Proceedings of 1996 IAS Industrial and Commercial Power Systems Technical Conference最新文献

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NEC grounding requirements for parallel circuits 并联电路的NEC接地要求
J. Daly
{"title":"NEC grounding requirements for parallel circuits","authors":"J. Daly","doi":"10.1109/2943.655659","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/2943.655659","url":null,"abstract":"The 1996 National Electrical Code requires that the equipment grounding conductor must be run in parallel when the circuit conductors are run in parallel and be sized on the basis of the ampere rating of the overcurrent protective device. This paper reviews the requirements for parallel circuits, the specific requirements for parallel equipment grounding conductors and the methods of complying with the NEC. Open wiring raceway, cable tray, direct burial and underground duct installations as normally utilized in an industrial facility are addressed; other wiring methods that are more commonly used in commercial applications are not included.","PeriodicalId":122944,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of 1996 IAS Industrial and Commercial Power Systems Technical Conference","volume":"107 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116376027","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
Case study of a unique power quality problem and solution. Application of a damped harmonic filter to a cycloconverter 一个独特的电能质量问题和解决方案的案例研究。阻尼谐波滤波器在环变换器中的应用
M. Baier, J. Sheppard
{"title":"Case study of a unique power quality problem and solution. Application of a damped harmonic filter to a cycloconverter","authors":"M. Baier, J. Sheppard","doi":"10.1109/ICPS.1996.533945","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICPS.1996.533945","url":null,"abstract":"As detailed in numerous references, variable speed drives cause degradation of power quality by distorting current and voltage waveforms in the distribution systems. Commonly applied solutions incorporate devices of a passive shunt filter design connected at the nearest power distribution bus. Apart from improving harmonic distortion at the point of their connection, such filters, consisting of capacitors, also provide necessary power factor correction to the application. Cycloconverters represent a special type of variable speed AC drive. Most commonly applied variable speed drives, such as variable frequency and variable speed DC drives, produce harmonics at their characteristic frequencies. These frequencies are essentially constant in time. In addition to the characteristic frequencies, cycloconverter spectra also contain frequencies that vary with the output converter frequency. Therefore, when passive harmonic filtering is considered for a cycloconverter application, special precautions have to be observed. It is the intent of this paper to discuss such an approach based on an example of an actual filter design. The motivation for the filter application was similar to most situations; to reduce the electrical costs by improving the power factor and to prevent equipment misoperation due to poor power quality. While the goal was common, the solution was not. The case study is detailed in the following steps: data collection and analysis, problem and solution identification, detailed filter engineering, implementation, and verification.","PeriodicalId":122944,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of 1996 IAS Industrial and Commercial Power Systems Technical Conference","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125160820","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 4
Automated coordination programs do not make correct results automatic 自动协调程序不能自动生成正确的结果
P. Cardinal
{"title":"Automated coordination programs do not make correct results automatic","authors":"P. Cardinal","doi":"10.1109/ICPS.1996.533942","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICPS.1996.533942","url":null,"abstract":"The availability of computer programs which aide in protective device coordination studies has led to the assignment of coordination problems to those who are computer literate rather than protection literate. For those put in this unfortunate situation, some of the finer points of time current coordination are presented which are often not learned until after the news of that first false trip. This paper is intended as an addendum to, rather than a replacement for a typical time current coordination seminar. It covers: delta-wye transformers, instantaneous relays, protective device tap ranges, transformer damage curves, and combination starters.","PeriodicalId":122944,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of 1996 IAS Industrial and Commercial Power Systems Technical Conference","volume":"43 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127430543","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
Standby power generation under utility curtailment contract agreements 在公用事业削减合同协议下的备用发电
G. J. Nolan, V.J. Puccio, C. Calhoun
