Expert Review of VaccinesPub Date : 2026-12-01Epub Date: 2026-01-19DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2025.2606335
Muloongo Simuzingili, Zinan Yi, Marion de Lepper, Nicole Cossrow, Kelly D Johnson, Kwame Owusu-Edusei
{"title":"The health and economic burden of invasive pneumococcal diseases attributable to PCV21 versus PCV20 serotypes among adults aged ≥18 in Germany.","authors":"Muloongo Simuzingili, Zinan Yi, Marion de Lepper, Nicole Cossrow, Kelly D Johnson, Kwame Owusu-Edusei","doi":"10.1080/14760584.2025.2606335","DOIUrl":"10.1080/14760584.2025.2606335","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Significant residual burden of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) is attributable to Streptococcus pneumoniae serotypes not included in any available vaccines in Germany. This study quantified the burden of invasive pneumococcal disease attributable to PCV21 and PCV20 serotypes among German adults.</p><p><strong>Research design and methods: </strong>A published state-transition Markov model estimated the lifetime cases, deaths, and direct costs (2023 Euros) of IPD by age (18-49, 50-59, and 60 years and older) and risk group (low-risk, at-risk, and high-risk) in Germany. One-way sensitivity analysis on PCV21 cost was conducted.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Across all age groups, there were 50,462 more IPD cases and 8895 deaths attributable to the serotypes in PCV21 compared to PCV20. The eight unique serotypes to PCV21 accounted for approximately 22% of disease. Higher direct costs were associated with PCV21 serotypes versus PCV20 serotypes (€505,094,685 versus €389,835,550, respectively). Discount rate of costs was the most influential input.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Serotypes in PCV21 compared to PCV20 are associated with greater health and economic burden in Germany, primarily driven by the eight unique serotypes included in PCV21 and no other licensed vaccine. Including PCV21 in the national German vaccination guidelines may substantially reduce IPD-related health and economic burden among adults.</p>","PeriodicalId":12326,"journal":{"name":"Expert Review of Vaccines","volume":" ","pages":"2606335"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2026-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145965687","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Expert Review of VaccinesPub Date : 2026-12-01Epub Date: 2026-03-18DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2026.2638828
Jonathan Fix, Sandra Lee, Jenny Nachbar, Payal Sadadia, Karin Lövgren Bengtsson, Linda Stertman, Anna-Karin E Palm, Robert Walker, Ruxandra Draghia Akli, Sarah Sellers
{"title":"Safety of Matrix-M-adjuvanted COVID-19, seasonal influenza, combination influenza-COVID-19, and malaria vaccines: a review of the evidence.","authors":"Jonathan Fix, Sandra Lee, Jenny Nachbar, Payal Sadadia, Karin Lövgren Bengtsson, Linda Stertman, Anna-Karin E Palm, Robert Walker, Ruxandra Draghia Akli, Sarah Sellers","doi":"10.1080/14760584.2026.2638828","DOIUrl":"10.1080/14760584.2026.2638828","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>The saponin-based Matrix-M adjuvant induces potent and durable immunity through producing long-lasting memory B-cells and broad-based T-cell immunity, across a variety of vaccine platforms. Matrix-M-adjuvanted vaccines have a history of successful development for protection against a broad range of infectious diseases with high public health urgency. Two authorized Matrix-M-adjuvanted vaccines, NUVAXOVID (COVID-19) and R21/Matrix-M (<i>Plasmodium falciparum</i> malaria), have been administered to >10 million people worldwide.</p><p><strong>Areas covered: </strong>This review is a comprehensive evaluation of published reactogenicity and safety data from 66 clinical trials and post-marketing studies of Matrix-M-adjuvanted COVID-19, seasonal influenza, combination COVID-19-influenza (CIC), and malaria vaccines retrieved from PubMed and Embase with no restricted start date and last search on 1 November 2025.</p><p><strong>Expert opinion: </strong>64,101 participants received ≥1 Matrix-M-adjuvanted vaccine dose (143,170 doses): 55,939 COVID-19, 2477 influenza, 1422 CIC, and 4263 malaria vaccines. All authorized and candidate vaccines within each disease area were well-tolerated, including among a wide geographical distribution, immunocompromised populations, and children. Active-comparator clinical trials and post-marketing studies demonstrate favorable reactogenicity profiles of Matrix-M-adjuvanted vaccines versus licensed vaccines for the same diseases, particularly, lower reactogenicity rates post-NUVAXOVID versus mRNA COVID-19 vaccination. Research is ongoing to better characterize Matrix-M immune-stimulating mechanisms, continue technology improvements, and identify new applications to enhance vaccines and therapeutics.</p>","PeriodicalId":12326,"journal":{"name":"Expert Review of Vaccines","volume":" ","pages":"2638828"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2026-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147431826","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Expert Review of VaccinesPub Date : 2026-12-01Epub Date: 2026-04-14DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2026.2653748
