Expert Review of Vaccines最新文献

{"title":"Consensus based expert recommendations for management and prevention of RSV infections in older adults in emerging market countries: results from an expert panel structured survey.","authors":"Otavio Cintra, Zainab Alsharef, Abhay Phansalkar, Antonio Anzueto, Mark Loeb","doi":"10.1080/14760584.2026.2715855","DOIUrl":"10.1080/14760584.2026.2715855","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) can cause serious disease in older adults (OAs), particularly those with comorbidities. It is a leading cause of acute respiratory illness and lower respiratory tract infections in adults ≥60 years. Its impact on morbidity, mortality, and healthcare systems is becoming evident. Questions about the burden of disease (BoD) are raised due to underdiagnosis and the similarity with other respiratory illnesses. First opportunities for prevention came in 2023 and 2024, with vaccines approved for ≥60 years, expanding eligibility to additional age groups.</p><p><strong>Research design and methods: </strong>A modified Delphi approach through a questionnaire survey and virtual consensus workshop with 27 experts in respiratory and infectious diseases from 12 emerging market countries was done to reach consensus on diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of RSV in OAs.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The panel recommends the introduction of a universal vaccination program for all adults aged ≥70 years, and vaccination for all adults aged ≥60 years with comorbidities. The need for increased awareness, better testing, and national and international guidelines was also agreed.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The agreements highlight that RSV vaccination for OAs should be prioritized. Educating clinicians and patients, improving surveillance, and integrating RSV vaccination into health policies are key to reducing BoD in OAs.</p>","PeriodicalId":12326,"journal":{"name":"Expert Review of Vaccines","volume":"25 1","pages":"2715855"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2026-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148758070","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Progress toward an Epstein-Barr virus vaccine.","authors":"Craig Laferriere, Elliot Bland, Wayne Channon, Lawrence Young","doi":"10.1080/14760584.2026.2686294","DOIUrl":"10.1080/14760584.2026.2686294","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), or Human gammaherpesvirus 4, infects over 90% of adults globally. While often asymptomatic in children, EBV causes infectious mononucleosis in adolescents and establishes lifelong latency in B lymphocytes. A 2022 landmark study of 10 million U.S. military personnel revolutionized EBV research by establishing it as the primary trigger for multiple sclerosis (MS). Consequently, preventing EBV is now viewed as a critical strategy to eliminate the majority of MS cases worldwide, alongside reducing burdens of other inflammatory diseases, infectious mononucleosis and certain cancers.</p><p><strong>Areas covered: </strong>This review starts with the epidemiology of EBV-associated cancers and chronic inflammatory diseases. It then details the virus's biology and lifecycle, identifying key target antigens for both prophylactic and therapeutic vaccines. The text explores the immune response to natural infection, correlates of protection and Target Product Profile (TPP). Finally, the review evaluates how vaccine candidates meet the TPP.</p><p><strong>Expert opinion: </strong>The path to a licensed EBV vaccine is clearer and more urgent than ever, requiring strategic vision and collaboration from vaccine manufacturers, international health agencies and vaccine advisory committees. The opinions proposed in this review move beyond immunogenicity toward defining the clinical endpoints, vaccination schedules, and post-licensure evaluation for long-term global impact.</p>","PeriodicalId":12326,"journal":{"name":"Expert Review of Vaccines","volume":" ","pages":"2686294"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2026-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148198079","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A narrative review of COVID-19 epidemiology and mRNA vaccine impact in children <12 years during the omicron era (November 2021 - December 2025).","authors":"Zhe Zheng, Mitra Yousefi, Morgan Marks, Avika Dixit, Rahnuma Wahid, Emma Viscidi, Evan J Anderson","doi":"10.1080/14760584.2026.2684961","DOIUrl":"10.1080/14760584.2026.2684961","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>COVID-19 continues to pose a burden in children under 12 years of age during the Omicron era (November 2021 - December 2025). Following Omicron's emergence, SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence increased rapidly, with most children infected by ages 2-4 years. Pediatric hospitalization rates declined after the initial Omicron wave but remained elevated in children under 2 years and in those with underlying conditions. While healthy children typically experience mild illnesses, severe outcomes-including hospitalization, admission to an intensive care unit, death, and multisystem inflammatory syndrome-can occur, particularly in unvaccinated children.