{"title":"Standby power generation under utility curtailment contract agreements","authors":"G. J. Nolan, V.J. Puccio, C. Calhoun","doi":"10.1109/ICPS.1996.533949","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICPS.1996.533949","url":null,"abstract":"Many electric utilities in the United States offer large industrial and commercial customers power sales contracts which have attractive rates under a curtailment requirement. This curtailment requirement allows the utility to require the customer to reduce its power demand to a predetermined level within a specific time period. This paper reviews the alternatives faced by a curtailment contract customer together with potential load shedding and standby generation system designs. An example of implementing a curtailment contract at an existing industrial facility is presented. The example facility, Boeing and Helicopters of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA, required both load shedding and standby generation. The load shedding scheme is fairly complex and is controlled by a programmable logic controller (PLC). The standby generation and load shedding systems for the example facility are examined in detail. Also, lessons learned from implementing the required modifications to the example facility are discussed.","PeriodicalId":122944,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of 1996 IAS Industrial and Commercial Power Systems Technical Conference","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123383241","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 5
Power interruption costs to industrial and commercial consumers of electricity 电力中断给工业和商业用电消费者带来的成本
D. Michael, J., Sullivan, T. Vardell
{"title":"Power interruption costs to industrial and commercial consumers of electricity","authors":"D. Michael, J., Sullivan, T. Vardell","doi":"10.1109/ICPS.1996.533934","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICPS.1996.533934","url":null,"abstract":"This paper summarizes the results of a survey of 210 large commercial and industrial customers to obtain detailed descriptions of the components of interruption costs they would experience under varying outage conditions. In addition, the survey observed plant operating schedules, products and services, processes used machinery used in production, backup generation and equipment designed to ensure power quality. The paper describes a statistical approach for obtaining inexpensive outage cost estimates for individual customers by combining information from on-site interviews with less costly information obtained from utility representatives. Results from regression models estimated from the information obtained in the on-site survey are described in detail.","PeriodicalId":122944,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of 1996 IAS Industrial and Commercial Power Systems Technical Conference","volume":"173 3","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"113986850","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 138
Canadian National Power Quality Survey: frequency of industrial and commercial voltage sags 加拿大国家电力质量调查:工业和商业电压跌落的频率
D. Koval, M. B. Hughes
{"title":"Canadian National Power Quality Survey: frequency of industrial and commercial voltage sags","authors":"D. Koval, M. B. Hughes","doi":"10.1109/ICPS.1996.533935","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICPS.1996.533935","url":null,"abstract":"In 1991, the Canadian Electrical Association (CEA) took a proactive approach to power quality problems and initiated a three year \"Canadian National Power Quality Survey\" involving twenty-two electric utilities. This paper presents the survey results of the frequency of voltage sags at industrial and commercial sites monitored at their utilization voltage levels (e.g., 120, 347 V) and on the utility primary side of their facilities and discuss the implications as to the origins of voltage sags. The paper also presents the total number of voltage sags at a given site and its correlation with the number of voltage sag incidents (i.e., one or more voltage sags occurring on one or more phases within a short time interval) and its implications for assessing the frequency of disruptions due to voltage sags at industrial and commercial sites.","PeriodicalId":122944,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of 1996 IAS Industrial and Commercial Power Systems Technical Conference","volume":"41 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123864905","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 69
Electric power systems design: The NEC and the IEC approach 电力系统设计:NEC和IEC方法
G. Parise, U. Grasselli, R. Zan, M. K. Sanders
{"title":"Electric power systems design: The NEC and the IEC approach","authors":"G. Parise, U. Grasselli, R. Zan, M. K. Sanders","doi":"10.1109/ICPS.1996.533948","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICPS.1996.533948","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this paper is to compare the techniques and results obtained when a general industrial or commercial building power electrical system is prepared using the United States National Electrical Code/spl copy/ (NEC/spl copy/) and the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) Standards. The final design offers the reader the possibility of making an initial comparison and analyzation of the two methods based on their overall effectiveness (sizing, protection, co-ordination of protective devices with components etc.), safety and cost. In order to make such a comparison, a specific example was developed and limited in detail to avoid complexity in this study. The power source selected is a delta-wye utility supplied transformer feeding various load groups such as lighting and motor circuits (possibly through associated transformers). Relevant NE Code references, IEC standards, and appropriate justifications are made at various points. Since this paper is for comparison purposes only, arbitrary values are selected to illustrate various concepts. In a \"real life\" design, guidance from the Color Book series of the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE), is strongly recommended.","PeriodicalId":122944,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of 1996 IAS Industrial and Commercial Power Systems Technical Conference","volume":"460 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133602912","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Operational maintenance data for power generation distribution and HVAC components 发电配电和暖通空调部件的运行维护数据
