Allergy最新文献

{"title":"An Algorithm for the Diagnosis and Management of Severe Asthma in Children and Adolescents","authors":"Eckard Hamelmann, Bianca Schaub, Susanne Lau, Leonard B. Bacharier","doi":"10.1111/all.70027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/all.70027","url":null,"abstract":"Severe asthma (SA) in childhood is infrequent (≈2% of all paediatric asthma), yet it drives a disproportionate share of morbidity and cost. A clear algorithm is required to distinguish <jats:italic>difficult‐to‐treat asthma</jats:italic> (DTA) from true SA and to guide phenotype‐driven diagnosis and therapy.","PeriodicalId":122,"journal":{"name":"Allergy","volume":"27 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144919133","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Skin Lipid–Microbe Interplay Links Staphylococcus hominis to Barrier Control in Adult Atopic Dermatitis","authors":"Madhumita Bhattacharyya, Felix Lauffer, Manja Jargosch, Kristina Frey, Mahsa Shahidi Dadras, Theresa Raunegger, Sophia Wasserer, Carsten B. Schmidt‐Weber, Tilo Biedermann, Kilian Eyerich, Stefanie Eyerich, Claudia Traidl‐Hoffmann, Christian Klose, Matthias Reiger, Natalie Garzorz‐Stark","doi":"10.1111/all.70028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/all.70028","url":null,"abstract":"BackgroundSkin surface lipids and commensal microbes are essential for the epidermal barrier, but their mutual interactions remain poorly understood.MethodsWe conducted high‐resolution shotgun lipidomics of tape strips from lesional and non‐lesional atopic dermatitis (AD) skin and healthy controls. Lipidomic data were integrated with 16S amplicon sequencing to construct lipid–microbe interaction networks.ResultsAD skin showed disease‐specific lipid–microbe correlations, with less diverse interactions in lesional compared to non‐lesional and healthy skin. <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"><jats:italic>Staphylococcus hominis</jats:italic></jats:styled-content> (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"><jats:italic>S. hominis</jats:italic></jats:styled-content>) negatively correlated with non‐hydroxy—dehydrosphingosine (NdS) 18:0;2/24:0;0 and positively with diacylglycerol (DAG) 18:1;0_18:1;0 and DAG 16:0;0_18:1;0. In vitro co‐cultures of reconstructed human epidermis (RHE) with AD skin‐derived T cell supernatant (TCS) and <jats:italic>S. hominis</jats:italic> reduced RHE thickness, spongiosis, and NdS 18:0;2/24:0;0 levels. Furthermore, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"><jats:italic>S. hominis</jats:italic></jats:styled-content> directly lowered NdS 18:0;2/24:0;0 levels in lesional AD skin tape samples, and reversed type 2 inflammation and lipid metabolism gene expression in TCS‐stimulated RHE.ConclusionsThese findings identify <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"><jats:italic>S. hominis</jats:italic></jats:styled-content> as a key regulator of lipid–microbe interactions in AD, influencing epidermal inflammation and differentiation.","PeriodicalId":122,"journal":{"name":"Allergy","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144915612","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unsupervised Clustering Reveals Intestine-Adapted Eosinophil Subsets Shaped by Local Inflammation","authors":"Leigha D. Larsen,&nbsp;Arman Kian,&nbsp;Natalie A. Falta,&nbsp;Barbara Fox,&nbsp;Lisa A. Spencer","doi":"10.1111/all.70010","DOIUrl":"10.1111/all.70010","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;Steady-state resident intestinal eosinophils sustain a healthy epithelial barrier, mediate anti-microbial immunity, and repair and resolve tissue injury. Juxtaposed to these homeostatic functions, activated eosinophils prone to degranulation contribute to tissue pathology in inflamed settings.&lt;sup&gt;S1&lt;/sup&gt; Extra-physiologic infiltration of eosinophils is a diagnostic criterion of eosinophilic gastrointestinal disorders (EGIDs; eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE), enteritis (EoN), and colitis (EoC)) and a common characteristic of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD; Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis). Although generally considered pathologic in EGIDs and IBD, contributions of eosinophils to the pathophysiology of either condition remain incompletely understood. Despite their post-mitotic state, tissue-immigrated eosinophils exhibit incompletely understood organ-specific functional adaptations&lt;sup&gt;S2,S3&lt;/sup&gt; shaped in part by nutrient-, microbiome-, and tissue-derived factors and mediated in part via eosinophil-intrinsic aryl hydrocarbon receptor- and notch 2 