Foot最新文献

{"title":"The relation between the anterior talofibular ligament and the calcaneofibular ligament during range of motion of the ankle: A cadaveric study","authors":"Louis Brepoels ,&nbsp;Jan Dauwe ,&nbsp;Peter Grechenig ,&nbsp;Gloria Hohenberger ,&nbsp;Angelika Schwarz ,&nbsp;Axel Gänsslen","doi":"10.1016/j.foot.2025.102193","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.foot.2025.102193","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The aim of the study is to analyze the relationship between the anterior talofibular ligament (ATFL) and the calcaneofibular ligament (CFL) by measuring the angle between them in different ankle positions. Understanding these ligament dynamics can aid orthopedic and trauma surgeons in reconstructing the lateral ligament complex in cases of chronic ankle instability (CAI).</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A cadaveric study was conducted using 22 embalmed human left ankles, with soft tissues removed except for the ligament structures. The angle between the ATFL and CFL was measured in five different ankle positions: neutral, dorsiflexion, plantar flexion, supination, and pronation. A goniometer was used for measurements, recorded twice by two independent surgical residents. Statistical analysis, including one-way repeated measures ANOVA, was performed to determine significant differences across positions.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The mean angles measured in the five positions were 107.8° (neutral), 115.4° (dorsiflexion), 112.6° (plantar flexion), 107.9° (supination), and 114.8° (pronation). Although variations were observed, statistical analysis showed no significant differences in the angle across different positions.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>This study provides insight into the anatomical relationship between the ATFL and CFL in various ankle positions. The relatively consistent angle suggests that the ligament orientation remains the same, which may have implications for reconstructive surgery and ankle stability assessment. Further research with a larger sample size is recommended to validate these findings and enhance surgical approaches for CAI treatment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12349,"journal":{"name":"Foot","volume":"64 ","pages":"Article 102193"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144769426","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Insertional Achilles tendinopathy: A novel link to shorter free tendons","authors":"Tiziana Mifsud ,&nbsp;Alfred Gatt ,&nbsp;Nachiappan Chockalingam ,&nbsp;Kirill Micallef Stafrace ,&nbsp;Nat Padhiar","doi":"10.1016/j.foot.2025.102164","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.foot.2025.102164","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Achilles tendinopathy is a common overuse injury among athletes, classified into mid-portion and insertional types. While existing literature primarily emphasizes mid-portion tendinopathy as the more prevalent form, emerging evidence highlights the significance of insertional tendinopathy. Variations in clinical presentation warrant further investigation, particularly regarding anatomical differences that could inform treatment strategies and rehabilitation protocols.</div></div><div><h3>Purpose</h3><div>This study aimed to assess the prevalence of Achilles tendon pathologies and explore anatomical differences in the length of the free tendon between insertional and mid-portion tendinopathy.</div></div><div><h3>Study design</h3><div>This study represents a cross-sectional analysis conducted as part of a larger longitudinal study on the mechanical properties of patients with Achilles tendinopathy.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A total of 103 patients (38.8 % males, 61.2 % females, age: 53 ± 12.8 years, body Mass Index (BMI): 30 ± 7.4 kg/m², 60 % sedentary while 40 % active) diagnosed with Achilles tendon pathologies from across the Maltese islands were recruited for ultrasound assessments to measure tendon length and evaluate associated anatomical characteristics. Participants were categorised based on the type of tendinopathy.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>A higher prevalence of insertional tendinopathy (67.9 %) was identified compared to mid-portion tendinopathy (20.3 %). Notably, participants with insertional tendinopathy presented with short tendons (3.8 ± 1.4 cm, p = &lt;0.001) compared to those with longer free tendon length in mid-portion tendinopathy (5.9 ± 1.3 cm, p = &lt;0.001). This anatomical distinction, along with the lower attachment of the soleus muscle, may contribute to differing biomechanical properties, influencing the risk of specific tendon pathologies.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>This study is the first to report a higher prevalence of insertional tendinopathy and to highlight the link between short free tendon length and insertional tendinopathy. This emphasizes the importance of monitoring short free tendons, as they are likely pivotal in the development of insertional tendinopathy.