Himalayan Journal of Applied Science and Engineering最新文献

{"title":"Ecotourism, Environmental Impacts and Sustainability in the Himalayan Settlements: Study of Sagarmatha (Mt. Everest) National Park, Nepal","authors":"K. Bhatta, Roger C. K Chan","doi":"10.3126/hijase.v4i1.56129","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/hijase.v4i1.56129","url":null,"abstract":"Nepal has advocated for ecotourism as a strategy to support community development vis-a-vis environmental protection in the Protected Area settlements. In this context, considering the case of settlements along the Everest trail in the Sagarmatha (Mt. Everest) National Park, this paper aims to critically examine the environmental impacts of ecotourism, local community’s perceptions towards ecotourism development and its contribution towards achieving sustainability in the region. It has adopted case study as a research strategy and used qualitative approach for detailed investigation. It adopted multiple sources of data collection such as key informants interview, household’s survey, participant observation and archival research. This study concludes that current approach of tourism development and planning does not satisfy the objectives of ecotourism development. It has neither equitably benefitted local residents nor significantly reduced the use of forest resources, environmental degradation, and deterioration of cultural and built heritage. It will further continue inducing impacts on local environment, culture, and communities heading tourism and the destination towards unsustainability. A sustainable approach to ecotourism is needed that integrates local knowledge, skills and cultural values that support conservation agendas, and encourage inclusive participation of communities, stakeholders and promote sustainability.","PeriodicalId":122917,"journal":{"name":"Himalayan Journal of Applied Science and Engineering","volume":"17 3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116579925","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rock Squeezing Analysis in Young Mountains: A Case Study of Headrace Tunnel of Supermadi Hydroelectric Project in Nepal","authors":"D. Joshi, S. Panthee","doi":"10.3126/hijase.v4i1.56126","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/hijase.v4i1.56126","url":null,"abstract":"The tunnel stability was assessed by analysing stress in the opening. Squeezing is the major problem faced while excavation a tunnel alignment in Himalayan region. This research was done in Super Madi hydroelectric project of 44 MW, in which main focus on the rock mass section of headrace tunnel of Inverted D shaped. The prediction of squeezing is done using various empirical, semi empirical, semi analytical and numerical modeling for the three different rock class. Finite element analysis was done using Rock science Phase2 software and output was verified by site investigation. The main lithologies of the area along the tunnel axis are banded gneiss. Based on the site condition, this study recommend the accurate method of predicting rock squeezing in the lesser Himalayan region with similar site conditions. It is found that the higher deformation occurs in high tunnel depth with low Q value.","PeriodicalId":122917,"journal":{"name":"Himalayan Journal of Applied Science and Engineering","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124526336","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of Different Properties of Lightweight Concrete using Expanded Polystyrene Beads Extracted from Thermocol Wastage","authors":"Tek Raj Gyawali","doi":"10.3126/hijase.v3i2.52294","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/hijase.v3i2.52294","url":null,"abstract":"Nepal is facing the problem of thermocol wastage, especially in the damping site nearby the urban areas. The thermocol wastage were crushed by a hammer and the extracted expanded polystyrene (EPS) beads was used as aggregates to produce the lightweight concrete. The content of EPS beads was 0, 20, 30, 40, 50, and 60 % by the total volume. Mechanical properties like density, different strengths, and Young’s modulus were experimentally evaluated on ranging percentages of EPS. The 28-day compressive, flexural, splitting tensile strengths and Young’s modulus of the control mixture were 59.9 MPa, 5.21 MPa, 4.43 MPa, and 20898 MPa respectively. The decrease on compressive strength was by 62 %, 72 %, 81 %, 88 %, and 93 % respectively for 20 %, 30 %, 40 %, 50 %, and 60 % EPS content respectively. It was 26 %, 41 %, 51 %, 57 %, and 69 % for flexural strength, 46 %, 60 %, 70 %, 80 %, and 88 % for the splitting tensile strength and 45 %, 56 %, 61 %, 70 %, and 77 % for Young’s modulus respectively. Drying shrinkage, freezing and thawing, and water absorption tests were conducted to evaluate the durability of EPS concrete. All properties were compared with the auto-cleaved lightweight concrete (ALC). It revealed that the EPS beads extracted from the thermocol wastage can be re-used to produce the structural and non-structural concrete depending on its percentages. It can easily solve the never-decomposing problems of thermocol wastage. Moreover, ALC can be replaced by EPS concrete for the in-fill and partition walls of the