Foot最新文献

{"title":"Naviculocuneiform joint arthrodesis in a cohort of 36 patients","authors":"Nikolaos Gougoulias ,&nbsp;Panagiotis Christidis ,&nbsp;Georgios Christidis ,&nbsp;Hesham Oshba ,&nbsp;Vasileios Lampridis","doi":"10.1016/j.foot.2024.102115","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foot.2024.102115","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Arthrodesis of the naviculocuneiform joint (NCJ) can be performed in isolation or in conjunction with arthrodesis of other joints, often in the presence of deformity. In the literature there is relative rarity of articles reporting on results and complications of NCJ arthrodesis.</p></div><div><h3>Patients and methods</h3><p>Thirty-six patients (36 feet) with symptomatic NCJ arthritis underwent arthrodesis. Mean age was 59.1 years (SD 13.1; range 26–78) and 24 were women. Adjuvant procedures were performed simultaneously in 29 patients, whilst 17 had planovalgus and 1 had cavovarus foot deformity.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>Union of the NCJ arthrodesis was achieved in 35 out of 36 (97.2 %) patients, whilst one patient developed non-union. Mean time to union was 13.1 weeks (SD 3.8; range 8–24). Two patients (5.6 %) developed deep infection and 5 patients (13.9 %) required secondary surgical procedures. Twenty-three patients (63.9 %) rated the outcome as good or excellent, 11 (30.6 %) as fair and 2 (5.6 %) as poor.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>NCJ arthrodesis was part of a more complex procedure in most of the patients. Whilst union was achieved in almost all patients and complication rate was acceptable, only 64 % rated their outcome as good or excellent.</p></div><div><h3>Level of clinical evidence</h3><p>IV</p></div>","PeriodicalId":12349,"journal":{"name":"Foot","volume":"60 ","pages":"Article 102115"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141429669","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A randomised crossover trial on the effects of foot starting position on calf raise test outcomes: Position does matter","authors":"Kim Hébert-Losier ,&nbsp;Ma. Roxanne Fernandez ,&nbsp;Josie Athens ,&nbsp;Masayoshi Kubo ,&nbsp;Seth O’Neill","doi":"10.1016/j.foot.2024.102112","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foot.2024.102112","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>This randomised crossover study with repeated measures examined the influence of the three most common foot starting positions used in conducting the calf raise test (CRT) on test outcomes. This study also accounted for the potential influence of gender, age, body mass index (BMI), and level of physical activity on test outcomes.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>Forty-nine healthy individuals (59 % female, 21 ± 4 years) performed single-leg calf raise repetitions in a human movement laboratory in three randomised foot starting positions: flat, 10° incline, and step. The validated Calf Raise application was used to track the vertical displacement of a marker placed on the foot using computer vision. The application extracted the following CRT outcomes from the vertical displacement curve: number of repetitions, peak vertical height, total vertical displacement, and total positive work. Data were analysed using mixed-effects models and stepwise regression.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>There was a significant main effect (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.001) of foot starting position on all outcomes, with all paired comparisons being statistically significant (<em>P</em> ≤ 0.023). Repetitions, total vertical displacement, and total positive work were greatest in flat and lowest in step, whereas peak vertical height was greatest in incline and lowest in step. Gender (<em>P</em> = 0.021; males&gt;females) and BMI (<em>P</em> = 0.002; lower BMI&gt;higher BMI) significantly influenced the number of repetitions. Gender (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.001; males&gt;females) also influenced total positive work. Age and physical activity levels did not significantly influence CRT outcomes.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>CRT foot starting position mattered and significantly affected all CRT outcomes. CRT foot starting position needs consideration when contrasting data in research and practice.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":12349,"journal":{"name":"Foot","volume":"60 ","pages":"Article 102112"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0958259224000452/pdfft?md5=dc7315c637af7502a639a3a2b109c0bf&pid=1-s2.0-S0958259224000452-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141434558","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Patient-specific modelling of contact characteristics in the ankle joint following triple arthrodesis in valgus, neutral and varus hindfoot positions","authors":"L. Muralidharan ,&nbsp;P. Cardiff ,&nbsp;R. Flavin ,&nbsp;A. Ivanković","doi":"10.1016/j.foot.2024.102113","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.foot.2024.102113","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The aim of the current study was to understand the importance of the joint alignment following triple arthrodesis by analysing the contact characteristics in a normal and arthritic ankle joint using a patient-specific numerical model developed using open source software. The alignment of the hindfoot with respect to tibia is calculated from CT scans and the ankle joint model was numerically analysed for neutral, valgus and varus positions in both normal and arthritic conditions. The contact area, the magnitude and distribution of the contact pressure on the articular surface of the talar dome was evaluated using a cell-centred