Li Liu, Lei Zhang, Ran Hu, Guodong Kang, Jing Yu, Xiang Sun, Zhiguo Wang
{"title":"An active surveillance study of adverse events following to Japanese encephalitis inactivated vaccine (JE-I) in Jiangsu Province, China, 2024-2025.","authors":"Li Liu, Lei Zhang, Ran Hu, Guodong Kang, Jing Yu, Xiang Sun, Zhiguo Wang","doi":"10.1080/14760584.2026.2653748","DOIUrl":"10.1080/14760584.2026.2653748","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To evaluate the safety of the Japanese Encephalitis Inactivated Vaccine (JE-I) through an active surveillance in Jiangsu Province, China.</p><p><strong>Research design and methods: </strong>Active follow-up was conducted among children vaccinated with JE-I from 1 January 2024, to 31 March 2025, and systematically document the occurrence of adverse events following immunization (AEFI).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 274 AEFI cases were identified, yielding an overall incidence rate of 111.34 per 10,000 doses. Incidence was significantly higher after the first dose than subsequent doses (χ2 = 315.849, <i>p</i> < 0.001).Co-administered with other vaccines was associated with a higher AEFI incidence than JE-I alone (χ2 = 21.307, <i>p</i> < 0.001). Sequential vaccination demonstrated superior safety than a full JE-I course (χ2 = 18.028, <i>p</i> < 0.001).Most cases (84.31%) developed symptoms within one day post-vaccination. Fever was the most common symptom (92.33%). Symptoms were generally mild and transient, resolving without or with minimal intervention. Sixteen children experienced two AEFI episodes, with no aggravation in the second.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>JE-I AEFI incidence in Jiangsu was relatively low, predominantly common reactions. No serious adverse reactions were reported, indicating a favorable safety profile.</p><p><strong>Clinical trial registration: </strong>www.clinicaltrials.gov identifier is NCT06372665.</p>","PeriodicalId":12326,"journal":{"name":"Expert Review of Vaccines","volume":"25 1","pages":"2653748"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2026-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147689197","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Expert Review of VaccinesPub Date : 2026-12-01Epub Date: 2026-06-26DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2026.2694390
María L Avila-Aguero, Helena Brenes-Chacon, Luiza H Falleiros-Arlant, José Brea-Del Castilo, Jorge Alfaro-Murillo, Roberto Debbag, Fernando Burgos
{"title":"Narrative shielding and prebunking: a synergistic strategy against vaccine hesitancy in pediatrics.","authors":"María L Avila-Aguero, Helena Brenes-Chacon, Luiza H Falleiros-Arlant, José Brea-Del Castilo, Jorge Alfaro-Murillo, Roberto Debbag, Fernando Burgos","doi":"10.1080/14760584.2026.2694390","DOIUrl":"10.1080/14760584.2026.2694390","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Vaccine hesitancy has emerged as a major challenge for pediatric immunization programs, shaped by a complex interplay of structural, relational, and informational factors. In Latin America, these dynamics are further influenced by health system fragmentation and social inequities, requiring approaches that extend beyond information-based interventions.</p><p><strong>Areas covered: </strong>This review examines the multidimensional nature of vaccine hesitancy in pediatric populations, with a focus on Latin America. It examines the role of digital environments, clinical communication, and system-level factors, and discusses emerging strategies such as narrative communication and prebunking. The literature was identified through a targeted review of peer-reviewed publications and relevant global health reports.</p><p><strong>Expert opinion: </strong>Addressing vaccine hesitancy requires integrated strategies that combine trust-building with anticipatory communication. Approaches such as narrative shielding and prebunking may complement traditional interventions by strengthening how caregivers interpret vaccine-related information. Future efforts should prioritize context-specific implementation and evaluation in real-world settings.</p>","PeriodicalId":12326,"journal":{"name":"Expert Review of Vaccines","volume":" ","pages":"2694390"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2026-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148307625","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Expert Review of VaccinesPub Date : 2026-12-01Epub Date: 2026-08-14DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2026.2708188
