow-up (1.2 ± 0.4 years) was 53 (29.6%) with grade 0, 78 (43.6%) with grade 1, 21 (11.7%) with grade 2, 21 (11.7%) with grade 3, and 6 (3.4%) with grade 4. Patients who did not receive celecoxib were significantly more likely to develop HO and experience greater severity of HO, with odds ratios of 2.19 (95% CI 1.10-4.33, <i>P</i> < .05) and 2.51 (95% CI 1.43-4.44, <i>P</i> < .05), respectively. No significant differences in patient-reported outcomes were observed between groups.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Celecoxib for 4 weeks postoperatively may reduce the risk and severity of HO after TAA without affecting patient-reported outcomes. HO prophylaxis did not have a statistically significant impact on PROMs. Celecoxib for HO prophylaxis can be considered following primary TAA while balancing the risks of side effects.<b>Level of Evidence:</b> Level III, (retrospective cohort study).</p>","PeriodicalId":12429,"journal":{"name":"Foot & Ankle Orthopaedics","volume":"10 2","pages":"24730114251337748"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12123132/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144198599","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of the Short-term Functional Outcome of Repair of Acute Extensor Tendon Injuries of Foot and Ankle.","authors":"Anwar Shareef Kk, Raj Kumar Manas","doi":"10.1177/24730114251337450","DOIUrl":"10.1177/24730114251337450","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Extensor tendon injuries of the foot and ankle are common, and less literature is available regarding its outcome. Ours is an observational study that aims to evaluate the functional outcome of surgical repair of all extensor tendons of the foot and ankle.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The study was conducted over a period of 1½ years with extensor tendon injury that was repaired within 24 hours of injury. The patients were followed up for a minimum period of 6 months and the functional outcome was evaluated using the American Orthopaedic Foot & Ankle Society (AOFAS) ankle-hindfoot score.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 30 patients were enrolled, and that included 15 patients in a prospective study and another 15 patients in a retrospective study. A total of 22 cases were followed up. The major tendons involved were extensor digitorum longus (60%) followed by a combination of 2 or more tendons (30%). Extensor hallucis longus and tibialis anterior were involved in 6.7% and 3.35% of cases, respectively. The mean follow-up was 16 ± 7.8 months, and the mean AOFAS score was 99.36 ± 2.1, with a range of 90-100. The mean pain score was 39.2 ± 9, with a range of 30-40. The mean functional score was 49.36 ± 2.17, whereas the mean alignment score was 10.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Extensor tendon injuries of the foot and ankle are common injuries that require active surgical intervention. Early repair with a good physiotherapy protocol was associated with excellent AOFAS score and a pain-free limb without deformities in the 22 of 30 patients who were followed up.</p><p><strong>Level of evidence: </strong>Level IV, ambispective observational study.</p>","PeriodicalId":12429,"journal":{"name":"Foot & Ankle Orthopaedics","volume":"10 2","pages":"24730114251337450"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12099159/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144142018","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ensuring Scientific Rigor in Research: Why Sports-Related Publicly Obtained Data Fall Short.","authors":"Robert B Anderson, Thomas O Clanton, Brad D Blankenhorn, John T Campbell, Christopher P Chiodo, Timothy R Daniels, George B Holmes, Ellie Pinsker, Stefan Rammelt, Robert A Vander Griend, Charles L Saltzman","doi":"10.1177/24730114251337282","DOIUrl":"10.1177/24730114251337282","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":12429,"journal":{"name":"Foot & Ankle Orthopaedics","volume":"10 2","pages":"24730114251337282"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12093029/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144119455","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Traumatic Tibialis Anterior Rupture Reconstruction Using Iliotibial Band Autograft.","authors":"Natalie Kuhn, Susanna Gebhardt, Michelle Zhifeng Chiu, Brian Freniere, Naveen Pattisapu","doi":"10.1177/24730114251337076","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/24730114251337076","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":12429,"journal":{"name":"Foot & Ankle Orthopaedics","volume":"10 2","pages":"24730114251337076"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12078950/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144077070","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Return to Sport or Military Duty After Lower Extremity Open Fracture: Systematic Review of Athletes and Active Military.","authors":"Jake H Goldfarb, Zachary D Randall, Daniel E Pereira, Lauren Yaeger, Marschall B Berkes","doi":"10.1177/24730114251337078","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/24730114251337078","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Open fractures are complex injuries with high complication rates and infection risks, often resulting in prolonged recovery and limited return to physical activities. Despite this, data on return to sport (RTS) or return to military duty (RTD) are limited. This study evaluates RTS or RTD in individuals with lower extremity open fractures, hypothesizing extended recovery times and limited return rates, particularly for amateur athletes and military personnel compared with professional athletes.