The Open Atmospheric Science Journal最新文献_第3页

Spatial-temporal Variability of Seasonal Precipitation in Iran 伊朗季节降水的时空变化特征

The Open Atmospheric Science Journal Pub Date : 2016-12-26 DOI: 10.2174/1874282301610010084

M. Javari

{"title":"Spatial-temporal Variability of Seasonal Precipitation in Iran","authors":"M. Javari","doi":"10.2174/1874282301610010084","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874282301610010084","url":null,"abstract":"Spatial-seasonal variability and temporal trends has essential importance to climatic prediction and analysis. The aim of this research is the seasonal variations and temporal trends in the Iran were predicted by using rainfall series. The exploratoryconfirmatory method, and seasonal time series procedure (STSP), temporal trend (TT), seasonal least squares (SLS) and spatial (GIS) methods (STSP¬-SLS-GIS) were employed to bring to light rainfall spatial-seasonal variability and temporal trends (SSVTT). To explore the spatial-seasonal variability and temporal trends during the period over 1975 to 2014 at 140 stations. To investigate the spatial-seasonal variability and temporal trends amount of each series was studied using ArcGIS 10.3 on different time scale. New climatic findings for the region: the investigates and predictions revealed that: (a) range of monthly and seasonal changes of rainfall tends to be highest (increasing trend) during winter (Winter Seasonal Index or WUSI=137.83 mm); (b) lowest (decreasing trend) during summer (Summer Seasonal Index or SUSI=20.8l mm) and (c) the coefficient of rainfall seasonal pattern variations in winter to 5.94 mm, in spring to 11.13 mm, in summer to 4.44 mm and in autumn to 8.05 mm with seasonality being the most effective of all. Mean annual rainfall changed from 51.45 mm (at Bafgh) to 1834.9 mm (at Bandar Anzali). Maximum decrease in annual rainfall was obtained at Miandeh Jiroft (-143.83%) and minimum at Abali (-0.013%) station. The most apparent year of variation was 2007 in annual rainfall.","PeriodicalId":122982,"journal":{"name":"The Open Atmospheric Science Journal","volume":"376 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-12-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121758758","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 10

Region-wise Effects of Climate Sensitive Variables on Some Specific Disease Burdens in Nepal 气候敏感变量对尼泊尔某些特定疾病负担的区域影响

The Open Atmospheric Science Journal Pub Date : 2016-11-30 DOI: 10.2174/1874282301610010063

S. Shrestha, I. Shrestha, N. Shrestha

引用次数: 7

On Methane Leaks from Pipelines in Bryan and College Station, Texas, USA 关于美国德克萨斯州布莱恩和大学城管道的甲烷泄漏

The Open Atmospheric Science Journal Pub Date : 2016-10-31 DOI: 10.2174/1874282301610010056

Kristen Koch, Shelby Thomas, E. Arana, G. Roest, G. Schade

{"title":"On Methane Leaks from Pipelines in Bryan and College Station, Texas, USA","authors":"Kristen Koch, Shelby Thomas, E. Arana, G. Roest, G. Schade","doi":"10.2174/1874282301610010056","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874282301610010056","url":null,"abstract":"Methane is the second most important anthropogenically emitted greenhouse gas after carbon dioxide. Anthropogenic methane sources in the US are dominated by emissions from domestic ruminants and from fossil fuel exploration, storage and transmission. The fossil fuel source is primarily due to natural gas leaks along the production to distribution chain, and pipeline leaks in urban areas have been identified as a significant contributor. In this study, we evaluated possible leaks in three neighborhoods of a midsize Texas metropolitan region surrounding Texas A&M University through mobile measurements using a fast response, high precision methane analyzer. Neighborhoods were selected by age and land use, and each predetermined driving route was evaluated three times. Methane spikes exceeding 2.5 ppm were identified as leaks, and approximately one leak per mile of urban road was discovered. The largest leaks were found around the Texas A&M natural gas plant and in the oldest neighborhood to its north, while fewer leaks were found in a slightly younger neighborhood. No leaks were found in the youngest, less than 20-year old neighborhood suggesting that pipeline system age is a strong determinant of current and future leaks from the natural gas distribution system.","PeriodicalId":122982,"journal":{"name":"The Open Atmospheric Science Journal","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134109362","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