receptor-dependent signaling in steady-state [&lt;span&gt;1-3&lt;/span&gt;]. Separate prior studies identified CD22 expressing homeostatic [&lt;span&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;], CLEC4a4 expressing immunoregulatory [&lt;span&gt;4&lt;/span&gt;], and PD-L1&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt;CD80&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt; expressing anti-microbial [&lt;span&gt;5&lt;/span&gt;], murine intestinal eosinophil subsets that likely contribute to their dichotomous homeostatic and pathologic functions; however, a unified reconciliation of these reported subsets is lacking. Therefore, despite recognition of functional heterogeneity, clinical histopathological assessments remain agnostic to eosinophil phenotypes.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Here we applied targeted multidimensional flow cytometry and unsupervised clustering to discriminate intestinal eosinophil phenotypes within and across inflammatory states (Figure 1A). Single cell suspensions were recovered from digested whole small intestines of mice under conditions of health, an allergen-induced model of eosinophilic enteritis (EoN), or TNF-α overexpression (TNF&lt;sup&gt;ΔARE/+&lt;/sup&gt;) resulting in spontaneous ileitis (Supporting Information). Eosinophils were gated as described (Figure S1A), and t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding (t-SNE) plots were generated from data concatenated across all experimental conditions. Eosinophils from allergen-challenged mice clustered closely with those from healthy mice, while a notable divergence appeared within the context of ileitis (Figure 1B,Bi). Receptor expression thresholds were defined manually for each surface receptor (Figure S1B) and expression profiles were overlayed. We previously demonstrated intestinal eosinophils upregulate CD11c along a continuum of expression over time in parallel with their villus migration [&lt;span&gt;6&lt;/span&gt;]; we therefore utilized CD11c as a primary indicator of intestinal adaptation. A CD11c&lt;sup&gt;−&lt;/sup&gt; population was observed that also resembled blood eosinophils (e.g., β7 integrin&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup","PeriodicalId":122,"journal":{"name":"Allergy","volume":"80 10","pages":"2921-2925"},"PeriodicalIF":12.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/all.70010","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144915609","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Novel Humanized Mouse Model for Steroid‐Resistant Asthma","authors":"Shiho Yamada, Shuichiro Maruoka, Shota Toyoshima, Yusuke Kurosawa, Ryosuke Ozoe, Yutaka Kozu, Kenji Mizumura, Yoshimichi Okayama, Ryoji Ito, Yasuhiro Gon","doi":"10.1111/all.70012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/all.70012","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":122,"journal":{"name":"Allergy","volume":"23 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144901582","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Five-Year Follow-Up Study of Single Dose Challenges in the Diagnosis and Management of Cow's Milk Allergy in Infants","authors":"Aoife Corcoran,&nbsp;Yvonne d'Art,&nbsp;Aideen Byrne,&nbsp;Jonathan O'B. Hourihane","doi":"10.1111/all.70024","DOIUrl":"10.1111/all.70024","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;While the natural course of cow's milk protein allergy (CMPA) is generally favourable, with most children outgrowing the allergy during early childhood, studies on the resolution rate of CMPA have produced varying results, especially in populations served by tertiary services where referral bias may be factor [&lt;span&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;]. Dietary advancement treatment programmes, using ‘ladder’ schedules of increasing exposure to less baked forms of milk and egg, are an emerging management option. We have previously shown [&lt;span&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;] the effectiveness of a single low-dose milk exposure (eliciting dose of milk, ED&lt;sub&gt;05&lt;/sub&gt;) in promoting faster progression up a milk ladder [&lt;span&gt;3&lt;/span&gt;], used routinely in Ireland, immediately after diagnosis [&lt;span&gt;4-6&lt;/span&gt;].&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;In 2024, we recontacted the cohort in the 2020 study, assessing their current tolerance of cow's milk and existence of other atopic conditions, 5 years after the study's completion. Verbal consent was obtained in every case. Ethical approval was obtained from the Clinical Research Ethics Committees of Children's Health Ireland (CHI)—approval number REC-463-24.