</p><p><strong>Areas covered: </strong>This narrative review summarizes current evidence on pediatric COVID-19 epidemiology and vaccine impact, including infection rates, severe outcomes, post-acute COVID-19 syndrome (Long COVID), and mRNA vaccine effectiveness and uptake in high-income regions. A literature search included peer-reviewed publications, surveillance data, and reports from health agencies during the Omicron era.</p><p><strong>Expert opinion: </strong>mRNA vaccines are effective in reducing pediatric COVID-19-related morbidity, but uptake remains low globally. Addressing parental concerns, improving vaccine accessibility, and promoting evidence-based communication are critical to increasing uptake. Given the continued disease burden and the potential for severe outcomes, ensuring access to mRNA COVID-19 vaccines for children at higher risk and for families who wish to vaccinate their children is beneficial.</p>","PeriodicalId":12326,"journal":{"name":"Expert Review of Vaccines","volume":" ","pages":"2684961"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2026-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148162512","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Whole cell and acellular pertussis vaccines - rethinking the evidence.","authors":"Giacomo Casabona, Nitin Shah, Jaydeep Choudhury, Utkarsh Shah","doi":"10.1080/14760584.2026.2689606","DOIUrl":"10.1080/14760584.2026.2689606","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Pertussis remains an unsolved public health problem. We have synthesized recent evidence on the immunogenicity, effectiveness, and safety of the two available vaccines, whole-cell (wP) and acellular (aP). We aimed to reorient current thinking and critically address some widely held misconceptions about pertussis vaccines.</p><p><strong>Areas covered: </strong>We conducted a targeted literature review to identify studies published in the last 10 years, describing aspects of effectiveness, safety, and the immune response to wP and aP.</p><p><strong>Expert opinion: </strong>Vaccines containing wP and aP continue to successfully achieve their historical goal of preventing pertussis deaths in children. Contrary to widely held beliefs, wP vaccines do not completely prevent colonization and have not been proven to prevent transmission. Both vaccines demonstrate clinically significant effectiveness against pertussis disease, hospitalization, complications, and death. However, neither provides long-term protection, interrupts pertussis transmission, or prevents cyclic outbreaks. Both require periodic boosters. Differences in the immune response have not been linked to adverse clinical outcomes or reduced efficacy in young children. Both wP and aP demonstrate a favorable benefit-risk profile for preventing severe pertussis in children. However, the reactogenicity and safety profile of aP is clearly superior, which may be a decisive factor for optimal vaccine uptake.</p>","PeriodicalId":12326,"journal":{"name":"Expert Review of Vaccines","volume":" ","pages":"2689606"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2026-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148360316","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evolution of the global emergency vaccine stockpile system.","authors":"Jenny A Walldorf, Jaymin C Patel, Laurence Cibrelus, Katya Fernandez, Malika Bouhenia, Vachagan Harutyunyan, Lorenzo Pezzoli, J Erin Staples, Tim Nguyen, Alejandro Costa","doi":"10.1080/14760584.2026.2715858","DOIUrl":"10.1080/14760584.2026.2715858","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>The emergence of epidemic-prone diseases continues to pose a threat to global health. Vaccine stockpiles allow effective and timely response to outbreaks. Global stockpiles have been established for multiple vaccines, but stockpile management has evolved in recent years, both in the number of globally managed stockpiles and in stockpile strategy, from a reactive to a more integrated approach bridging with preventive strategies.</p><p><strong>Areas covered: </strong>We conducted a review of published and gray literature to provide an update on the evolution of stockpile management in recent years (2014-2025), specifically for cholera, yellow fever, polio, meningococcus, COVID-19, Ebola, and mpox.</p><p><strong>Expert opinion: </strong>The benefit of accelerated development of new vaccines and medical countermeasures to fight epidemic-prone diseases cannot be achieved without efficient and transparent stockpile management and distribution mechanisms, to ensure equitable and needs-based allocation.