The Saharan Elevated Mixed Layer and its Aerosol Optical Depth 撒哈拉高架混合层及其气溶胶光学深度

The Open Atmospheric Science Journal Pub Date : 2016-09-23 DOI: 10.2174/1874282301610010026

T. Carlson

引用次数: 14

Seasonal and Annual Trends of AustralianMinimum/Maximum Daily Temperatures. 澳洲日最低/最高气温的季节及年趋势。

The Open Atmospheric Science Journal Pub Date : 2016-09-05 DOI: 10.2174/1874282301610010039

A. Mouraviev, W. A. Wijngaarden

{"title":"Seasonal and Annual Trends of AustralianMinimum/Maximum Daily Temperatures.","authors":"A. Mouraviev, W. A. Wijngaarden","doi":"10.2174/1874282301610010039","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874282301610010039","url":null,"abstract":"Seasonal and annual trends in Australian minimum and maximum temperatures were studied. Records of daily minimum and maximum temperatures averaged over each month, extending as far back as 1856 were examined. Over 1/2 million monthly temperature values were retrieved from the Australian Bureau of Meteorology for 299 stations. Each station had an average of 89 years of observations. Significant step discontinuities affected the maximum temperature data in the 19 century when Stevenson screens were installed. The temperature trends were found after such spurious data were removed and averaged over all stations. The resulting trend in the minimum (maximum) daily temperature was 0.67 ± 0.19 (0.58 ± 0.26) C per century for the period 1907-2014. Decadal fluctuations were evident in the maximum daily temperature with most of the increase occurring in the late 20 century. The minimum and maximum daily temperature trends were also found for the various seasons. The minimum daily temperature trend exceeded the maximum daily temperature trend for all seasons except during June to August. The largest increases in minimum temperature as well as the smallest maximum temperature increases were found for the region north of 30 S latitude and east of 140 E longitude. There was also evidence that urban stations had greater increases in maximum daily temperature than those located in a rural environment.","PeriodicalId":122982,"journal":{"name":"The Open Atmospheric Science Journal","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122355791","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 4

Cold Winter Over North America: The Influence of the East Atlantic (EA) and the Tropical/Northern Hemisphere (TNH) Teleconnection Patterns 北美寒冷冬季:东大西洋(EA)和热带/北半球(TNH)遥相关型态的影响

The Open Atmospheric Science Journal Pub Date : 2016-08-31 DOI: 10.2174/1874282301610010006

M. Ogi, S. Rysgaard, D. Barber

{"title":"Cold Winter Over North America: The Influence of the East Atlantic (EA) and the Tropical/Northern Hemisphere (TNH) Teleconnection Patterns","authors":"M. Ogi, S. Rysgaard, D. Barber","doi":"10.2174/1874282301610010006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874282301610010006","url":null,"abstract":"Anomalous cold temperatures and strong cyclonic circulation were observed during winter 2013/14 over North America. In this article, we propose for the first time that positive East Atlantic (EA) and positive Tropical/Northern Hemisphere (TNH) patterns were dominant in the winter of 2013/14. The values of the EA and TNH indices for winter 2013/14 were the highest and the second highest for the period of record 1951-2014, respectively. The combined EA and TNH pattern is similar to the corresponding atmospheric circulation observed in the winter of 2013/14. The regression patterns of air temperatures on the EA and TNH index show negative anomalies over North America and the North Atlantic Ocean and positive anomalies over the North Pacific Ocean and the mid-latitude Atlantic Ocean. The regression pattern is similar to air temperature anomalies in winter 2013/14. In addition, the combined EA and TNH pattern correlates with sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies over the North Pacific and North Atlantic that are similar to the winter SST anomalies in winter 2013/14. The EA and TNH teleconnection patterns have contributed to the anomalous atmospheric circulation associated with the extreme cold winter over North America in 2013/14.","PeriodicalId":122982,"journal":{"name":"The Open Atmospheric Science Journal","volume":"119 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117169771","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 3