H. D. Hollis, R. Arno, S. J. Briggs, P. S. Hale
{"title":"Operational maintenance data for power generation distribution and HVAC components","authors":"H. D. Hollis, R. Arno, S. J. Briggs, P. S. Hale","doi":"10.1109/ICPS.1996.533933","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICPS.1996.533933","url":null,"abstract":"This paper describes the culmination of a 24,000 man hour effort to collect operational and maintenance data on 239 power generation, power distribution and HVAC items, including gas turbine generators, diesel engine generators, switchgear assemblies, cables, boilers, piping, valves and chillers. This program was designed to determine the effects of \"new technology\" equipment, i.e., equipment installed after 1971, on availability. The central hypothesis was that this new equipment would exhibit a significant increase in availability, with corresponding decreases in required maintenance and the occurrence of failures. Information was obtained on a variety of commercial and industrial facility types (including office buildings, hospitals, water treatment facilities, prisons, utilities, manufacturing facilities, school universities and bank computer centers), with varying degrees of maintenance quality.","PeriodicalId":122944,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of 1996 IAS Industrial and Commercial Power Systems Technical Conference","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121078923","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 20
Sensible approaches to diagnosing power quality problems 诊断电能质量问题的合理方法
K. Michaels
{"title":"Sensible approaches to diagnosing power quality problems","authors":"K. Michaels","doi":"10.1109/ICPS.1996.533944","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICPS.1996.533944","url":null,"abstract":"Power quality site surveys are electrical system investigations that attempt to locate and solve power quality problems affecting electrical and electronic equipment. Site surveys combine state-of-the-art diagnostic instrumentation with the intuitive nature of the individuals who endeavor to utilize them. Successfully performing a power site survey requires the management of issues and resources on many levels. Some of the minutiae to consider are: (1) coordinating the involved parties, (2) procuring and safely utilizing necessary test equipment, (3) implementing proper diagnostic techniques to the perceived problem, (4) suitable interpretation of the results, and (5) providing cost-effective recommendations to eliminate or mitigate the cause of the disturbance. A problem-solving checklist and its components can be introduced as a guide for participants who may have a concern with the uniformity of their troubleshooting techniques. This paper reviews these and other aspects of a power site survey based upon the changes to the recommended practices set forth by Chapter 6 of IEEE Std. 1100 (Recommended Practice for Power and Grounding Electronic Equipment-Emerald Book).","PeriodicalId":122944,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of 1996 IAS Industrial and Commercial Power Systems Technical Conference","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130968028","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 26
Vacuum arc research expands interpretation of test data from vacuum interrupters 真空弧的研究扩展了对真空灭弧器试验数据的解释
M. B. Schulman, R. Kirkland Smith
{"title":"Vacuum arc research expands interpretation of test data from vacuum interrupters","authors":"M. B. Schulman, R. Kirkland Smith","doi":"10.1109/ICPS.1996.533940","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICPS.1996.533940","url":null,"abstract":"Using high-speed movies of vacuum arcs between spiral contacts in conjunction with floating arc shields, the arc voltage, current and contact travel have been correlated with arc behaviors. These arc behaviors can be described by arc appearance diagrams in gap-current space. These allow the waveforms from high-power tests on spiral-contact vacuum interrupters to be evaluated for information on the internal arcing behavior and arc-induced damage. We have found that arc voltage traces can be examined during interruption testing to help in judging the probability that a vacuum interrupter will continue to pass additional interruption trials. The arc voltage also reveals signs of damage to the contacts, such as melting caused by a prolonged interval of a stationary high-current arc column. This information enhances the statistics we use in single-phase pass/fail testing of interrupters to assess manufacturing quality and the probability that new designs will pass three-phase certification. Correlation of arc voltage traces with the arc appearance and arc motion is also discussed for butt-type contacts, axial magnetic field contacts, and radial magnetic field slotted-cup contacts.","PeriodicalId":122944,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of 1996 IAS Industrial and Commercial Power Systems Technical Conference","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127187926","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 6
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