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Sixty patients had been recruited to the original study, as described elsewhere [&lt;span&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;], and of these, 57 had completed the study at 1 year. 47/57 participants and their families completed the follow-up questionnaire (82%). Additionally, two out of three patients who were previously lost to follow up in the 2020 study also completed the follow up (Figure S1).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;There was no difference in the rate of other atopic conditions between groups (Table 1). There was no significant difference in the rates of tolerance of cow's milk at 5 years between control and intervention groups, with 13/17 children in the control group and 27/30 children in the intervention group reporting tolerance (&lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt; = 0.21).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Children who had received a single dose of milk at the ED&lt;sub&gt;05&lt;/sub&gt; had achieved tolerance earlier than those receiving routine care (Figure 1). A higher baseline SpIgE to cows' milk protein at the time of diagnosis of CMPA was associated with not reporting tolerance of milk at 5 years (Mann–Whitney &lt;i&gt;U&lt;/i&gt; test, &lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt; = 0.03). The maternal mean trait anxiety score (MTAS) at diagnosis in those children who had resolution of their CMPA at 5 years was 35.39 (SD 9.5) and the mean MTAS in those who had ongoing CMPA at 5 years was 38.42 (SD 13.4, &lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt; &gt; 0.05).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Five years after single dose study completion, the majority of cases of CMPA had resolved in both the intervention and routine care groups, as expected, but those who had received a single dose of milk at the ED&lt;sub&gt;05&lt;/sub&gt; during the original study [&lt;span&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;] had achieved tolerance earlier than those who followed routine ladder-based care. This is important as persistent CMPA is associated with stunted longitudinal growth and a higher risk of micronutrient deficiencies [&lt;span&gt;7&lt;/span&gt;]. It is further notable that the rates of early","PeriodicalId":122,"journal":{"name":"Allergy","volume":"80 10","pages":"2931-2933"},"PeriodicalIF":12.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/all.70024","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144899113","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"T Cell Subsets Are Altered Off Season in Patients With Allergic Rhinitis","authors":"Maryam Jafari, Eric Hjalmarsson, Eirini Paziou, Marianne Petro, Agnetha Karlsson, Ola Winqvist, Susanna Kumlien Georén, Lars‐Olaf Cardell","doi":"10.1111/all.16668","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/all.16668","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":122,"journal":{"name":"Allergy","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144899053","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Narrowband Ultraviolet B Induces Peripheral Regulatory T Cells to Exert Antigen‐Specific Immune Suppression","authors":"Chun‐Hao Lu, Ching‐Hui Tsai, Iquo O. Phillip, Pei‐Chuan Chiang, Shao‐Han Chang, Huan‐Yuan Chen, Hao‐Jui Weng, Pi‐Hui Liang, Shih‐Yu Chen, Fu‐Tong Liu, Tsen‐Fang Tsai, Yungling Leo Lee","doi":"10.1111/all.70019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/all.70019","url":null,"abstract":"BackgroundCommonly used to treat inflammatory skin diseases, narrowband ultraviolet B (UVB) has been shown to induce antigen‐specific immune suppression when combined with alloantigen immunization, but the underlying mechanism remains elusive.MethodsWe used cytometry by time‐of‐flight (CyTOF) to analyze the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from 19 psoriasis patients enrolled in UVB trial. Mouse models of ovalbumin (OVA)‐induced skin inflammation and allogeneic skin transplantation were used to investigate the effects of UVB on antigen‐specific regulatory T cell (Treg) induction. We applied bulk RNA sequencing (RNA‐seq) and single‐cell RNA sequencing (scRNA‐seq) methods to the analyses of mouse skin Tregs and PBMCs, respectively.ResultsCyTOF analysis revealed patients’ therapeutic response to be determined by a cluster of CD4<jats:sup>+</jats:sup> T cells expressing T cell receptor (TCR)‐activated and Treg‐associated molecules. In clinical trial and mouse models of skin inflammation and allogeneic skin transplantation, UVB led to immunosuppressive phenotypes through antigen‐specific