Assessment of Decay Coefficients of Allochthonous Litter for Sustainable Riparian Forage Agriculture and Environmental Monitoring: A Study in River Nyangores, Kenya 河岸草料农业可持续发展的外来凋落物衰减系数评价及环境监测——以肯尼亚尼扬戈尔斯河为例

The Open Atmospheric Science Journal Pub Date : 2016-08-31 DOI: 10.2174/1874282301610010014

J. Ochieng, C. E. Kitur, P. Obade

{"title":"Assessment of Decay Coefficients of Allochthonous Litter for Sustainable Riparian Forage Agriculture and Environmental Monitoring: A Study in River Nyangores, Kenya","authors":"J. Ochieng, C. E. Kitur, P. Obade","doi":"10.2174/1874282301610010014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874282301610010014","url":null,"abstract":"Research on decay profiles of grass detritus in lotic systems has received little attention in preceding years. An investigation was conducted on in-situ processing coefficients for three dominant forage species grown by farmers along the banks of River Nyangores in 2013. The objectives of the study were; (i) to determine in-situ processing coefficients for Pennisetum purpureum, Panicum coloratum and Chloris gayana, and (ii) to estimate detrital total phosphorus trends during incubation. It was hypothesized that no significant differences existed among the decay rates of the three grass species. A total of 186 leaf packs were deployed in River Nyangores at upstream and downstream sections separated by Bomet urban settlement for ten weeks, with a twoweek withdrawal interval. Temperature normalized decay rates were estimated using an aquatic decay model. Total phosphorus was analyzed using the molybdate-calorimetric procedure with ultraviolet spectrophotometry. Data was analyzed using XLSTAT-2014 computer program. The in-situ decay coefficients ranged from 6.70795 x 10 dd to 9.12355 x 10 dd. Covariance analysis (p<0.05) indicated significant differences for the decay rates among the three species, with higher in-situ processing coefficients recorded downstream than upstream for all the grasses. Litter phosphorus showed positive Pearson correlation with decay rates though not significant (p>0.05). During incubation, detrital phosphorus build-up was lower upstream at 6.4% than downstream at 13.8%. Highest decay rate was recorded for Chloris gayana hence it appears to be the most agro-ecologically sustainable as a riparian forage for River Nyangores. Bomet urban settlement seemingly contributes to shifts in ecological functioning of the river.","PeriodicalId":122982,"journal":{"name":"The Open Atmospheric Science Journal","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134391904","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Green Roofs in the Tropics Conserve Energy 热带地区的绿色屋顶可以节约能源

The Open Atmospheric Science Journal Pub Date : 2016-02-24 DOI: 10.2174/1874282301610010001

G. Wiecko

{"title":"Green Roofs in the Tropics Conserve Energy","authors":"G. Wiecko","doi":"10.2174/1874282301610010001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874282301610010001","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Concrete buildings on Guam are exceptionally strong but also accumulate large amounts of heat. In the tropical environment of Guam, where 24 h average temperature ranges from 28 to 29∫C year round, air conditioning is used every day and continuously. Concrete roofs are often painted light colors, which make them more reflective and accumulate less heat. They are also suitable for establishment of vegetation, which results in a large decrease in roof temperature and therefore decreases the need for cooling. Objective: The objective was to determine the magnitude of temperature reductions resulting from light color and from vegetation covering roof tops and to use this information to estimate energy savings. Method: Temperature was measured on the undersides of concrete model roofs in both sunny and rainy weather. Results. The temperatures on the undersides of light-colored concrete model roofs rose up to 3∫C less in the course of the day than did those of dark-colored ones. The temperatures of \"green\" (vegetation-covered) model roofs rose up to 12∫C less than did those of either of the bare concrete models. Conclusion: The differences were so large that use of green roofs on the tropical island of Guam, where most buildings are concrete and air-conditioning is needed year round, could cut a typical household's electric consumption in half.","PeriodicalId":122982,"journal":{"name":"The Open Atmospheric Science Journal","volume":"38 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-02-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130779580","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

Methane Emission from Sheep Respiration and Sheepfolds During the Grazing Season in a Desert Grassland 荒漠草原放牧季节绵羊呼吸和羊圈甲烷排放特征

