The Open Atmospheric Science Journal最新文献_第4页

Influence of Differing Microenvironments on Personal Carbon Monoxide Exposure in Auckland, New Zealand 新西兰奥克兰不同微环境对个人一氧化碳暴露的影响

The Open Atmospheric Science Journal Pub Date : 2015-06-26 DOI: 10.2174/1874282301509010001

Shanon Lim, J. Salmond, K. Dirks

{"title":"Influence of Differing Microenvironments on Personal Carbon Monoxide Exposure in Auckland, New Zealand","authors":"Shanon Lim, J. Salmond, K. Dirks","doi":"10.2174/1874282301509010001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874282301509010001","url":null,"abstract":"Epidemiological studies typically estimate pollutant exposures using data from outdoor fixed monitoring stations (FMS). However, due to individual mobility through space, time spent in indoor environments and the heterogeneity of the urban atmosphere, data from FMS provides a poor representation of the actual personal exposure to air pollutants. The aim of this study is to investigate the relative importance of time spent in common microenvironments (such as commuter, home, work and recreational) to determine personal exposure to air pollution. The study also investigates the extent to which fixed monitoring stations (FMS) are representative of personal exposures. For this purpose, 17 participants monitored their personal exposure to carbon monoxide (CO) for a full working week and completed a time activity diary identifying the particular microenvironments in which they spent their time. Overall, the participants exposure to CO were lower than those observed in other northern hemisphere cities reported upon in the literature. FMS located in central Auckland were found to provide reasonable estimates of mean daily personal exposure but were poorly correlated with diurnal variations in personal exposure. The results found that, while the highest mean exposures were recorded in the commuter microenvironment, the home microenvironment accounted for 55% of the total CO dose during the week. Increased levels of personal CO exposure were observed in indoor areas where gas heating, gas stoves and tobacco smoke were present. Participants recorded highly variable exposure to CO in recreational microenvironments, in part explained by the wide range of recreational activities.","PeriodicalId":122982,"journal":{"name":"The Open Atmospheric Science Journal","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127813366","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 5

Derivation of the Turbulent Time Scales and Velocity Variances from LES Spectral Data: Application in a Lagrangian Stochastic Dispersion Model 从LES谱数据推导湍流时间尺度和速度方差:在拉格朗日随机色散模型中的应用

The Open Atmospheric Science Journal Pub Date : 2014-12-12 DOI: 10.2174/1874282301408010016

S. Maldaner, G. Degrazia, U. Rizza, S. Rolim, O. Acevedo, E. P. M. Filho, L. Moor, D. Robérti

引用次数: 1

Strong Temperature Increase and Shrinking Sea Ice in Arctic Alaska 阿拉斯加北极地区强烈的气温上升和海冰的萎缩

The Open Atmospheric Science Journal Pub Date : 2014-09-08 DOI: 10.2174/1874282301408010007

G. Wendler, B. Moore, K. Galloway

{"title":"Strong Temperature Increase and Shrinking Sea Ice in Arctic Alaska","authors":"G. Wendler, B. Moore, K. Galloway","doi":"10.2174/1874282301408010007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874282301408010007","url":null,"abstract":"Barrow, the most northerly community in Alaska, observed a warming of 1.51°C for the time period of 1921- 2012. This represents about twice the global value, and is in agreement with the well-known polar amplification. For the time period of 1979-2012, high quality sea ice data are available, showing a strong decrease in sea ice concentrations of 14% and 16% for the Beaufort and Chukchi Seas, respectively, the two marginal seas bordering Northern Alaska. For the same time period a mean annual temperature increase of 2.7°C is found, an accelerated increase of warming over the prior decades. Looking at the annual course of change in sea ice concentrations, there is little change observed in winter and spring, but in summer and especially autumn large changes were observed. October displayed the greatest change; the amount of open water increased by 44% and 46% for the Beaufort and Chukchi Seas, respectively. The large amount of open water off the northern coast of Alaska in autumn was accompanied by an increase of the October temperature at Barrow by a very substantial 7.2°C over the 34 year time period. Over the same time period, Barrow's precipitation increased, the frequency of the surface inversion decreased, the wind speed increased slightly and the atmospheric pressure decreased somewhat.","PeriodicalId":122982,"journal":{"name":"The Open Atmospheric Science Journal","volume":"46 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125469621","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 44