</p>","PeriodicalId":12326,"journal":{"name":"Expert Review of Vaccines","volume":"25 1","pages":"2715858"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2026-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148918935","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Vaccine effectiveness against medically attended, laboratory-confirmed influenza in the I-MOVE primary care network in Europe, VEBIS project, 2024/25.","authors":"Héloïse Lucaccioni, Francisco Pozo, Gloria Pérez-Gimeno, Ralf Dürrwald, Marina Uras, Lisa Domegan, Beatrix Oroszi, Adam Meijer, Camino Trobajo-Sanmartín, Dorina Ujvari, Ana Paula Rodrigues, Ivan Mlinarić, Mihaela Lazar, Eva Rivas Wagner, Annika Erdwiens, Vincent Enouf, Adele McKenna, Gergő Túri, Marit de Lange, Iván Martínez-Baz, Neus Latorre-Margalef, Raquel Guiomar, Sanja Kurečić Filipovic, Sorin Dinu, Olatz Mokoroa, Kristin Tolksdorf, Shirley Masse, Charlene Bennett, Katalin Kristóf, Mariette Hooiveld, Jesús Castilla, João Santos, Vesna Višekruna Vučina, Rodica Popescu, Sabrina Bacci, Marlena Kaczmarek, Esther Kissling","doi":"10.1080/14760584.2026.2645378","DOIUrl":"10.1080/14760584.2026.2645378","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>We conducted a multicenter test-negative study to estimate vaccine effectiveness (VE) against medically attended, laboratory-confirmed influenza in primary care, Europe, 2024/25.</p><p><strong>Research design and methods: </strong>Specimens were collected from patients with acute respiratory infection. All or a random sample of viruses were sequenced. VE was (1-odds ratio) × 100, adjusted for confounders.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We included 7275 cases and 17,516 controls (weeks 40-2024-18-2025). The overall VE was 46% (95% CI: 40-52), lowest in adults ≥65 years at 28% (95% CI: 12-42). VE against influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 was 30% (95% CI: 19-40); ranging 16-34% by age and vaccination target group. Most (88%) circulating clades were 5a.2a, distinct from the vaccine clade. VE was 28% (95% CI: 7-45) against 5a.2a (C.1.9), and 6% (95% CI: -62-45) against the vaccine-matched clade 5a.2a.1 (D). VE against influenza A(H3N2) was 38% (95% CI: 26-49); ranging 20-66% by age and target group. Circulating viruses belonged to the vaccine clade 2a.3a.1, with 88% subclade (J.2). VE against influenza B was 76% (95% CI: 69-81); ranging 70-80% by age and target group; all viruses belonged to the vaccine clade V1A.3a.2, with diverse subclades.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Influenza vaccination protected approximately one in two vaccinated individuals against medically attended infection in primary care in Europe, 2024/25, varying by (sub)type and age.</p>","PeriodicalId":12326,"journal":{"name":"Expert Review of Vaccines","volume":" ","pages":"2645378"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2026-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147431789","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Epidemiological impact of a 20- or 21-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in the Japan adult population: insights from a dynamic transmission model.","authors":"Rachel J Oidtman, Atsushi Tajima, Taizo Matsuki, Peter P Mueller, Tufail Malik, Kevin M Bakker, Colleen Burgess, John C Lang, Oluwaseun Sharomi","doi":"10.1080/14760584.2026.2678266","DOIUrl":"10.1080/14760584.2026.2678266","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>This study assessed the public health impact of adult pneumococcal vaccination strategies in Japan, comparing 20-valent (PCV20) and 21-valent (V116) pneumococcal conjugate vaccines with the current 23-valent polysaccharide vaccine (PPSV23).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>An age- and serotype-specific dynamic transmission model calibrated to Japanese data estimated reductions in invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) across age and risk groups. All scenarios assumed pediatric introduction of PCV20.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Under current adult recommendations (targeting 65-year-olds), switching adult vaccination to PCV20 yielded up to a 0.3% decrease in adult IPD versus PPSV23, while V116 yielded up to a 2.6% reduction. Expanding age- and risk-based recommendations (both in adults aged ≥65-years-old and the at-risk 15-64-year-old population) produced larger reductions: up to 0.9% with PCV20 and 3.8% with V116. Further gains were projected when expanded recommendations were combined with increased vaccination coverage (from 39.1% to 53.2%-93.8%), with IPD reductions of 2.6%-6.5% for PCV20 and 8.5%-18.2% for V116.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Results highlight the value of broader age recommendations and higher vaccine uptake in Japan and indicate that V116 can achieve greater reductions in pneumococcal disease burden than PCV20 or PPSV23, supporting consideration of V116 for adult vaccination in Japan.</p>","PeriodicalId":12326,"journal":{"name":"Expert Review of Vaccines","volume":" ","pages":"2678266"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2026-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147987120","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Accelerating <i>Shigella</i> vaccines: from decades of research to global access.","authors":"Shiferaw Tesfaye Tilahun, Sun Bean Kim, Naveena Aloysia D'Cor, Jessica Cowden, Tarun Saluja","doi":"10.1080/14760584.2026.2686291","DOIUrl":"10.1080/14760584.2026.2686291","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong><i>Shigella</i> remains one of the leading causes of severe pediatric diarrheal deaths, especially in low- and middle-income countries. Despite more than a century of sustained research efforts, there is no globally licensed <i>Shigella</i> vaccine.