Finite Volume Method implemented in open-source software OpenFOAM. It was found that all positions of the hindfoot predict higher lateral pressures during heel strike. The varus position predicts the maximum increase in lateral pressures. Comparing the valgus and neutral positions, although the neutral position predicts 9.1 % higher increase in lateral pressures during heel strike than valgus, it predicts 33.6 % decrease in pressures during heel-rise and the distribution is more medial during toe-off. In the case of arthritic ankle, it could be observed that the neutral and varus hindfoot fusion positions result in a concentrated increase of lateral pressures in heel strike and flat-foot. In the case of toe-off, the neutral alignment results in an increase of 62.3 % in the contact pressures compared to the arthritic pressure of the unfused foot and is 20.8 % higher than the valgus alignment. The study helps to conclude that the fusion is more beneficial at the neutral position of the hindfoot for the patient specific ankle. However, the 5° valgus position of hindfoot alignment could be more beneficial in the arthritic ankle. Patient-specific approach to the placement of the hindfoot with the help of numerical analysis could help address the issue of ankle degradation following arthrodesis.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":12349,"journal":{"name":"Foot","volume":"60 ","pages":"Article 102113"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141473141","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Differences in muscle activity of extrinsic and intrinsic foot muscles in toe grip and push-down movements of the great toe","authors":"Yuki Ogawa ,&nbsp;Toshihiro Maemichi ,&nbsp;Ryusei Yamaguchi ,&nbsp;Takumi Okunuki ,&nbsp;Osamu Kinoshita ,&nbsp;Hideaki Nagamoto ,&nbsp;Tsukasa Kumai","doi":"10.1016/j.foot.2024.102111","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.foot.2024.102111","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Toe flexor strength is generated primarily by the flexor hallucis longus (FHL) of the extrinsic foot muscles (EFMs) and the plantar intrinsic foot muscles (PIFMs) of the great toe. Toe flexion methods can be broadly classified into toe grip (TG) and toe push-down (TP). Additionally, TP's interphalangeal joint (IPJ) position may influence the FHL and PIFMs activity ratios. This study aimed to elucidate the differences in the muscle activity and muscle activity ratios of the FHL and AbdH during TG, TP with IPJ flexion (TPIF), and TP with IPJ extension (TPIE).</p><p>Surface electromyography and a custom-made instrument were used to measure the FHL and AbdH muscle activity during TG, TPIF, and TPIE of the great toe in 28 healthy men. The muscle activity and AbdH/FHL muscle activity ratio in the three conditions were statistically compared.</p><p>The FHL activity was significantly higher during TG and TPIF than during TPIE. The AbdH muscle activity was significantly higher during TPIF and TPIE than that during TG. The AbdH/FHL muscle activity ratio was significantly higher for TPIE, TPIF, and TG in that order.</p><p>This study showed that the FHL and AbdH muscle activity differed depending on the TG and TP of the great toe, and that the AbdH/FHL muscle activity ratio was different in the IPJ position. These results suggest that selecting a toe flexion method according to the target muscle when measuring and training the great toe flexor strength is important.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":12349,"journal":{"name":"Foot","volume":"60 ","pages":"Article 102111"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141400747","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Long term follow up on treatment of hallux sesamoid fracture with temporary first metatarsal joint internal fixation","authors":"Conor J. Moran ,&nbsp;Brice Viard ,&nbsp;Yves Tourné","doi":"10.1016/j.foot.2024.102104","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foot.2024.102104","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Fracture of the hallucial sesamoids is a pathology that causes difficulty for surgeons and patients. Because of the low incidence and the fact that up to 64–90 % heal with non-operative management, there is a lack of clear guidance in the literature for the surgical treatment of sesamoid fracture in cases of failure of non-operative management. Here long term follow up of an alternative method of surgical treatment of sesamoid fracture recalcitrant to nonoperative management is presented.</p><p>32 individuals were treated with temporary surgical immobilisation of the 1st metatarsophalangeal joint using either crossed wires or two orthogonally placed two hole plates. The patients then underwent removal of the construct at 8 weeks post op after confirmation of healing on a CT scan. There was a 94 % union rate. Return to work was 61 days (15–90) return to sport 80 days (64–112) with no immediate complications and no recurrence. At last follow up mean 10 years (4–16) only 2 patients had gone on to asymptomatic non-union and one patient developed arthritis between the sesamoid and the metatarsal head. No patient has required further surgical intervention.</p><p>This retrospective cohort of patients demonstrate that this method of treatment is a valuable option in the management of sesamoid fracture which does not alter the biomechanics of the foot and has none of the long term complications of sesamoidectomy or partial sesamoidectomy.