James Wright, Natasha S Crowcroft, Julie Perry, Heili Poolsaar, Paul A Gastañaduy, David N Durrheim, William J Moss, Susan Hahné, Walter A Orenstein, Paul A Rota, Selma Osman, Desirée Pastor, Alberto Severini, Shelly Bolotin
{"title":"Do vaccinated cases transmit measles? A systematic review and meta-analysis.","authors":"James Wright, Natasha S Crowcroft, Julie Perry, Heili Poolsaar, Paul A Gastañaduy, David N Durrheim, William J Moss, Susan Hahné, Walter A Orenstein, Paul A Rota, Selma Osman, Desirée Pastor, Alberto Severini, Shelly Bolotin","doi":"10.1080/14760584.2026.2708188","DOIUrl":"10.1080/14760584.2026.2708188","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>We reviewed evidence on whether vaccinated individuals can transmit measles and conducted a meta-analysis to understand transmission characteristics.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We searched and extracted data from peer-reviewed and gray literature and included studies reporting measles transmission events from vaccinated individuals. We meta-analyzed the data to calculate the median number of transmissions from vaccinated cases by measles burden, number of doses, and time since first and last dose.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We identified 11,911 peer-reviewed and 22 gray literature records and included 33 articles in our review. Seventy individuals who had received 1 or more doses of measles-containing vaccine transmitted measles virus, resulting in 237 secondary cases. Vaccinated transmitters in eliminated areas were older (median age of 19 years (IQR: 3, 21)) than those in non-eliminated areas (median age 16 years; IQR 13, 18) (<i>p</i> = 0.12). Additionally, 91% (30/33) of studies provided data on subsequent transmission generations, leading to 812 measles cases traced back to vaccinated individuals, with a median of 4 (IQR: 1, 10) cases per vaccinated transmitter.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Measles transmissions from vaccinated cases, although relatively uncommon, must be considered in public health investigations, as such transmissions can contribute to outbreaks.</p>","PeriodicalId":12326,"journal":{"name":"Expert Review of Vaccines","volume":"25 1","pages":"2708188"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2026-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148759155","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Expert Review of VaccinesPub Date : 2026-12-01Epub Date: 2026-07-09DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2026.2696882
Sophie Warren, Jack Said, Joe Trim, Euan Dawson, Michele Wilson, Benjamin M Althouse, Mark Rozenbaum
{"title":"Projected health and economic impact of PCV20 vaccination in UK children: a dynamic transmission model.","authors":"Sophie Warren, Jack Said, Joe Trim, Euan Dawson, Michele Wilson, Benjamin M Althouse, Mark Rozenbaum","doi":"10.1080/14760584.2026.2696882","DOIUrl":"10.1080/14760584.2026.2696882","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Despite the significant impact of longstanding pediatric pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) use in the United Kingdom (UK), pneumococcal disease burden remains substantial. Higher valent vaccines, such as the 20‑valent PCV (PCV20), could reduce this burden, yet their value in the contemporary UK setting has not been fully assessed using recent data.</p><p><strong>Research design and methods: </strong>An age-structured dynamic transmission model used post-COVID-19 UK epidemiology (2001-2023) to compare pediatric PCV20 (2 + 1 and 1 + 1) with PCV13 (1 + 1) and PCV15 (1 + 1). Over 10 years, we assessed cost-effectiveness and number needed to vaccinate (NNV), capturing disease cases, deaths, costs, quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs), and incremental cost-effectiveness ratios. Sensitivity and scenario analyses examined key uncertainties.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Over 10 years, both PCV20 schedules were dominant versus PCV13 and PCV15. Versus PCV13, PCV20 1 + 1 and 2 + 1 were projected to avert 448,432 and 499,151 disease cases and save £1.509 and £1.306 billion, respectively. Versus PCV15, PCV20 1 + 1 and 2 + 1 were projected to avert 409,459 and 460,179 disease cases and save £1.424 and £1.221 billion, respectively. NNVs versus PCV13 were lower for PCV20 than PCV15 across both dosing schedules. Sensitivity and scenario results were consistent with the base case.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Pediatric PCV20 implementation in the UK could deliver substantial health gains while improving economic efficiency.</p>","PeriodicalId":12326,"journal":{"name":"Expert Review of Vaccines","volume":" ","pages":"2696882"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2026-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148367643","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Expert Review of VaccinesPub Date : 2026-12-01Epub Date: 2026-08-24DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2026.2720954