The Effects of On-Going Seismic Activity on Air Quality in Canterbury, New Zealand 持续地震活动对新西兰坎特伯雷空气质量的影响

The Open Atmospheric Science Journal Pub Date : 2014-04-04 DOI: 10.2174/1874282301408010001

E. Somervell, T. Aberkane

{"title":"The Effects of On-Going Seismic Activity on Air Quality in Canterbury, New Zealand","authors":"E. Somervell, T. Aberkane","doi":"10.2174/1874282301408010001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874282301408010001","url":null,"abstract":"The New Zealand region of Canterbury has experienced over three years of frequent seismic activity, centred under or near the main city of Christchurch. Larger earthquakes and aftershocks have triggered liquefaction in certain parts of the city, depositing significant amounts of fine silt on the surface, which is a new source of dust emissions. Historically, concerns about air quality in Christchurch have been dominated by emissions from wood burning in winter for domestic heating. High emissions, along with frequent temperature inversions lead to regular exceedances of the national standard for PM 10 of 50 µg m -3 for a twenty-four hour average concentration. The health effects of PM 10 are widely acknowledged, and regulatory drives to improve ambient air quality are succeeding in recent years. During 2011, ratios of PM 2.5 to PM 10 suggested that some periods of elevated concentrations were due to the liquefaction from the earthquakes and that the silt may represent a novel air quality issue to be managed. In addition, the earthquakes have damaged thousands of residences, causing changes in domestic heating practices as many chimneys are destroyed or currently in need of repair. This will affect emissions in upcoming winters and thus, the health burden may alter if a permanent step change in wood burning emissions is observed. However, the increased dust levels from liquefaction introduce a potentially compounding factor to any estimates of exposure. Thus, as a result of the earthquakes, air quality in Christchurch is rapidly changing with unknown effects on exposure and ultimately, the health of the Christchurch population.","PeriodicalId":122982,"journal":{"name":"The Open Atmospheric Science Journal","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124618347","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 3

A Study of the Effects of the Ice-Microphysics, Surface Friction, and Surface Heat Flux on Tropical Cyclone Formation§ 冰微物理、表面摩擦和表面热通量对热带气旋形成影响的研究[j]

The Open Atmospheric Science Journal Pub Date : 2013-12-30 DOI: 10.2174/1874282301307010110

M. Yamasaki

{"title":"A Study of the Effects of the Ice-Microphysics, Surface Friction, and Surface Heat Flux on Tropical Cyclone Formation§","authors":"M. Yamasaki","doi":"10.2174/1874282301307010110","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874282301307010110","url":null,"abstract":"This paper describes results from numerical experiments which have been performed to understand the effects of the ice microphysics, surface friction, and surface heat flux on tropical cyclone (TC) formation. This study uses the author's non-hydrostatic model that intends to resolve cumulus convection. However, the horizontal grid size is taken to be somewhat large; 2 km in an area of 600 km x 600 km. A non-uniform coarse grid is used in the surrounding area with 4,000-km square. Several buoyancy perturbations arranged in the west-east direction, and a weak vortex with the maximum wind speed of 5 m s -1 are given at the initial time of the numerical time integrations. It is confirmed from two numerical experiments with and without ice microphysics that the development of a vortex is slower, and TC formation is delayed, in the presence of ice microphysics. It is also confirmed that a vortex can develop even without surface friction. It is shown that a strong vortex with the maximum wind speed of 20~25 m s -1 can be obtained. As expected, however, no eye forms, and further development does not occur. That is, it is confirmed that surface friction is indispensable to eye formation and a very strong TC having an eye. As for the third concern of this study, it is shown that a vortex with the maximum wind speed of about 5 m s -1 does not develop in the absence of the surface heat flux. That is, the surface heat flux plays an important role even in a weak vortex. Important backgrounds and understandings that are concerned with these results are described, based on studies on TCs in the past 50 years.","PeriodicalId":122982,"journal":{"name":"The Open Atmospheric Science Journal","volume":"798 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117041763","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