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":12349,"journal":{"name":"Foot","volume":"60 ","pages":"Article 102104"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141313312","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Barefoot pressure distribution of diabetic patients and non-diabetic volunteer subjects after sensorimotor training with an unstable shoe construction","authors":"M. Maetzler ,&nbsp;T. Bochdansky ,&nbsp;W. Wang ,&nbsp;R.J. Abboud","doi":"10.1016/j.foot.2024.102102","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.foot.2024.102102","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Forty-three percent of all diabetic foot ulcers occur under the medial forefoot due to a medial deviation of elevated pressures and premature forefoot ground contact in neuropathic diabetic patients. A 6-week sensorimotor training period with an unstable shoe construction reduces in-shoe peak pressures and contact times under the medial aspect of the forefoot.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>The study was designed as a Randomised Control Trial with two diabetic groups (one served as intervention group and one as control group) and one non-diabetic intervention group. Measurements for barefoot pressure distribution and contact times were taken by means of an Emed® pressure measurement platform (Novel GmbH, Munich) before and after 6 weeks. During this time the diabetic and the non-diabetic intervention groups were required to wear an unstable shoe construction (Masai Barefoot Technology, MBT®) for at least four hours per day.</p></div><div><h3>Findings</h3><p>Results for the non-diabetic intervention group showed significantly later contact times for the medial portion of the forefoot, resulting in shorter contact times. Peak pressure was also reduced under the medial aspect of the foot while it was increased under the lateral aspect of the foot. Changes for the diabetic intervention group followed the same pattern while the values of the diabetic control group shifted away from the reference values.</p></div><div><h3>Interpretation</h3><p>A 6-week sensorimotor training period with an unstable shoe construction can change barefoot peak pressures and contact times in non-diabetic subjects and in diabetic patients in the most endangered area, i.e. the medial forefoot.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":12349,"journal":{"name":"Foot","volume":"60 ","pages":"Article 102102"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141281518","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Foot radiologic morphology as a predictor of pseudo-jones fractures: A retrospective case-control study","authors":"Erdi Imre ,&nbsp;Bilgin Bozgeyik ,&nbsp;Onur Kaya","doi":"10.1016/j.foot.2024.102103","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foot.2024.102103","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Fifth metatarsal basis fractures are common injuries. Zone 1 fractures are also known as pseudo-jones fractures. This study aimed to elucidate the impact of foot radiologic morphology on pseudo-Jones fractures.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>Patients with pseudo-Jones fractures formed the case group and individuals with ankle sprains but no fractures formed control group. Weight-bearing anteroposterior and lateral radiographs were evaluated for pre-determined measurements: metatarsus adductus angle (MAA), intermetatarsal angles (1−2, 4−5), calcaneal inclination (CI) angle, and fifth metatarsal base angle. All measurements were performed by a single investigator using digital PACS tools. Statistical analysis compared these radiographic parameters between the groups.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>The fracture group demonstrated a significantly lower 4–5 intermetatarsal and calcaneal inclination angles than the control group (p &lt; 0.05). Notably, no statistically significant difference was found in the metatarsus adductus angle.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>This study demonstrates a potential association between foot radiographic morphology and pseudo-Jones fractures. Patients with a lower 4–5 IMA and calcaneal inclination angle may be at a higher risk for developing pseudo-Jones fractures. However, these requires future prospective studies.</p></div><div><h3>Level of evidence</h3><p>Level III case control study</p></div>","PeriodicalId":12349,"journal":{"name":"Foot","volume":"60 ","pages":"Article 102103"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141292018","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analysis of ankle muscle activity: A study on static balance with eyes closed and high-heeled shoes","authors":"Maristella Borges Silva ,&nbsp;Luciane Fernanda Rodrigues Martinho Fernandes ,&nbsp;Rhaíra Helena Caetano e Souza ,&nbsp;Angela Abreu Rosa de Sá ,&nbsp;Eduardo Lázaro Martins Naves","doi":"10.1016/j.foot.2024.102100","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.foot.2024.102100","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Changes in sensory afferent interfere with the control of postural stability by the central nervous system. Wearing high-heeled shoes is an example of an external disturbance that changes sensory inputs and results in several postural adjustments to control stability. Thus, our purpose is to investigate the influence of high-heeled shoes and visual absence on maintenance of static balance and on ankle muscle activity among young women. Our hypothesis is that the combination of high-heeled shoes with visual absence lead to an increase of postural sway and of levels of activation of the stabilizing ankle muscles.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>Nine volunteers remained in an unrestrained erect posture on a force platform for collecting of stabilometric and electromyographic parameters in four bipodal conditions: barefoot with open eyes, barefoot with closed eyes, with high heels and open eyes and with high heels and closed eyes.