buildings.","PeriodicalId":122917,"journal":{"name":"Himalayan Journal of Applied Science and Engineering","volume":"29 1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126087107","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Artificial Intelligence based Optimal Placement of Phasor Measurement Unit for Smart Grid","authors":"Sushmita Poudel, S. Adhikari","doi":"10.3126/hijase.v3i2.52293","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/hijase.v3i2.52293","url":null,"abstract":"A Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU) device ensures the stability, reliability, and proper visibility of critical areas of the power grid by providing a synchro phasor measurement of both voltage and current in real-time. Since it is not practical to place them at each branch of the system, the main concern lies in achieving entire network observability either by direct or indirect measurement through an optimal set of PMUs placed at the optimal location. This gives rise to the Optimal PMU Placement Problem (OPP). In this paper, OPP is solved by an optimization technique i.e., a Genetic Algorithm. The constraints that can greatly affect obtaining optimal solutions are reviewed and the effect of including Zero Injection Bus (ZIB) on the proposed method in solving OPP is studied. The algorithm is applied to IEEE-14 and IEEE-30 bus test systems for validation purposes. Since optimal sets of solutions are obtained from the proposed method, the solutions are ranked by the system observability redundancy index to find the best one. Further, a comparative analysis of the result is done with the depth first search algorithm and other widely used algorithms.","PeriodicalId":122917,"journal":{"name":"Himalayan Journal of Applied Science and Engineering","volume":"168 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132120924","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A study of Urban Heat Island relating \"Local Climate Zones\" using Landsat Images- The Case of Kathmandu Valley","authors":"Deepak Chettri, Kusum Deo, Pukar Regmi","doi":"10.3126/hijase.v3i2.52292","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/hijase.v3i2.52292","url":null,"abstract":"Local Climate Zone (LCZ) classification has been intensively used in classification of urban and rural landscapes in the cities, which includes urban temperature studies. The urban heat island (UHI) in Kathmandu valley (Kathmandu, Bhaktapur, and Lalitpur), has been analyzed and standardized, which mainly focused on the Local Climate Zones (LCZs). The LCZs has distribute the landscape into homogeneous types on the basis of structural type, land surface cover, materials used, and into the anthropogenic activities. Such standardized classification has improved the meaning of urban research and made it easier to compare results among cities around the world. Landsat images, Google Earth, and SAGA-GIS software were used for creating LCZ map for Kathmandu for both March 2013 and March 2019 Landsat 8 TM/ETM+/OLI imagery was used to estimate land surface temperature (LST) For the estimation of LST world urban database and access portal tools (WUDAPT) algorithm was used considering emissivity. The result thus shows that the difference within the built-up scheme is around 2-4 °C whereas the difference between Building and Land cover types on the comparison is around 5-10°C. The disparity in building the land cover types shows that the UHI impact is present in the Kathmandu valley.","PeriodicalId":122917,"journal":{"name":"Himalayan Journal of Applied Science and Engineering","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124798058","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhancement of Voltage Stability by Optimal Placement of Shunt Compensation using Bus Voltage Stability Indices and Reactive Power Margin","authors":"Madhav Devkota, S. Adhikari","doi":"10.3126/hijase.v3i2.52291","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/hijase.v3i2.52291","url":null,"abstract":"Voltage stability problem has caused several blackouts in many countries in recent years. Impending voltage instability has been a significant threat to modern power system's security and reliability. Moreover, the operation and planning of large interconnected power systems is becoming increasingly complex as power demand rises, posing a security risk to the grid. Appropriate efforts to improve power system security and increase voltage stability margin should be planned to keep the system secure. This work investigates the voltage stability of a power system with and without a shunt capacitor. The bus voltage stability index, L index, is used to measure the distance of the power system to its stability limit in order to assign the shunt capacitor. The L-index for a particular load state is computed for all load buses, and the greatest L-index indicates the system's approach to voltage collapse. The system's load ability margin is being traced utilizing a static voltage stability evaluation approach, i.e., PV and QV curve analysis. The minimal power loss approach is used to calculate the optimal capacitor size. The effect of shunt compensation was simulated, and the results with and without compensation were compared. The