Assessment of the Latitudinal Behavior of Total Column Ozone at Nine Discrete 1-Wide Latitude Bands, from TOMS and OMI Data 基于TOMS和OMI数据的9个1-宽纬度离散带臭氧总柱的纬向特征评价

The Open Atmospheric Science Journal Pub Date : 2013-11-01 DOI: 10.2174/1874282301307010092

J. L. Pinedo, F. Mireles-García, C. Rios, V. M. Garcia-Saldivar, J. I. Dávila-Rangel, Jose Roberto Espinosa

{"title":"Assessment of the Latitudinal Behavior of Total Column Ozone at Nine Discrete 1-Wide Latitude Bands, from TOMS and OMI Data","authors":"J. L. Pinedo, F. Mireles-García, C. Rios, V. M. Garcia-Saldivar, J. I. Dávila-Rangel, Jose Roberto Espinosa","doi":"10.2174/1874282301307010092","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874282301307010092","url":null,"abstract":"Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) and Ozone Monitoring Instrument OMI Version 8 data, from November 1978 to February 2013, have been used to retrieve the shape and amplitude of the daily mean of the total column ozone (TCO) and their associated dispersion over eleven selected 1°-wide latitude bands. Their inter-annual variation at 44.5° S, 23.5° S, 23.5° N, 44.5° N and 59.5° N shows a quasi-regular periodic behavior. However, Polar Regions exhibit abrupt changes, whereas at the Equator a complex perturbation of periodicity is highlighted, which could be associated to the effect of the quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO). The discrete 1°-wide latitude bands show a stabilization of TCO levels from the late nineties, but they do not display a generalized recovery. Indeed, at the Equator, between 1997 and 2013, a 1.4% per decade decrease in the total column ozone is exhibited, which may be significant given that during the 1987-1994 period the decrease was only of 0.5%. Additionally, the discrete bands reveal the appearance of a perturbation of the inter-annual ozone variations at 59.5o S, in contrast to regular behavior in the Northern Hemisphere and at other latitudes. The perturbation apparently begins in the 1980-1984 time series and is clear and systematic after 1998.","PeriodicalId":122982,"journal":{"name":"The Open Atmospheric Science Journal","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134112483","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 4

Observations of the 9 June 2002 Dryline During IHOP IHOP期间2002年6月9日干线的观测

The Open Atmospheric Science Journal Pub Date : 2013-08-23 DOI: 10.2174/1874282320130417002