Treg induction. RNA‐seq from mouse skin Tregs showed that UVB enhanced gene expression associated with cell stability, cellular location, and cell proliferation. When compiling with human peripheral Tregs analyzed by scRNA‐seq, we found similar gene expression patterns involved in Treg differentiation, maintenance, and function. Furthermore, scRNA‐seq analysis also demonstrated that UVB inhibited negative regulators of Treg development, thereby promoting CD4<jats:sup>+</jats:sup> T differentiation into Tregs, clonal expansion of which was also noted.ConclusionsOur findings suggest UVB can induce antigen‐specific Tregs in a clinical setting, highlighting its potential for broader immunosuppressive applications.","PeriodicalId":122,"journal":{"name":"Allergy","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144899054","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Statistical Analysis in Allergy and Immunology: A Review With Practical Examples","authors":"Michal Ordak,&nbsp;Giovanni Paoletti,&nbsp;Danilo Di Bona,&nbsp;Bernardo Sousa-Pinto,&nbsp;Matteo Martini,&nbsp;Antonio Bognanni,&nbsp;Jean Bousquet,&nbsp;Giorgio Walter Canonica","doi":"10.1111/all.70013","DOIUrl":"10.1111/all.70013","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Statistical analysis plays a critical role in biomedical research, ensuring that data are interpreted appropriately and that conclusions are both valid and reproducible. In allergy and immunology, where studies increasingly rely on complex data structures and analytical approaches, clarity on biostatistical methods is essential to support transparency and scientific rigor. However, inconsistent statistical reporting and misuse of analytical techniques remain persistent challenges in the field. This review provides a structured and practice-oriented overview of key statistical aspects relevant to research in allergy and immunology Drawing upon recent peer-reviewed articles in these disciplines, we highlight best practices in the transparent reporting of statistical methods, verification of underlying assumptions, and interpretation of statistical significance in the context of clinical relevance. Each section is illustrated with practical examples to demonstrate sound analytical reasoning and to guide researchers, reviewers, and educators in improving statistical standards across the field.</p>","PeriodicalId":122,"journal":{"name":"Allergy","volume":"80 10","pages":"2755-2766"},"PeriodicalIF":12.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/all.70013","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144899055","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Natural History of Airway Hyperresponsiveness and Its Association With Asthma Traits","authors":"Sophie Carra, Hongmei Zhang, Ramesh J. Kurukulaaratchy, Syed Hasan Arshad","doi":"10.1111/all.70006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/all.70006","url":null,"abstract":"BackgroundThe natural history of airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) from childhood to adulthood and its association with asthma status are poorly understood. We aim to define the natural history of AHR in relation to asthma characteristics such as symptoms, atopy and lung function to improve our understanding of the changes in AHR with asthma pathophysiology during adolescence.MethodsMethacholine bronchial challenge test (BCT) was undertaken in the Isle of Wight whole population birth cohort at 10 years (<jats:italic>n</jats:italic> = 783), 18 years (<jats:italic>n</jats:italic> = 585) and 26 years (<jats:italic>n</jats:italic> = 86). Data on wheeze, lung function, and atopy were collected at each time point. Definite AHR was defined as methacholine concentration provoking a 20% decrease in Forced Expiratory Volume in 1 s (PC<jats:sub>20</jats:sub>) at &lt; 4 mg/mL.ResultsAHR prevalence was 21.6% (169/783) at 10 years and 5% (29/585) at 18 years of age (<jats:italic>p</jats:italic> &lt; 0.01). In 406 participants, where methacholine BCT was performed at both 10 and 18 years, 80.9% of those with AHR at age 10 became negative at 18 years. At a population level, AHR trajectory was in the opposite direction to that of asthma (14.7% at age 10 to 17.6% at age 18; <jats:italic>p</jats:italic> = 0.004), atopy (26.9% at age 10 to 41.5% at age 18; <jats:italic>p</jats:italic> &lt; 0.001) and airway obstruction (FEV<jats:sub>1</jats:sub>/FVC ratio of 0.88 at age 10 to 0.87 at age 18; <jats:italic>p</jats:italic> &lt; 0.001). AHR prevalence remained stable between the ages of 18 and 26 years.ConclusionThe natural history of AHR is characterised by a marked decrease in prevalence during adolescence, in