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Grammaticalization from a Typological Perspective最新文献

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Grammaticalization in Africa 非洲的语法化
Grammaticalization from a Typological Perspective Pub Date : 2018-11-01 DOI: 10.1093/OSO/9780198795841.003.0002
B. Heine
{"title":"Grammaticalization in Africa","authors":"B. Heine","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780198795841.003.0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780198795841.003.0002","url":null,"abstract":"Sub-Saharan Africa is an area for which hardly any earlier written documents are available. The student of African languages is therefore at a disadvantage when it comes to reconstructing processes of grammaticalization. That this is nevertheless possible has been demonstrated in a number of studies, using a conjunction of internal reconstruction and diachronic typological generalizations as a tool. After presenting an overview of the state of the art in grammaticalization studies in African languages, the present chapter is concerned with a more theoretical issue, namely the question of how grammaticalization processes arise. To this end, two contrasting hypotheses are discussed, namely the ‘parallel reduction’ and the ‘meaning-first’ hypotheses. Evidence from African languages suggests that it is the second hypothesis that is correct, but that both hypotheses nevertheless have their place in a framework of grammaticalization.","PeriodicalId":123592,"journal":{"name":"Grammaticalization from a Typological Perspective","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115402664","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 11
Grammaticalization in Japanese and Korean 日语和韩语的语法化
Grammaticalization from a Typological Perspective Pub Date : 2018-11-01 DOI: 10.1093/OSO/9780198795841.003.0009
H. Narrog, Seongha Rhee, J. Whitman
{"title":"Grammaticalization in Japanese and Korean","authors":"H. Narrog, Seongha Rhee, J. Whitman","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780198795841.003.0009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780198795841.003.0009","url":null,"abstract":"In this chapter, we try to present typical processes of grammaticalization in Japanese and Korean, and investigate which processes may particularly contribute to the discussion of theoretical aspects of grammaticalization. The processes introduced in some detail are the grammaticalization of converbs, of deverbal postpositions, and of nouns marking categories in the verb phrase as typical processes. We then discuss the morphological properties of grammaticalization in the two languages, and the high frequency of grammaticalization into interpersonal domains. Both features support extant ideas about grammaticalization rather than contradicting them. In contrast, a third point—that grammaticalizations may enter the language through writing rather than conversation—may be a challenge for ideas about grammaticalization that seek the source of grammaticalizations solely in speaker–hearer interaction.","PeriodicalId":123592,"journal":{"name":"Grammaticalization from a Typological Perspective","volume":"58 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122665484","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 5
Typological features of grammaticalization in Semitic 闪族语语法化的类型学特征
Grammaticalization from a Typological Perspective Pub Date : 2018-11-01 DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198795841.003.0003
Mohssen Esseesy
{"title":"Typological features of grammaticalization in Semitic","authors":"Mohssen Esseesy","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198795841.003.0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198795841.003.0003","url":null,"abstract":"This study highlights some notable typological features of ancient and modern Semitic languages. It sheds light on a number of shared intragenetic similarities and parallels within Semitic in the processes and outcomes of grammaticalization. Specifically, it examines the emergence and evolution of prepositionals from certain body-part terms; the shift from synthetic towards more analytic possessive strategies; and independent personal pronouns becoming inherently bound agreement markers as prefixes and suffixes on the imperfective and perfective verb stems, respectively. Moreover, with supporting evidence from corpus data, this study argues for the primacy of third-person pronouns, which assume expanded grammatical functions as copulas, expletives, and discourse-related functions. Finally, this study draws attention to the sociolinguistic factors, such as native speakers’ attitudinal stance, which directly impinge on language change within the diglossic nature of Arabic, and calls for consideration of sociolinguistic factors in the study of language evolution by grammaticalization.","PeriodicalId":123592,"journal":{"name":"Grammaticalization from a Typological Perspective","volume":"137 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114876422","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 8