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12349,"journal":{"name":"Foot","volume":"63 ","pages":"Article 102164"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143890756","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prediction of dynamic foot function based on demographic, anthropometric, and clinical foot evaluations","authors":"Felipe H. Palma ,&nbsp;Paula Kozma-Guerra ,&nbsp;Isidora Cañas ,&nbsp;María Ignacia Vial-Muzio ,&nbsp;Nicolás Eltit ,&nbsp;Francisco J. Berral de la Rosa","doi":"10.1016/j.foot.2025.102175","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.foot.2025.102175","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Dynamic foot function plays a crucial role in maintaining stability and efficient locomotion under varying loads. To date, no studies have attempted to predict dynamic foot function using commonly available clinical measurements. This study aimed to develop a predictive model for dynamic foot function based on demographic, anthropometric, and clinical foot assessments. A total of 330 individuals aged ≥ 18 years were evaluated. Clinical variables included demographic data, general health assessments, the Foot Posture Index, and the Foot Health Status Questionnaire. The Center of Pressure Excursion Index (CPEI) served as an indicator of dynamic foot function. Simple linear regressions (p &lt; 0.05) were performed, with CPEI as the dependent variable. Afterwards, a backward stepwise regression identified the best multivariate model for each foot. The mean age of participants was 45.1 ± 18.4 years; 82.1 % were right-foot dominant, and 56.4 % were women. Data from 321 and 323 individuals were analyzed for the dominant and non-dominant foot models, respectively. The two feet exhibited distinct behaviors, with their CPEI influenced by different variables (p &lt; 0.05). Coefficients of determination for the multivariate models were &lt; 14 %, indicating limited clinical applicability of the current model in their present form and highlighting the need to refine predictions with additional functional and biomechanical measures in future research.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12349,"journal":{"name":"Foot","volume":"63 ","pages":"Article 102175"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144320978","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Increased Achilles tendon force required to achieve heel-lift in cadaveric model of midfoot instability - A cadaveric study","authors":"Kenneth Kai Wei Saw ,&nbsp;Ziki Gurney ,&nbsp;Natasha Noel-Barker ,&nbsp;Leia Boote ,&nbsp;Chandra Pasapula ,&nbsp;Alan R. Norrish","doi":"10.1016/j.foot.2025.102174","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.foot.2025.102174","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The progressive ligament instability associated with flatfoot deformity <u>may</u> result in altered foot biomechanics and represent a risk factor for the development of Achilles Tendinopathy (AT). The aim of this study was to determine whether an increased tendo-Achilles (TA) force was required to generate a set heel lift in a cadaveric flatfoot model. Thirteen fresh (previously frozen) cadavers, with no previous foot pathology and sectioned from the knee were mounted on a testing frame. The frame maintained a dorsiflexed ankle position, to simulate the terminal stance phase of gait, and allowed a constant axial load to be applied through the tibia. The heel was elevated 3 cm by a measured traction force through the TA to a pre-determined laser mark. The flatfoot model was created by sequential sectioning of the medial arch supporting structures, creating progressive midfoot instability and flatfoot deformity, from mild to severe. The force (N) required to generate heel lift was recorded at each stage of the development of the flatfoot. Initially, following Spring ligament and Tibialis Posterior sectioning, the force required to generate heel lift decreased. However, as the flatfoot deformity progressed the force required for heel lift increased. A severe flat foot deformity, characterised by medial ray destabilisation significantly increased the force required to generate a heel lift (5.1 ± 7.2 N, p = 0.02) as did sectioning of the (ii) short and long plantar ligaments (5.5 ± 8.7 N, p = 0.03). Progressive ligament failure associated with acquired flatfoot deformity may be a risk for AT overload due to increased TA force required for heel lift, resulting in TA overload symptoms. The paradoxical decrease in force required to generate heel lift with isolated SL sectioning has not been previously described. This biomechanical study raises the possibility that interventions that support the medial longitudinal arch, such as orthotics, may protect against TA overload.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12349,"journal":{"name":"Foot","volume":"63 ","pages":"Article 102174"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144196217","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Delphi consensus on steps for scarf osteotomy: Establishing a standardized approach","authors":"Togay Koç ,&nbsp;Robin Elliot ,&nbsp;Robert Boyd ,&nbsp;Syed Neshat Anjum","doi":"10.1016/j.foot.2025.102163","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.foot.2025.102163","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The scarf osteotomy is a popular procedure for hallux valgus correction, but variability exists in its execution. This Delphi consensus study aimed to establish a standardised sequence of key procedural steps to guide training, simulation and assessment. A three-round Delphi process was conducted with an expert panel of foot and ankle surgeons. Statements achieving predefined consensus thresholds were included in the final recommendations. The study provides a framework for procedural standardisation, which can be used to inform training curricula, design of simulation training and assessment criteria. The findings also contribute to the literature aimed at improving surgical consistency and reducing complications associated with technical variability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12349,"journal":{"name":"Foot","volume":"63 ","pages":"Article 102163"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144089610","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Clinical evaluation of orthoplastic limb salvage protocol using anterolateral femoral free flap and kickstand fixation: A retrospective case-control study","authors":"Jingjing Wen ,&nbsp;Zhegang Zhou ,&nbsp;Johnson Boey ,&nbsp;Longbiao Yu ,&nbsp;Abdelhakim Ezzat Marei ,&nbsp;Fanbin Meng ,&nbsp;Yingfeng Xiao ,&nbsp;Hui Zeng ,&nbsp;Shengxiang Wan","doi":"10.1016/j.foot.2025.102176","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.foot.2025.102176","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><div>To evaluate the clinical outcome of orthoplastic limb salvage approach for the management of diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs).</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Patients with DFUs who received treatment at the Peking University Shenzhen Hospital between January 2019 and June 2024 were analyzed. All patients received standard of care, including surgical wound debridement and revascularization, and were followed up for 6 months. Patients were divided into two different wound closure strategies: anterolateral thigh free flap transfer and Kickstand external fixation (n = 24; ALT group) and regular wound dressing (n = 24; control group).</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The ALT group exhibited a 50 % faster healing rate compared to the control group (33.7 ± 19.9 days versus 69.29 ± 23.5 days; P &lt; 0.001). The flap success rate was 91.7 %, with two instances of flap necrosis (8.3 %) necessitating revision. The mean 6-month AOFAS score in the limb salvage group (90.8 ± 6.2) was significantly greater than that of the control group (85.8 ± 7.7; P = 0.017). No reports of hardware infection were noted.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>The orthoplastic limb salvage approach integrates concepts from both orthopedic and plastic surgery. The incorporation of Kickstand fixation techniques mitigates flap complications and expedites wound healing. Consequently, patients experience improved quality of life, which enable them to return to their daily activities more quickly.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12349,"journal":{"name":"Foot","volume":"63 ","pages":"Article 102176"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144314570","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Opposing flanks vs parallel flanks – The influence of screw design on compression and pull-out strength","authors":"Alexander Beer ,&nbsp;Rachel Tan ,&nbsp;Alba Morillo-Paterson ,&nbsp;Danae Morell-Cheng ,&nbsp;Mingshu Zhang ,&nbsp;Stephen Taylor ,&nbsp;Alessio Bernasconi ,&nbsp;Shelain Patel ,&nbsp;Karan Malhotra","doi":"10.1016/j.foot.2025.102172","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.foot.2025.102172","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Screws generate and maintain compression against distracting forces when performing osteotomy or fusion surgery. Headless screws have been recently designed with opposing flank angles (OFA) between the proximal and shaft threads and are purported to achieve better compression. The aim of this study was to compare OFA designs against traditional parallel flank angle (PFA) headless screws, and headed screws, to determine differences in compression and pull-out strength (POS).</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>This was a biomechanical, in-vitro sawbone study comparing four screw designs: two opposing flank headless designs (Screw A_O, Screw B_O), one parallel flank headless design (Screw C_P) and one headed design (Screw D_H). All screws were 4.0 mm diameter x 50 mm length, partially threaded, cannulated screws typically used in foot and ankle surgery (five screws tested for each design). Screw B_O had a shorter and narrower proximal threaded portion than Screws A_O and C_P. A custom apparatus was designed for measuring compression and POS. An osteotomy was created in sawbone blocks of 0.32 g/cm ³ density which simulated cancellous bone. The divided segments were apposed with four strain-gauged load cells in between. Screws were inserted per manufacture recommendations, perpendicular to the osteotomy and maximum compression was measured. To measure POS, block segments were distracted in increasing increments until the construct failed.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>There was a significant difference in compression between all screws: Screw A_O, 311.0 ± 4.2 N; Screw C_P, 201.4 ± 28.6 N; Screw B_O, 168.6 ± 15.9 N; Screw D_H, 119.8 ± 13.2 N (p &lt; 0.001). There was no significant difference in POS between Screw A_O (466.0 ± 29.0 N) and Screw C_p (399.0 ± 46.0 N, p = 0.089), but the other screws had significantly lower POS: Screw B_O, 310.0 ± 22.0 N; Screw D_H, 183.0 ± 12.9 N (p &lt; 0.001).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div><strong>One of the OFA designs exhibited the highest compression</strong> and POS in this sawbone model. However, the variable results between designs suggests other screw design features may have a greater influence than the opposing of flank angles.