contrast to asthma and other asthma characteristics. Age should be considered when interpreting AHR as an asthma defining trait.","PeriodicalId":122,"journal":{"name":"Allergy","volume":"193 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144899061","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Anti‐IL‐5 Vaccination Dampens Allergen‐Specific IgE Levels and Modulates IL‐4 and IL‐5 Th2 Cytokines in Skin Allergy of Mice and Horses","authors":"Fadi Jebbawi, Florian Olomski, Victoria Inversini, Giulia Keller, Tanya Rhiner, Nina Waldern, Juwela Lam, Stanislav Pantelyushin, Fabia Canonica, Katharina Birkmann, Pål Johansen, Thomas M. Kündig, Antonia Fettelschoss‐Gabriel","doi":"10.1111/all.70020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/all.70020","url":null,"abstract":"BackgroundSkin allergies are among the most frequent types of allergies, where continuous investigation of the pathological immune mechanisms is required for a better understanding and a more effective treatment of the disease. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effect of interleukin (&lt;jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"&gt;IL&lt;/jats:styled-content&gt;)‐5 vaccination on allergen‐specific &lt;jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"&gt;IgE&lt;/jats:styled-content&gt; antibodies as well as T cell cytokine modulation in skin allergy using a mouse model and a naturally occurring disease in horses.MethodsOvalbumin (&lt;jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"&gt;OVA&lt;/jats:styled-content&gt;)‐sensitized mice, as well as horses affected by equine insect bite hypersensitivity (&lt;jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"&gt;IBH&lt;/jats:styled-content&gt;) were administered an anti‐&lt;jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"&gt;IL&lt;/jats:styled-content&gt;‐5 vaccination, and allergen‐specific &lt;jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"&gt;IgE&lt;/jats:styled-content&gt; and &lt;jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"&gt;IgG&lt;/jats:styled-content&gt; were quantified in the blood. Additionally, &lt;jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"&gt;mRNA&lt;/jats:styled-content&gt; and protein expression of T cell cytokines of in vitro allergen re‐stimulated murine splenocytes and equine peripheral blood mononuclear cells (&lt;jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"&gt;PBMCs&lt;/jats:styled-content&gt;), as well as in &lt;jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"&gt;IBH&lt;/jats:styled-content&gt; lesional skin biopsies, were investigated using &lt;jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"&gt;qPCR&lt;/jats:styled-content&gt; and &lt;jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"&gt;ELISA&lt;/jats:styled-content&gt;. Clinical signs were recorded by ear swelling in mice.ResultsOur data showed a significant decrease in allergen‐specific immunoglobulins (Igs) in &lt;jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"&gt;IL&lt;/jats:styled-content&gt;‐5‐vaccinated mice, as well as a reduction in allergen‐specific &lt;jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"&gt;IgE&lt;/jats:styled-content&gt; in horses. Furthermore, protein production of T cell cytokines &lt;jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"&gt;IL&lt;/jats:styled-content&gt;‐4 and &lt;jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"&gt;IFNγ&lt;/jats:styled-content&gt; in mice, as well as &lt;jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"&gt;mRNA&lt;/jats:styled-content&gt; expression of &lt;jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"&gt;IL&lt;/jats:styled-content&gt;‐4, &lt;jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"&gt;IL&lt;/jats:styled-content&gt;‐5, &lt;jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"&gt;IL&lt;/jats:styled-content&gt;‐13, and &lt;jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"&gt;IFNγ&lt;/jats:styled-content&gt; in lesional skin of the horses, was significantly decreased upon vaccination when compared to the placebo group. Furthermore, we demonstrated that &lt;jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"&gt;CD4&lt;/jats:styled-content&gt;&lt;jats:sup&gt;+&lt;/jats:sup&gt; cells in &lt;jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"&gt;IBH&lt;/jats:styled-content&gt;‐affected horses are highly enriched with the &lt;jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"&gt;GATA3","PeriodicalId":122,"journal":{"name":"Allergy","volume":"18 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144901847","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}