Mohammed Alfaqeeh, Neily Zakiyah, Maarten J Postma, Anas Hamad, Auliya A Suwantika
{"title":"Priority setting for older adult vaccines in Indonesia: a multi-criteria decision analysis using SMART vaccines.","authors":"Mohammed Alfaqeeh, Neily Zakiyah, Maarten J Postma, Anas Hamad, Auliya A Suwantika","doi":"10.1080/14760584.2026.2720954","DOIUrl":"10.1080/14760584.2026.2720954","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Indonesia's aging population faces substantial vaccine-preventable disease burdens, while vaccine introduction decisions remain constrained by limited resources and the absence of a prioritization framework. This study prioritized vaccines for older adults in Indonesia using a structured prioritization approach.</p><p><strong>Research design and methods: </strong>A multi-criteria decision analysis was conducted using the Strategic Multi-Attribute Ranking Tool for Vaccines. Influenza vaccine (IV), pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV), recombinant zoster vaccine (RZV), and respiratory syncytial virus vaccine (RSVV) were assessed across 10 attributes. Stakeholders confirmed vaccine candidates, validated criteria, assigned weights, and scored vaccines. One-way sensitivity analyses and an exploratory proxy uncertainty analysis were performed to assess ranking robustness.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Seventeen representatives from ten stakeholder institutions participated. The highest weighted attributes were quality-adjusted life years gained/disability-adjusted life years averted (14.44%), relevance to older adult public health priorities (12.78%), premature deaths averted (11.89%), net budget impact (11.44%), and cost-effectiveness (11.22%). Composite scores ranked IV first (858.25), followed by PCV (809.24), RSVV (569.39), and RZV (558.03). Rankings remained unchanged across all sensitivity and proxy uncertainty analyses.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>IV was the highest-priority vaccine for older adults in Indonesia, followed by PCV, RSVV, and RZV. This framework provides an evidence-informed basis for vaccine policy and healthy aging strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":12326,"journal":{"name":"Expert Review of Vaccines","volume":"25 1","pages":"2720954"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2026-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148808488","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Expert Review of VaccinesPub Date : 2026-12-01Epub Date: 2026-08-27DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2026.2722420
Diogo F P Marques, Angela M C Rose, Susana Monge, Iván Martínez-Baz, Marijke Reynders, Róisín Duffy, Sierk D Marbus, Silvia Bino, Petr Husa, Ralf Dürrwald, Liem Binh Luong Nguyen, Goranka Petrović, Beatrix Oroszi, Antonino Bella, Monika Kuliese, Stephen Abela, Iwona Paradowska-Stankiewicz, Ausenda Machado, Odette Popovici, Chris Robertson, Francisco Pozo, Ana S Lameiras Azevedo, Camino Trobajo-Sanmartín, Anna Parys, Lisa Domegan, Arianne B van Gageldonk-Lafeber, Lenka Součková, Kristin Tolksdorf, Odile Launay, Vesna Višekruna Vučina, Gergő Túri, Flavia Riccardo, Ligita Jančorienė, John Paul Cauchi, Verónica Gómez, Mihaela Lazar, Jim McMenamin, Baltazar Nunes
{"title":"Association between influenza vaccination and severe outcomes in adults aged ≥ 65 years hospitalized with laboratory-confirmed influenza: a retrospective cohort study, I-MOVE hospital network, Europe, 2015/16-2024/25.","authors":"Diogo F P Marques, Angela M C Rose, Susana Monge, Iván Martínez-Baz, Marijke Reynders, Róisín Duffy, Sierk D Marbus, Silvia Bino, Petr Husa, Ralf Dürrwald, Liem Binh Luong Nguyen, Goranka Petrović, Beatrix Oroszi, Antonino Bella, Monika Kuliese, Stephen Abela, Iwona Paradowska-Stankiewicz, Ausenda Machado, Odette Popovici, Chris Robertson, Francisco Pozo, Ana S Lameiras Azevedo, Camino Trobajo-Sanmartín, Anna Parys, Lisa Domegan, Arianne B van Gageldonk-Lafeber, Lenka Součková, Kristin Tolksdorf, Odile Launay, Vesna Višekruna Vučina, Gergő Túri, Flavia Riccardo, Ligita Jančorienė, John Paul Cauchi, Verónica Gómez, Mihaela Lazar, Jim McMenamin, Baltazar Nunes","doi":"10.1080/14760584.2026.2722420","DOIUrl":"10.1080/14760584.2026.2722420","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Older adults face an increased risk of influenza-related intensive care unit (ICU) admission and in-hospital death (IHD). Although vaccination reduces hospitalization, its effect on these outcomes remains uncertain. We estimated the association between influenza vaccination and both outcomes among adults aged ≥65 years hospitalized with laboratory-confirmed influenza.