</p><p><strong>Areas covered: </strong>This review examines the epidemiology, pathogenesis, historical development, and vaccine landscape of <i>Shigella</i>, highlighting investigational vaccine candidates. Evidence from the WHO International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (ICTRP) further indicates that several vaccine candidates have progressed to Phase II and III clinical trials across diverse geographic regions worldwide. However, licensure remains constrained by scientific, public health, and programmatic challenges.</p><p><strong>Expert opinion: </strong>Next-generation <i>Shigella</i> vaccine platforms offer promising opportunities to improve immunogenicity, scalability, and serotype coverage. However, key challenges remain, including antigenic diversity, the lack of defined correlates of protection, and the complexity of conducting efficacy trials in high-burden settings. Accelerating vaccine development will require continued innovation, strengthened clinical trial capacity in endemic regions, and coordinated global partnerships. Addressing these priorities could facilitate vaccine licensure and enable effective deployment, ultimately reducing the global burden of shigellosis, and contributing to efforts to combat antimicrobial resistance.</p>","PeriodicalId":12326,"journal":{"name":"Expert Review of Vaccines","volume":" ","pages":"2686291"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2026-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148175692","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cost-effectiveness of RSVpreF for the prevention of respiratory syncytial virus illness among high-risk adults in Germany.","authors":"Erin Quinn, Mary MacKinnon, Severin Freisberg, Caroline Lade, Josephine Friedrich, Lea J Bayer, Christof von Eiff, Ahuva Averin, Reiko Sato, Julia Schiffner-Rohe","doi":"10.1080/14760584.2026.2708199","DOIUrl":"10.1080/14760584.2026.2708199","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Vaccination against lower respiratory tract illness due to respiratory syncytial virus (RSV-LRTI) is approved in Europe for all adults aged ≥18 years. The German Standing Committee on Vaccination (STIKO), however, only recommends vaccination for high-risk adults aged 60-74 years and all adults aged ≥75 years (standard of care [SOC]). Younger, immunocompromised adults [IC], as well as those with chronic medical conditions [CMC+], remain unprotected.</p><p><strong>Research design and methods: </strong>A multi-cohort model projected lifetime RSV-related clinical and economic outcomes (in 2025 €) among adults in Germany. Base case analyses considered the cost-effectiveness of adding vaccination of IC adults aged 18-59 years to the SOC from a societal perspective. An expanded base case adding CMC+/IC adults aged 18-59 years to the SOC was also evaluated.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Adding IC adults aged 18-59 years to the recommendation would prevent 6,490 additional cases, avert 199 more deaths, and reduce costs by 21 million € compared to the SOC. Incorporating CMC+/IC adults would prevent 24,545 additional cases and 388 deaths, at an incremental cost of 238 million €.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Expanding the recommendation to include IC or CMC+/IC adults aged 18-59 years could substantially reduce the clinical burden of RSV-LRTI in Germany; including IC 18-59-year-olds would also be cost-saving.</p>","PeriodicalId":12326,"journal":{"name":"Expert Review of Vaccines","volume":"25 1","pages":"2708199"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2026-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148630001","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"ACAM2000 vaccine safety and immunogenicity considerations for smallpox and mpox.","authors":"Vanja Komlenovic, James McCarty, David Cassie, Ravi Anantha, Kevin Yeo, Mario Rodriguez, Bojan Drobic","doi":"10.1080/14760584.2026.2708197","DOIUrl":"10.1080/14760584.2026.2708197","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Smallpox, eradicated globally in 1980, remains a major biodefense concern due to retained Variola virus stocks and the absence of population immunity following cessation of routine vaccination. Monkeypox virus (MPXV), a related orthopoxvirus, has reemerged as a global public health threat, with major outbreaks in 2022 and renewed spread from 2024 onward.</p><p><strong>Areas covered: </strong>This review evaluates ACAM2000®, a second-generation live smallpox vaccine, summarizing its development, immunogenicity, efficacy, safety, regulatory status, and potential role in mpox prevention.</p><p><strong>Expert opinion: </strong>ACAM2000 remains a critical medical countermeasure for smallpox preparedness and a valuable, though selective, tool for mpox prevention. Its high immunogenicity, rapid protection, and broad orthopoxvirus coverage must be balanced against a well-characterized safety risk profile.</p>","PeriodicalId":12326,"journal":{"name":"Expert Review of Vaccines","volume":"25 1","pages":"2708197"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2026-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148705998","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}