IEEE-9 bus system was employed in this work, and the system was simulated using MATLAB and Power World Simulator. The result demonstrates that the shunt capacitor enhances voltage stability by injecting the appropriate reactive power.","PeriodicalId":122917,"journal":{"name":"Himalayan Journal of Applied Science and Engineering","volume":"344 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115983423","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Review of Various Transmission Loss Allocation Methods: A Case Study of Integrated Nepal Power System using Best Method","authors":"S. Gurung, B. K. Gautam","doi":"10.3126/hijase.v3i2.52295","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/hijase.v3i2.52295","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a review of the most relevant and practical methods for allocating transmission loss in a deregulated market. They are the pro-rata (PR) method, the marginal allocation (ITL) method, the proportional sharing (PS) method, and the Z-Bus method. This study has also performed a qualitative comparison of four methods using the IEEE 14 bus system. Finally, the Z-Bus method is selected as the best option for implementation in the Integrated Nepalese Power System Network (INPS). As of 2022, the loss allocation is determined at all 132 and 220 kV substations of INPS. The study of transmission loss allocation for INPS is carried out for six different cases, considering the variation in patterns of energy generation and demand, i.e., system full generation, summer peak, winter peak, average peak, dry peak, and contingency condition. The result shows the load, like Kathmandu Valley, which is in the region of generation, and the generator, like in the eastern region, which is in the region of demand, are mostly compensated with negative losses. Loads in the western region and generators like the Upper Tamakhoshi, which are far from the generator or load, are assigned the highest positive loss. Loss allocation to load and generator can vary depending on the loading conditions that INPS is operating under. The generation is comparably distributed in the full generation, summer, and contingency instances; as a result, the loss allocation to both loads and generators is significant. However, the bulk of losses are only attributed to the generator side in the three other scenarios with less generation, when the majority of the generation is only aggregated in a specific location. This is a result of the remote generator's long-distance power flow, which raises system loss. As a result, the Z-Bus method assigned the generator side the majority of the losses. Additionally, the majority of INPS's generation is determined to be remotely located, which increases their risk of transmission loss. Because of this, INPS is best served by the Z-Bus approach, which takes into account the locations of buses within the network. In order to minimize system loss, this encourages big demand or generation to be positioned close to the center of generation or demand.","PeriodicalId":122917,"journal":{"name":"Himalayan Journal of Applied Science and Engineering","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117075303","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Performance Comparison of Energy Detection Based non – Cooperative Spectrum Sensing Techniques in Cognitive Radio","authors":"Rammani Adhikari, Mazhar Ali","doi":"10.3126/hijase.v3i1.47898","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/hijase.v3i1.47898","url":null,"abstract":"Cognitive radio is a ground-breaking software-defined radio paradigm that offers Dynamic spectrum access, allowing secondary users to use the frequency band allotted to the principal user when it is not in use and vacate when the prime application returns. The ability to sense the spectrum is critical to cognitive radio's efficiency. Energy detection sensing is the simplest and most often used spectrum sensing approach, owing to its ease of implementation in cognitive radio applications. The three-energy detection-based algorithms adopted for different scenarios have been compared in this study. The algorithms include the double-threshold energy detection, adaptive single threshold energy detection, and the adaptive double threshold spectrum sensing algorithm. Since the noise prediction in the practical situation is difficult, the necessity is to find the best algorithm in this condition. The other equally important parameters for efficiently sensing the spectrum are spectrum efficiency and less interference to the primary user. Simulation findings show that the adaptive double threshold approach outperforms the other two algorithms in all respect. The detection probability of the method is typically found to be substantially greater as compared to other two techniques. In addition, the likelihood of a false alarm is significantly reduced. Furthermore, when the signal-to-noise ratio value is low, often below -5dB, the performance of this approach is poor. MATLAB is used to run all of the simulations.","PeriodicalId":122917,"journal":{"name":"Himalayan Journal of Applied Science and Engineering","volume":"45 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127613558","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental and Numerical Simulations of Sediment in Fusre River Basin, Nepal","authors":"Prakash K.C., S. Baral, B. Mishra, Indra Prasad Timilsina","doi":"10.3126/hijase.v3i1.48254","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/hijase.v3i1.48254","url":null,"abstract":"This study presents about the analysis of sediment generation of the ungauged basin Fusre basin by modeling and also with the help of rainfall simulator. Many rivers in Nepal are either ungauged or poorly gauged due to extreme complex terrains, monsoon climate and lack of technical and financial supports. The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) was applied for watershed delineation of the Fusre basin and the basin delineated into seven sub-basin that generate the river network, which also provides the information like stream link, stream order, stream length, slope etc. The calibration was performed using data from 2003 to 2010 and validation for the period from 2011 to 2015 at a daily time step. The model performance was evaluated based on computed statistical parameters. For the calibration period of the discharge and sediment flow, the performance of the model was very good, with a coefficient of determination R2= 0.9528, Nash-Sutcliffe Efficiency NSE = 0.942, RMSE = 0.24, and Percent Bias= 14.78, Similarly, the continuous model performance for the validation period was good, with R2 = 0.8655, NSE = 0.925, RMSE = 0.275 and Percent Bias = 18.03. Also a series of laboratory experiments was also carried out by changing the land use, soil parameter, and rainfall intensity by varying depth of soil sample and slope for comparative study with model but just for performance of apparatus. The performance of rainfall simulator was good. From the experimental method the calculation value of coefficient of determination R2 is equal to 0.67, NSE value is equal to 0.865 and PBIAS was equal to 30. The performance of both experimental and simulated data was satisfactory.","PeriodicalId":122917,"journal":{"name":"Himalayan Journal of Applied Science and Engineering","volume":"59 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130121130","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An Assessment of Operation and Maintenance of Trail Bridges for Sustainable Mobility in Nepal","authors":"P. Budha, B. R. Joshi","doi":"10.3126/hijase.v3i1.46940","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/hijase.v3i1.46940","url":null,"abstract":"Trial bridges have a significant impact on mobility and socioeconomic status in rural regions of Nepal. The construction of the trail bridges is the important transportation mobility of Nepal to enhance rural mobility. It is essential to establish an effective operation and maintenance (O&M) plan for the long-term sustainability of the trail bridges. Proper O&M mechanism has a significant impact on safe, secure, durable, and sustainable service in the community. In our context, it is very challenging due to a lack of proper technology, a proper management system, and a scarcity of resources. The study was focused on evaluating the implementation status of operation and maintenance of trail bridges in Mugum Karmarong Rural Municipality of Mugu district of Nepal. Quantitative and qualitative data have been collected to evaluate the operation and maintenance status of twenty bridges. The related officials, businessmen, teachers, students, local community members, user group members, health workers, and other stakeholders of Trail Bridge were considered for the survey. The design guidelines, published literature, and other related guidelines of the Government of Nepal (GoN) were analyzed for the research. The convenient survey was conducted from sampled respondents along with three focus group discussions in three trail bridge projects. Further, key informants were interviewed comprising different stakeholders involved in the project planning and implementation process from central to the local level. The quantitative and quantitative data has been adopted and analyzed using a simple statistical method has performed for quantitative data analysis, and the content analysis method is used to interpret qualitative findings. The study concluded that the overall implementation status of O&M of trail bridges in Mugum Karmarong Municipality is disappointing and needs immediate operation and maintenance. The study indicates that proper O&M of trail bridges have a significant reduction in time to reach the school and health service is directly related to increased enrollment in schools and increased health facilities in communities, respectively. The income status and livelihood of people in communities have improved due to an increase in mobility and market accessibility from the operation of trail bridges . The output of this study will be the milestone for the proper operation, and management system development for sustainable, reliable, and cost-effective infrastructure development in the country.","PeriodicalId":122917,"journal":{"name":"Himalayan Journal of Applied Science and Engineering","volume":"64 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120895846","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}