Addressing questions of grammaticalization in creoles 探讨克里奥尔语的语法化问题
Grammaticalization from a Typological Perspective Pub Date : 2018-11-01 DOI: 10.1093/OSO/9780198795841.003.0018
Hiram L. Smith
{"title":"Addressing questions of grammaticalization in creoles","authors":"Hiram L. Smith","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780198795841.003.0018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780198795841.003.0018","url":null,"abstract":"Claims about grammaticalization in creole languages are often made without applying empirical tests. For Palenquero Creole, the habitual morpheme asé bears formal resemblance to Spanish hacer ‘do’, providing easy fodder for provenance theorists. While the origins of asé have been debated for decades, we have no studies. In the present study, claims made by scholars were converted into testable hypotheses which make specific synchronic predications regarding asé’s functions and distributions relative to attested cross-linguistic trends in the development of tense and aspect expressions. Rigorous tests or ‘grammaticalization indices’ were then applied in order to determine asé’s degree of conformity. The results of multivariate analysis revealed that asé is walking a tightrope of being an emerging yet advancing grammatical morpheme, although not obligatory. I stress that it was only through the application of accountable data mining and analytical procedures that we could build a solid case for grammaticalization of asé habitual.","PeriodicalId":123592,"journal":{"name":"Grammaticalization from a Typological Perspective","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121763591","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 4
Grammaticalization and typology in Australian Aboriginal languages 澳大利亚土著语言的语法化与类型学
Grammaticalization from a Typological Perspective Pub Date : 2018-11-01 DOI: 10.1093/OSO/9780198795841.003.0013
Ilana Mushin
{"title":"Grammaticalization and typology in Australian Aboriginal languages","authors":"Ilana Mushin","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780198795841.003.0013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780198795841.003.0013","url":null,"abstract":"While grammatical change has been a key area of interest for Australian historical linguistics, only a few studies have sought to explain the development of grammar in terms of processes of grammaticalization. This chapter explores the key reasons for the relative absence of grammaticalization studies in the Australianist tradition. It then shows how the development of a particular areal feature—second-position clitic constructions—may be explained in term of both grammaticalization and constructionalization. The chapter also discusses the development of dual-pronoun systems in Australian languages, and shows that it can be reasonably assumed that erstwhile bound pronouns have developed into free pronouns, in contrast to previous research claiming the emergence of bound pronouns from free pronouns.","PeriodicalId":123592,"journal":{"name":"Grammaticalization from a Typological Perspective","volume":"468 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117008958","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Revisiting the anasynthetic spiral 重新审视合成螺旋
Grammaticalization from a Typological Perspective Pub Date : 2018-11-01 DOI: 10.5281/ZENODO.1133896
Martin Haspelmath
{"title":"Revisiting the anasynthetic spiral","authors":"Martin Haspelmath","doi":"10.5281/ZENODO.1133896","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5281/ZENODO.1133896","url":null,"abstract":"Grammaticalization is nowadays often seen primarily as a kind of semantic-pragmatic change, but in the 19th century it was more typically seen in a holistic typological perspective: the idea was that synthetic languages develop from analytic languages, and that they may become analytic again. This kind of development is indeed occasionally observed in entire languages, as in the Romance languages and in Later Egyptian, but it is quite unclear whether such holistic changes are at all common. Similarly, there seems to be no good evidence that changes from agglutinative patterns to isolating patterns go through an intermediate flective or fusional stage. By contrast, there is abundant evidence for the old observation that older tightly bound constructions often face competition from new constructions based on content items, which may eventually replace the older patterns (I call this kind of process ‘anasynthesis’). Such anasynthetic changes are driven by inflationary processes that can be observed elsewhere in language and culture, not by therapeutic motivations.","PeriodicalId":123592,"journal":{"name":"Grammaticalization from a Typological Perspective","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131021062","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 11
Is grammaticalization in creoles different? 克里奥尔语的语法化不同吗?