Huaqing Cai, Wen-Chau Lee

{"title":"Observations of the 9 June 2002 Dryline During IHOP","authors":"Huaqing Cai, Wen-Chau Lee","doi":"10.2174/1874282320130417002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874282320130417002","url":null,"abstract":"Detailed studies of drylines that do not initiate storms are rare but scientifically important. Studying these null cases will improve the understanding of critical factors separating whether convection would be initiated along a dryline. This observational study presents a null case dryline near the Oklahoma/New Mexico border during the International H2O Project (IHOP_2002) on 9 June 2002. High-resolution observations obtained from an airborne Doppler radar (ELDORA), two water-vapor Differential Absorption Lidar (LEANDRE II and LASE), Learjet dropsondes, as well as aircraft in situ measurements were used to describe the dryline environment and mesoscale structures in both alongand cross-line directions. The 9 June dryline was characterized by a rather broad radar reflectivity thinline with a large moisture gradient. Its updrafts were found generally associated with the local maximum of radar reflectivity; however, they were not colocated. The simultaneous observations from ELDORA and LEANDRE II confirmed that the dryline updrafts tend to be located near its moisture gradient, consistent with previous findings using aircraft in situ measurements. The dryline moisture boundary was found to be greatly modified by mesocyclone circulations, which caused the alongline moisture gradient at certain segments of the dryline to become greater than the cross-line moisture gradient. Twodimensional water vapor fields derived from LEANDRE II across the dryline clearly showed the moisture gradient associated with the dryline and moisture variations on the order of ~ 1 g kg -1 on both sides of the dryline. No storms initiated within the IHOP_2002 domain associated with this dryline owing to unfavorable atmospheric instability conditions and only weak upward forcing near the dryline.","PeriodicalId":122982,"journal":{"name":"The Open Atmospheric Science Journal","volume":"56 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125518028","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

Long-Term Lunar Atmospheric Tides in the Southern Hemisphere 南半球的长期月球大气潮汐

The Open Atmospheric Science Journal Pub Date : 2013-05-17 DOI: 10.2174/1874282320130415001

I. Wilson, N. Sidorenkov

{"title":"Long-Term Lunar Atmospheric Tides in the Southern Hemisphere","authors":"I. Wilson, N. Sidorenkov","doi":"10.2174/1874282320130415001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874282320130415001","url":null,"abstract":"The longitudinal shift-and-add method is used to show that there are N=4 standing wave-like patterns in the summer (DJF) mean sea level pressure (MSLP) and sea-surface temperature (SST) anomaly maps of the Southern Hemisphere between 1947 and 1994. The patterns in the MSLP anomaly maps circumnavigate the Earth in 36, 18, and 9 years. This indicates that they are associated with the long-term lunar atmospheric tides that are either being driven by the 18.0 year Saros cycle or the 18.6 year lunar Draconic cycle. In contrast, the N=4 standing wave-like patterns in the SST anomaly maps circumnavigate the Earth once every 36, 18 and 9 years between 1947 and 1970 but then start circumnavigating the Earth once every 20.6 or 10.3 years between 1971 and 1994. The latter circumnavigation times indicate that they are being driven by the lunar Perigee-Syzygy tidal cycle. It is proposed that the different drift rates for the patterns seen in the MSLP and SST anomaly maps between 1971 and 1994 are the result of a reinforcement of the lunar Draconic cycle by the lunar Perigee-Syzygy cycle at the time of Perihelion. It is claimed that this reinforcement is part of a 31/62/93/186 year lunar tidal cycle that produces variations on time scales of 9.3 and 93 years. Finally, an N=4 standing wave-like pattern in the MSLP that circumnavigates the Southern Hemisphere every 18.6 years will naturally produce large extended regions of abnormal atmospheric pressure passing over the semi-permanent South Pacific subtropical high roughly once every ~ 4.5 years. These moving regions of higher/lower than normal atmospheric pressure will increase/decrease the MSLP of this semi-permanent high pressure system, temporarily increasing/reducing the strength of the East-Pacific trade winds. This may led to conditions that preferentially favor the onset of La Nina/El Nino","PeriodicalId":122982,"journal":{"name":"The Open Atmospheric Science Journal","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-05-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128153050","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 10

A Comparison of Equatorial Electrojet in Peru and East Brazil 秘鲁和巴西东部赤道电急流的比较

The Open Atmospheric Science Journal Pub Date : 2013-05-17 DOI: 10.2174/1874282320130417003