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A systematic review of studies from 1990 to 2024 was conducted using Embase, Ovid MEDLINE, Clinicaltrials.gov, Cochrane databases, SPORTDiscus, and Scopus. Studies investigating lower extremity open fractures with RTS or RTD outcomes were included. Data extracted included patient demographics, Gustilo-Anderson classifications, recovery timelines, and return rates.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Eleven studies were included, with 10 involving adults and 1 including pediatric patients. The analysis covered 722 open fractures. Two studies reported an average return to sport time of 44.0 weeks (17 individuals) in amateur athletes, whereas 3 studies reported an average return to sport time of 61.8 weeks (26 individuals) in professional athletes. Five studies reported 27.3% of amateur athletes had returned to sports at final follow-up (mean = 19.5 months), and 1 study reported that 18.3% of military members returned to full duty at final follow-up. In the 3 studies reporting on professional athletes, 80.8% returned to playing at the professional level.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Lower extremity open fractures often result in prolonged recovery times and significantly limit RTS or RTD. Although professional athletes demonstrated higher return rates, the outcomes for the general amateur athlete and military populations were substantially poorer. Further research with discrete fracture and treatment details is needed to better understand recovery trajectories for open fractures, disparity in outcomes between professional and amateur athletes, and the influence of resources and motivation on returning to activity.</p>","PeriodicalId":12429,"journal":{"name":"Foot & Ankle Orthopaedics","volume":"10 2","pages":"24730114251337078"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12066854/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143960084","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study of Surgical Costs Associated With Tibiotalar Fusion.","authors":"Kade Wagers, Chong Zhang, Angela Presson, Devon Nixon","doi":"10.1177/24730114251332941","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/24730114251332941","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>There is growing focus on surgical costs related to common orthopaedic procedures. In this investigation, we studied surgical costs associated with tibiotalar arthrodesis.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Patients were retrospectively identified who had undergone primary fusion of the tibiotalar joint based on <i>Current Procedural Terminology</i> (<i>CPT</i>) codes from 2014 to 2020. Using the Value Driven Outcome (VDO) tool, we conducted an evaluation of both total direct costs and facility-related expenses. The VDO tool encompasses a comprehensive item-level database capable of capturing detailed cost information, which is subsequently presented as relative mean data. Adjustments were made to cost variables to reflect 2022 US dollars, and comparative multivariable analysis of costs in relation to treatment groups adjusting for demographic variables was performed using generalized linear models to yield cost ratios along with 95% CIs.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Our cohort consisted of 262 patients who underwent primary ankle fusion procedures done by one of 4 fellowship-trained orthopaedic foot and ankle surgeons. There were no differences in demographic data or total operating room (OR) time based on surgical construct (screws-alone n = 228 vs anterior plate-screws n = 34). Total direct costs for anterior plate-screw constructs were 78% higher than screws alone (ratio in cost = 1.78, 95% CI 1.55-2.08, <i>P</i> < .001), adjusting for other variables. For all fusion constructs, every 1-hour increase in total OR time increased total direct costs by 29% (ratio in cost = 1.29, 95% CI 1.18-1.40, <i>P</i> < .001).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Enhancing cost-effectiveness of orthopaedic care remains an important objective. Our investigation found that anterior plate-screw constructs for tibiotalar arthrodesis have notably higher total costs compared with screw-only constructs. Many variables are considered when selecting surgical constructs for ankle arthrodesis. When clinically appropriate, screw-only ankle arthrodesis constructs could be considered if there is a need to reduce costs.</p><p><strong>Level of evidence: </strong>Level III, retrospective comparative study.