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>When comparing the experimental condition open and closed eyes with high heels, there were significant differences for all stabilometric variables, except for the confidence ellipse area. Statistical differences were found for the medial gastrocnemius muscle in all comparison pairs with high heels.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>The wearing high-heeled shoes showed to be the most influencing disturbance on static balance. Our findings suggest ankle muscle activity is adapted according to changes of the center of pressure sway and the wearing of high heels changes the muscle activation and postural sway.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":12349,"journal":{"name":"Foot","volume":"60 ","pages":"Article 102100"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141143167","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Weil’s osteotomy versus distal metatarsal metaphyseal osteotomy for the treatment of metatarsalgia. A metaanalysis of outcome and complications","authors":"Ioannis M. Stavrakakis ,&nbsp;George E. Magarakis ,&nbsp;Petros Kapsetakis ,&nbsp;Chrysostomos Tsatsoulas ,&nbsp;Alexandros Tsioupros ,&nbsp;Georgios Datsis","doi":"10.1016/j.foot.2024.102101","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.foot.2024.102101","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Weil’s osteotomy (WO) and distal metatarsal metaphyseal osteotomy (DMMO) are considered to be the gold standard of managing metatarsalgia. Stiffness and floating toe are the main disadvantages of the WO, whereas delayed union or malunion and prolonged swelling are the main complications of the DMMO. The purpose of this study is to compare these two methods, in terms of outcome and complications, through a metaanalysis of the literature.</p></div><div><h3>Materials and methods</h3><p>Pubmed, Google Scholar and Mendeley databases were searched for studies comparing directly the outcome of DMMO and Weil’s osteotomy, with a minimum follow up of six months. The random effects model was used for the metaanalysis. The quality of studies was assessed using the MINORS criteria.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>Four studies were eligible for the analysis including 211 patients in total. The mean difference of the postoperative American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) score and the visual analogue scale (VAS) among the two techniques was − 1,04 (C.I.: −3,50 – 1,43) and − 0,39 (CI: −0,83 – 0,08) respectively. The risk difference regarding postoperative stiffness, swelling and residual metatarsalgia was − 0,09 (95% C.I.: −0,23 – 0,06), − 0,17 (95% C.I.: −0,62 – 0,29) and − 0,06 (95% C.I.: −0,20 – 0,08) respectively.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>Based on the existing literature, Weil’s osteotomy and DMMO are equally safe and effective for the treatment of metatarsalgia. More studies of better quality are required, in order to extract safer and absolute conclusions regarding this topic.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":12349,"journal":{"name":"Foot","volume":"60 ","pages":"Article 102101"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141030965","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Podiatric conditions observed in Special Olympics athletes: Contrasting data from a USA versus an international population","authors":"David W. Jenkins ,&nbsp;McKenzie Schlangen ,&nbsp;Brandon Winski ,&nbsp;Charlotte Bolch","doi":"10.1016/j.foot.2024.102099","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foot.2024.102099","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objectives</h3><p>Persons with intellectual disabilities frequently have podiatric conditions. Findings from the 2018 United States Summer games (USA) venues are compared to those from athletes screened at the 2019 Special Olympics World Summer Games in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates (UAE).</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>Data from Fit Feet screenings from 2445 United Arab Emirates (UAE) participants were compared to 1244 US participants.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>A sampling of results that reflect significant differences in findings between the USA cohort and Abu Dhabi cohort include ankle joint range of motion, excessive abduction, hallux abducto valgus and pes planus. The overall shoe to foot mismatch was found to be 52.2%. A professional referral was recommended 27.7% of the time in the USA data and 28.5% in the Abu Dhabi data. An urgent referral was requested 5.1% of the time for the USA data and 3.7% of the time in the Abu Dhabi data.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>Special Olympics athletes experience a greater prevalence of identifiable podiatric conditions as compared to the general population. Several of the conditions investigated in this study differed significantly between the international Special Olympics cohort and the USA cohort. Assessment of the feet of Special Olympics athletes can help to better appreciate the podiatric conditions in a population of individuals with intellectual disabilities. The variance identified between populations of Special Olympics athletes may be a reflection on the lack of standardization of conditions that are assessed for as well as the disparate characteristics of the clinical volunteers. Future Fit Feet events may wish to consider significant improvements in objectivity and standardization as it pertains to the conditions that are evaluated for in the Fit Feet exam.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":12349,"journal":{"name":"Foot","volume":"59 ","pages":"Article 102099"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140918455","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}