R. Rastogi, H. Chandra, R. Shah, N. Trivedi, S. L. Fontes

{"title":"A Comparison of Equatorial Electrojet in Peru and East Brazil","authors":"R. Rastogi, H. Chandra, R. Shah, N. Trivedi, S. L. Fontes","doi":"10.2174/1874282320130417003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874282320130417003","url":null,"abstract":"The paper describes the characteristics of the equatorial electrojet at Huancayo (HUA, 12.1 o S, 75.3 o W, inclination 1.5 o N, declination 1.0 o E) in western side of South America, where the geomagnetic field is aligned almost along the geographic meridian, and at Itinga (ITI, 4.3 o S, 47.0 o W, inclination 1.4 o N, declination 19.3 o W) in eastern part of South America, where the geomagnetic field is aligned about 19 o west of the geographic meridian; although the mean intensity of the magnetic field in the two regions are almost of the same order. Further comparisons are made of the current at Itinga and at Tatuoca (TTB, 1.2 o S, 48.5 o W, inclination 7.8 o N, declination 18.7 o W), a low latitude station in the same longitude sector. The daily range of horizontal component of the geomagnetic field, H, is shown to be almost 16% higher at HUA compared to that at ITI. The daily variation of the eastward field, Y, showed a strong minimum of -40 nT around 13-14 hr LT at ITI whereas very low values were observed at HUA with a positive peak of about 4 nT around 11- 12 hr LT. The vertical field, Z, showed abnormally large negative values of -70 nT at TTB around 13 hr LT. The day-to- day fluctuations of midday and midnight values of X field were positively correlated between HUA and ITI with a high correlation coefficient of 0.78 and 0.88 respectively. Values of Y field were also significantly positively correlated between HUA and ITI for midnight hours (0.72), while no correlation was observed for the midday hours. The midnight values of X field at HUA, ITI and TTB showed significant (0.90 or greater) correlation with Dst index. Correlation values of about 0.7 were observed between Dst and midday values of X at ITI and TTB and to a lesser degree (0.4) at HUA.","PeriodicalId":122982,"journal":{"name":"The Open Atmospheric Science Journal","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-05-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122090899","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 7

Toward an Understanding of Tropical Cyclone Formation with a Nonhydrostatic, Mesoscale-Convection-Resolving Model 用非流体静力、中尺度对流解析模式了解热带气旋的形成

The Open Atmospheric Science Journal Pub Date : 2013-05-17 DOI: 10.2174/1874282301307010037

M. Yamasaki

{"title":"Toward an Understanding of Tropical Cyclone Formation with a Nonhydrostatic, Mesoscale-Convection-Resolving Model","authors":"M. Yamasaki","doi":"10.2174/1874282301307010037","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874282301307010037","url":null,"abstract":"This paper describes results from numerical experiments which have been made toward a better understanding of tropical cyclone formation. This study uses a nonhydrostatic version of the author's mesoscale-convection-resolving model that was developed in the 1980s to improve paramerization schemes of moist convection. In this study the horizontal grid size is taken to be 20 km in an area of 6,000 km x 3,000 km, and a non-uniform coarse grid is used in two areas to its north and south. Results from two numerical experiments are presented; one (case 1) without any environmental flow, and the other (case 2) with an easterly flow without low-level vertical shear. Three circular buoyancy perturbations are placed in the west-east direction at the initial time. Convection is initiated in the imposed latently unstable (positive CAPE) area. In both cases, a vortex with a pressure low is formed, and two band-shaped convective systems are formed to the north and the south of the vortex center. The vortex and two convective systems are oriented in the westsouthwest - eastnortheast direction, and their horizontal scales are nearly 2,000 km. In case 1, the band-shaped convective system on the southern side is stronger, and winds are stronger just to its south. In contrast, in case 2, the northern convective system is stronger, and winds are stronger just to its north. Therefore, the distributions of the equivalent potential temperature in the boundary layer and latent instability (positive buoyancy of the rising air) are also quite different between cases 1 and 2. The TC formation processes in these different cases are discussed, with an emphasis on the importance of examining the time change of latent instability field.","PeriodicalId":122982,"journal":{"name":"The Open Atmospheric Science Journal","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-05-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125770436","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 2