</p><p><strong>Research design and methods: </strong>We conducted a retrospective cohort study using European I-MOVE hospital network data (2015/16-2024/25); vaccination was defined as vaccine receipt ≥14 days before symptom onset. We estimated pooled-season adjusted risk ratios (aRR) using Poisson regression adjusting for potential confounders. We calculated relative risk reduction (RRR) as (1-aRR)×100, overall and by age group (65-79, ≥80 years).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>After exclusions, 4,257 patients (five study sites, six seasons) were included. ICU admission occurred in 3% of vaccinated and 5% of unvaccinated patients; IHD occurred in 5% of both groups. RRR was 11% (95% CI: -21-34) against ICU admission (65-79 years: -4%; ≥80 years: 44%). RRR against IHD was 26% (95% CI: 3-43); 17% and 29% in each respective age group.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Vaccination showed little or no association with ICU admission, but was associated with a one-quarter reduction in IHD among hospitalized older adults, reinforcing its benefits against fatal in-hospital outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":12326,"journal":{"name":"Expert Review of Vaccines","volume":"25 1","pages":"2722420"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2026-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148826722","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Expert Review of VaccinesPub Date : 2026-12-01Epub Date: 2026-01-10DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2025.2606342
Maria Waize, Pavo Marijic, Alen Marijam, Foteini Gkalapi, Elisa Turriani, Franziska Jakobs, Indra Jaidhauser, Dorothea Münch, Sara Pedron, Eleftherios Zarkadoulas
{"title":"Reply to letter to editor \"Public health impact and cost-effectiveness of the adjuvanted RSVPreF3 vaccine for respiratory syncytial virus prevention among adults aged 50 years and older in Germany\".","authors":"Maria Waize, Pavo Marijic, Alen Marijam, Foteini Gkalapi, Elisa Turriani, Franziska Jakobs, Indra Jaidhauser, Dorothea Münch, Sara Pedron, Eleftherios Zarkadoulas","doi":"10.1080/14760584.2025.2606342","DOIUrl":"10.1080/14760584.2025.2606342","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":12326,"journal":{"name":"Expert Review of Vaccines","volume":" ","pages":"2606342"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2026-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145899911","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Expert Review of VaccinesPub Date : 2026-12-01Epub Date: 2026-06-11DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2026.2686294
Craig Laferriere, Elliot Bland, Wayne Channon, Lawrence Young
{"title":"Progress toward an Epstein-Barr virus vaccine.","authors":"Craig Laferriere, Elliot Bland, Wayne Channon, Lawrence Young","doi":"10.1080/14760584.2026.2686294","DOIUrl":"10.1080/14760584.2026.2686294","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), or Human gammaherpesvirus 4, infects over 90% of adults globally. While often asymptomatic in children, EBV causes infectious mononucleosis in adolescents and establishes lifelong latency in B lymphocytes. A 2022 landmark study of 10 million U.S. military personnel revolutionized EBV research by establishing it as the primary trigger for multiple sclerosis (MS). Consequently, preventing EBV is now viewed as a critical strategy to eliminate the majority of MS cases worldwide, alongside reducing burdens of other inflammatory diseases, infectious mononucleosis and certain cancers.</p><p><strong>Areas covered: </strong>This review starts with the epidemiology of EBV-associated cancers and chronic inflammatory diseases. It then details the virus's biology and lifecycle, identifying key target antigens for both prophylactic and therapeutic vaccines. The text explores the immune response to natural infection, correlates of protection and Target Product Profile (TPP). Finally, the review evaluates how vaccine candidates meet the TPP.</p><p><strong>Expert opinion: </strong>The path to a licensed EBV vaccine is clearer and more urgent than ever, requiring strategic vision and collaboration from vaccine manufacturers, international health agencies and vaccine advisory committees. The opinions proposed in this review move beyond immunogenicity toward defining the clinical endpoints, vaccination schedules, and post-licensure evaluation for long-term global impact.</p>","PeriodicalId":12326,"journal":{"name":"Expert Review of Vaccines","volume":" ","pages":"2686294"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2026-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148198079","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}