Grammaticalization from a Typological Perspective Pub Date : 2018-11-01 DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198795841.003.0019
J. Mcwhorter
{"title":"Is grammaticalization in creoles different?","authors":"J. Mcwhorter","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198795841.003.0019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198795841.003.0019","url":null,"abstract":"Most work on creoles and grammaticalization has focused on creoles’ calquing of grammaticalizations in their source languages, which is of little import to scholars of grammaticalization itself. Beyond this, arguments that creoles emerge not from pidgins but from the same kind of language mixture that yields other languages has discouraged any sense that creoles’ grammaticalizations are of any particular interest. I argue here that this sense is mistaken. There is indeed no kind of grammaticalization particular to creole languages. However, grammaticalization has taken place at a much more rapid rate, and has been more prolific, in creoles than in older languages, as can be seen in how much of Saramaccan’s grammatical machinery is traceable to grammaticalization after the language’s emergence. I propose that the reason for this proliferation is that creoles originally, even as full languages, have more ‘space’ for the emergence of new items because of their origin in second-language acquisition of a highly substractive nature—i.e. what many analysts would term ‘pidginization’.","PeriodicalId":123592,"journal":{"name":"Grammaticalization from a Typological Perspective","volume":"56 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126834626","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Grammaticalization in isolating languages and the notion of complexity 孤立语言的语法化和复杂性的概念
Grammaticalization from a Typological Perspective Pub Date : 2018-11-01 DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198795841.003.0011
U. Ansaldo, W. Bisang, Pui Yiu Szeto
{"title":"Grammaticalization in isolating languages and the notion of complexity","authors":"U. Ansaldo, W. Bisang, Pui Yiu Szeto","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198795841.003.0011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198795841.003.0011","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter consists of four related arguments. We first review the claims about the nature of grammaticalization in isolating languages, specifically those of East and Mainland Southeast Asia (EMSEA); based on this, we present a view that suggests that grammaticalization is indeed a type-specific, or areal, phenomenon. Following on that, we propose that morphological elaboration is likewise type- or area-specific; and to conclude we discuss the significance of this in terms of language evolution. Our arguments lead us to posit that elaboration of morphological structure only happens in a certain type of languages, and cannot be taken as an overall diagnostic of age across the world?s languages. In other words, ‘mature’ linguistic phenomena are not necessarily morphologically complex, nor are all morphologically free languages ‘young’.","PeriodicalId":123592,"journal":{"name":"Grammaticalization from a Typological Perspective","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125719119","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 12
Grammaticalization and inflectionalization in Iranian 伊朗语的语法化和屈折化
Grammaticalization from a Typological Perspective Pub Date : 2018-11-01 DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198795841.003.0004
G. Haig
{"title":"Grammaticalization and inflectionalization in Iranian","authors":"G. Haig","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198795841.003.0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198795841.003.0004","url":null,"abstract":"The oldest attested Iranian languages underwent erosion and loss (or at least simplification) of much of their inherited inflectional morphology. These processes, echoing similar developments elsewhere in Indo-European, affected the categories of gender, case, aspect, person, and modality. The modern languages have since restored the old categories to varying degrees, providing a rich source for observing the mechanisms of grammaticalization. This chapter focuses on the innovation of inflectional person marking, based on erstwhile clitic pronouns. While person indexing for subjects may adhere to the predicted pathway for the grammaticalization of agreement, yielding obligatory verb-bound agreement markers in some languages, the grammaticalization of object indexing does not progress beyond the stage of clitic pronouns, despite the same etymological origin as the subject pronouns, and an even longer time-depth. The chapter also discusses the grammaticalization of a new accusative case marker in Persian, and of an innovated progressive aspect.","PeriodicalId":123592,"journal":{"name":"Grammaticalization from a Typological Perspective","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134056567","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 10
Diachronic stories of body-part nouns in some language families of South America 南美洲某些语系中身体部分名词的历时故事
Grammaticalization from a Typological Perspective Pub Date : 2018-11-01 DOI: 10.1093/OSO/9780198795841.003.0017
R. Zariquiey
{"title":"Diachronic stories of body-part nouns in some language families of South America","authors":"R. Zariquiey","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780198795841.003.0017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780198795841.003.0017","url":null,"abstract":"The present chapter deals with some well-attested diachronic developments of body-part nouns in languages belonging to a sample of language families of South America. Body-part nouns in these languages are often implicated in the development of locative adpositions, classifiers of different sorts, and body-part prefixes (as described for Panoan languages). This chapter argues that it is possible to postulate at least four different source constructions for these developments, including incorporated nouns, derivative compounds, generic genitives, and locative compounds. As shown in this chapter, there is an intrinsic relation between these constructions and body-part nouns, and this fact, in addition to the special cognitive nature of body-part expressions, may explain why these nouns undergo the grammaticalization processes described here. Due to its widespread distribution, the recruitment of body-part nouns for the development of grammatical elements such as adpositions, classifiers, and prefixes might be considered an areal feature of South American languages.","PeriodicalId":123592,"journal":{"name":"Grammaticalization from a Typological Perspective","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121628618","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
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