The Open Atmospheric Science Journal Pub Date : 2015-12-22 DOI: 10.2174/1874282301509010023

Xiajie Zhai, Tingting Lu, Shiming Tang, Xiaojuan Liu, Xiuzhi Ma, G. Han, A. Wilkes, Chengjie Wang

{"title":"Methane Emission from Sheep Respiration and Sheepfolds During the Grazing Season in a Desert Grassland","authors":"Xiajie Zhai, Tingting Lu, Shiming Tang, Xiaojuan Liu, Xiuzhi Ma, G. Han, A. Wilkes, Chengjie Wang","doi":"10.2174/1874282301509010023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874282301509010023","url":null,"abstract":"Methane (CH 4 ) emissions from ruminants should be accounted for the natural grazed rangeland ecosystems when devising greenhouse gas budget inventory, in particular, their contribution to global warming. In this study, CH 4 emission from sheep respiration at different grazing intensities (light grazing, 0.75 sheep/ha, LG; moderate grazing, 1.50 sheep/ha, MG; and heavy grazing, 2.25 sheep/ha, HG) and in sheepfolds were evaluated in a desert grassland of Inner Mongolia. Results indicated that daily CH 4 emission from sheep was not significantly different between treatments. When CH 4 emission was expressed emission per 100g daily, there was a significant difference of LG vs HG and MG vs HG, with the values of 15.64g, 20.00g and 28.63g for LG, MG and HG, respectively, during the grazing season. There was no significant difference among CH 4 fluxes in sheepfolds (mean 39.0 ug m -2 h -1 ). Considering CH 4 emissions from the grazing ecosystem, net CH 4 emissions from LG, MG and HG plots were -18.33, -1.91 and 21.19 g/ha/day, respectively. The digestibility of forage had a positive correlation with CH 4 emission expressed on daily and metabolic body weight basis. It is concluded that MG will improve the balance between CH 4 emission from grassland and grazing livestock in the desert grasslands of Inner Mongolia.","PeriodicalId":122982,"journal":{"name":"The Open Atmospheric Science Journal","volume":"51 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124163645","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 3

Logistic Model as a Statistical Downscaling Approach for Forecasting a Wet or Dry Day in the Bagmati River Basin Logistic模型作为预测巴格玛提河流域干湿日的统计降尺度方法

The Open Atmospheric Science Journal Pub Date : 2015-07-31 DOI: 10.2174/1874282301509010009

R. Shrestha, S. Shrestha, A. B. Sthapit

{"title":"Logistic Model as a Statistical Downscaling Approach for Forecasting a Wet or Dry Day in the Bagmati River Basin","authors":"R. Shrestha, S. Shrestha, A. B. Sthapit","doi":"10.2174/1874282301509010009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874282301509010009","url":null,"abstract":"A binary logistic model is developed for probabilistic prediction of a wet or dry day based upon daily rainfall data from 1981 to 2008 taken from 25 stations of Bagmati River basin. The predictor variables included in the model are daily relative humidity, air surface temperature, sea level pressure, v-wind which are expressed as principal components of 9 grids of the National Centers for Environmental Protection (NCEP)/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) Reanalysis data with resolution of 2.5 0 ×2.5 0 . Principal component analysis is used to reduce the dimension of the predictors in the presence of spatial correlations between grids and thus reduce their multicollinearity effect. The result depicts that the model has 86.4 percent predictive capability in the analysis period (1981-2000) and 86.1 in the validation period (2001-2008) along with support of receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. The results demonstrate that the first two principal components of relative humidity are the key predictor variables with respective odds ratios (ORs) of 4.18 and 3.61, respectively. The other statistically significant predictors are the second principal component of v-wind with OR 1.43, the second and first principal components of air surface temperature with ORs 1.38 and 0.76, respectively and the first principal component of sea level pressure with OR 0.44. Goodness-of-fit test, ROC analysis and other main diagnostic tests showed that the fitted logistic model is characterized by good fits for analysis as well as validation period.","PeriodicalId":122982,"journal":{"name":"The Open Atmospheric Science Journal","volume":"233 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115609509","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 2