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12349,"journal":{"name":"Foot","volume":"63 ","pages":"Article 102172"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144196205","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Novel technique for deltoid spring complex reconstruction in progressive collapsing foot disorder","authors":"Ankit Jaiswal,&nbsp;Girish Motwani,&nbsp;Vivek Maurya","doi":"10.1016/j.foot.2025.102171","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.foot.2025.102171","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>Adult Acquired Flatfoot Deformity (AAFD) is a progressive condition characterized by the collapse of the medial foot arch, often caused by posterior tibial tendon dysfunction or deltoid spring ligament incompetency. Flexible type 2 AAFD results in peritalar subluxation and instability. The deltoid and spring ligament complex plays a critical role in foot stability. Current surgical treatments include ligament reconstructions, tendon transfers, and osteotomies, but comprehensive approaches for advanced cases are limited. This study compares two novel techniques—Quadrangular and Triangular repairs—using fiber tape or wire for reconstruction of the deltoid spring complex, combined with medial displacement calcaneal osteotomy (MCDO) for Stage II AAFD.</div></div><div><h3>Materials and methods</h3><div>Forty patients (mean age 44.6 years) with Stage II AAFD, unresponsive to conservative treatment, were enrolled between December 2023 and 2024. Both surgical techniques, combined with MCDO (excluding lateral column lengthening), were performed. Clinical and radiological assessments were made preoperatively, at 3 months, and at 12 months. The AOFAS Ankle-Hindfoot scale assessed functional outcomes, while radiological parameters such as Meary's angle, talonavicular coverage, and tibial-calcaneal angle were evaluated.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>At 3 and 12 months post-surgery, both techniques showed significant improvements in clinical (AOFAS) and radiological outcomes, including Meary’s angle and hindfoot alignment (p &lt; 0.01). Triangular repair demonstrated slightly better functional outcomes, but both techniques effectively restored foot biomechanics and alignment. Complications included wound dehiscence, metal irritation, and persistent subtalar pain, which resolved with conservative treatment.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Quadrangular and Triangular repair techniques, augmented with fiber tape or wire and combined with MCDO, are effective for Stage II AAFD. Both methods improve clinical and radiological outcomes, with Quadrangular repair showing a slight advantage in functional recovery in severe deformity. These findings suggest that a personalized approach based on talonavicular coverage optimizes AAFD management.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12349,"journal":{"name":"Foot","volume":"63 ","pages":"Article 102171"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143928823","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Difficulties experienced by podiatrists when performing neurological tests on paediatric patients","authors":"Gillian Jenkins ,&nbsp;Yaasirah Mohomed Choonara","doi":"10.1016/j.foot.2025.102173","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.foot.2025.102173","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>There is limited research supporting the existence of a standardized assessment tool in South Africa that aids podiatrists in the early diagnosis of developmental delays, including neurological delays, in paediatric patients. The Gait and Lower Limb Observation Proforma (GALLOP) Assessment Tool is a potential solution for South African podiatrists to enhance their assessments.</div></div><div><h3>Aim</h3><div>This study aimed to evaluate the \"ease of use\" and \"usefulness\" of the GALLOP Assessment Tool for podiatrists when performing paediatric neurological assessments.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A mixed-methods descriptive study was conducted with all Health Professions Council of South Africa (HPCSA)-registered podiatrists in the Johannesburg Metropolitan Municipality. Participants used the GALLOP Assessment Tool for three months before completing a survey assessing its ease of use and effectiveness.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The findings revealed that all participants found the neurological assessment section of the GALLOP Assessment Tool difficult to use. Major barriers included a lack of knowledge, confidence, and time required for proper implementation.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>The study highlights a critical gap in podiatrists' ability to conduct neurological assessments due to inadequate training and a lack of standardized tools. Addressing these issues through improved education, structured neurological training, and the refinement of the GALLOP Assessment Tool could enhance the early detection and management of paediatric neurological conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12349,"journal":{"name":"Foot","volume":"63 ","pages":"Article 102173"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144204890","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bridging the gap between custom foot orthoses research and clinical practice","authors":"Gabriel Moisan,&nbsp;Dominic Chicoine,&nbsp;Ian Griffiths,&nbsp;Kelly Robb","doi":"10.1016/j.foot.2025.102177","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.foot.2025.102177","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Clinicians often argue that research fails to capture the individualised nature of their custom foot orthoses prescriptions, resulting in inaccuracies in reported outcomes. Conversely, researchers prioritise standardisation but may inadvertently underestimate the true potential of foot orthoses in achieving positive clinical outcomes. To bridge these gaps, we advocate for various strategies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12349,"journal":{"name":"Foot","volume":"63 ","pages":"Article 102177"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144306542","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}