</p>","PeriodicalId":12429,"journal":{"name":"Foot & Ankle Orthopaedics","volume":"10 2","pages":"24730114251332941"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12059449/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143985273","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"PROMIS Minimal Clinically Important Differences Across Foot and Ankle Surgeries.","authors":"Nathaniel E Zona, Michael A Hewitt, Carson Keeter, Sara E Buckley, Kenneth J Hunt","doi":"10.1177/24730114251334055","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/24730114251334055","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Minimal clinically important differences (MCIDs) increase patient-reported outcome measure (PROM) utility by defining benchmarks of meaningful improvement. The threshold for appreciable improvement may be unique to specific patient characteristics. To help establish benchmarks and improve evaluation of patient progress, this study investigates whether surgery type and demographic characteristics impact MCID.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>All foot and ankle patients within a single institution's PRO registry were screened. Patients without preoperative or ≥ 180-day follow-up in PROMIS physical function (PF) Computer Adaptive Test (CAT) (v2.0) and pain interference (PI) CAT (v1.1) were excluded. Foot and Ankle Single Assessment Numeric Evaluation (FA SANE) was used as an anchor for MCID calculations. MCID was compared across 11 foot and ankle surgical categories, reported sex, body mass index (BMI), and social deprivation index (SDI).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We included 1243 patients with an average follow-up of 456 ± 176 days. Patients significantly improved in PF by 8.2 ± 10.9 (<i>P</i> < .001) and PI by -8.1 ± 9.5 (<i>P</i> < .001). Global MCID estimates for PF and PI were 5.5 (95% CI 4.9, 6.0) and -5.8 (95% CI -5.3, -6.3), respectively, when anchored against FA SANE. The MCIDs using a ½ SD distribution-based method were 5.5 and -4.8, respectively. Surgery type greatly affected MCID, ranging from 2.3 and -3.8 for hardware removals to 15.7 and -9.8 for small soft tissue surgeries. MCID differences across reported sex, BMI, and SDI never exceeded 1.9 points.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>A 6-month postoperative improvement of ≥ 5.5 and ≤ -4.8 in PROMIS PF and PI suggest meaningful clinical differences from baseline. However, MCID values for PROMIS scales vary across foot and ankle surgeries and patient characteristics, suggesting a global MCID for patient populations may not reflect the true threshold of meaningful change for each individual patient. Anchoring to FA SANE allows physicians to more objectively gauge appreciable change in patient-specific contexts.</p><p><strong>Level of evidence: </strong>Level III, retrospective cohort study.</p>","PeriodicalId":12429,"journal":{"name":"Foot & Ankle Orthopaedics","volume":"10 2","pages":"24730114251334055"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12049601/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144006985","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Predictive Factors for Tillaux-Chaput Tubercle Fracture: A Case-Control Study.","authors":"Cédric Dongmo Mayopa, David Ancelin, Pauline Despontin, Julie Manon, Gaspary Fodjeu, Randy Buzisa Mbuku, Maxime Masscheleyn, Olivier Cornu, Karim Tribak, Dan Putineanu","doi":"10.1177/24730114251332940","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/24730114251332940","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Tillaux-Chaput tubercle fractures in adults often go unnoticed on standard radiographs in the setting of other malleolar fractures. This study aimed to identify clinical and radiologic factors associated with these fractures to develop a decision aid for computed tomographic (CT) diagnosis.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This case-control study included 72 patients with bimalleolar fractures who underwent both radiography and CT scans. The case group consisted of 28 patients with Tillaux-Chaput fractures, and 44 served as control. Sociodemographic, clinical data, and injury mechanisms were compared using univariate and multivariate analysis to identify predictive factors.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Tillaux-Chaput fractures were undetected on standard radiographs in 60% of cases. In multivariate analysis, only age >60 years and injury mechanisms with Lauge-Hansen pronation-external rotation stage III or IV injuries were found to be highly associated with Tillaux-Chaput tubercle fractures.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>We recommend routine CT scan evaluation for patients >60 years old with stage III or IV pronation-external rotation ankle fractures.</p><p><strong>Level of evidence: </strong>Level III, case-control study.</p>","PeriodicalId":12429,"journal":{"name":"Foot & Ankle Orthopaedics","volume":"10 2","pages":"24730114251332940"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12049606/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143986022","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}