Experimental Dermatology最新文献

{"title":"IL-17A Inhibitors Therapy Affect Oral Fungal and Bacterial Microbiome in Psoriasis","authors":"Shiqi Wang,&nbsp;Chunguang Tong,&nbsp;Ruojun Wang,&nbsp;Fang Liu","doi":"10.1111/exd.70237","DOIUrl":"10.1111/exd.70237","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin disease in which the IL-23/Th17/IL-17 axis plays a central pathogenic role while also contributing to antifungal defence. IL-17-targeting biologics such as secukinumab and ixekizumab are increasingly used in its management. This study aimed to characterize changes in the diversity and composition of oral fungal and bacterial communities in psoriasis patients before and after treatment with IL-17 inhibitors. Oral swabs were collected from psoriasis patients at baseline and after 3 months of IL-17 inhibitor therapy, as well as from healthy controls. Direct microscopy and fungal culture were performed. Microbial DNA was extracted and subjected to amplicon sequencing of the fungal ITS1 region and the bacterial 16S rRNA V3-V4 region using the Illumina HiSeq platform. A total of 36 patients and 38 healthy controls were enrolled in this study. Fungal microbiome analysis revealed significantly increased alpha diversity after treatment compared with baseline (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.05), accompanied by markedly elevated beta diversity (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.001). The dominant fungal genera were <i>Blumeria</i>, <i>Pichia</i> and <i>Aspergillus</i>. The relative abundance of <i>Candida</i> was significantly higher in psoriasis patients at baseline than in controls (16.00% vs. 6.43%, <i>p</i> &lt; 0.05) and decreased significantly after therapy (6.12%, <i>p</i> &lt; 0.05). In the bacterial microbiome, beta diversity decreased significantly following treatment (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.001), whereas alpha diversity increased (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.05). The predominant bacterial genera were <i>Streptococcus</i>, <i>Neisseria</i> and <i>Rothia</i>. After treatment, the relative abundance of <i>Haemophilus</i> was significantly lower than at baseline (9.18% vs. 10.14%, <i>p</i> &lt; 0.05). <i>Streptococcus</i> showed a higher trend in patients versus controls (29.74% vs. 16.48%) and declined post-treatment (23.71%). In conclusion, IL-17 inhibitor therapy in psoriasis alters the oral fungal and bacterial microbiota, with notable shifts in <i>Candida</i>, <i>Haemophilus</i> and <i>Streptococcus</i>. These findings provide new insights into the oral microbial changes associated with biologic therapy and may inform clinical monitoring of mucocutaneous microbial imbalance during treatment.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":12243,"journal":{"name":"Experimental Dermatology","volume":"35 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147520333","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Molecular Markers Distinguishing Early-Stage Mycosis Fungoides From Atopic Dermatitis Skin Lesions","authors":"Brandon D. Ng,&nbsp;Conor Whelan,&nbsp;Natalia Alkon,&nbsp;Agata Kurowski,&nbsp;Constanze Jonak,&nbsp;Patrick M. Brunner","doi":"10.1111/exd.70240","DOIUrl":"10.1111/exd.70240","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Mycosis fungoides (MF) is the most common type of primary cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, a disease characterized by malignant T cells that home to the skin. In early stages, clinical presentation is often indistinguishable from benign chronic inflammatory skin diseases such as atopic dermatitis (AD), posing a challenge for proper diagnosis and treatment. Previous studies have established that MF is characterized by the expansion of a single T-cell clone, whereas benign skin conditions are polyclonal in nature. In this study, we aimed to use single-cell RNA sequencing data to detect distinct transcriptomic features of early-stage MF in comparison to AD skin. In early-stage MF, we observed gene expression differences in cells of both the stroma and the immune system, with keratinocytes exhibiting increased interferon response and proliferation (<i>STAT1</i>, <i>ICAM1</i>, <i>HLA-DRA</i>, <i>GJB2</i>), while fibroblasts displayed tumour-associated programs (<i>CXCL2</i>, <i>TNFAIP6</i>, <i>CEBPD</i>). Myeloid cells exhibited expression of immunomodulatory genes (<i>RUNX3</i>, <i>DDIT4</i>, <i>IL4I1</i>), and malignant T-cells expressed exhaustion-associated markers (<i>CXCL13</i>, <i>SOCS3</i>, <i>F2R</i>, <i>ETV1</i>), as opposed to AD and healthy control samples. Thus, our results provide a novel insight into the immune-stroma crosstalk in the tissue microenvironment of early-stage MF vs. AD skin lesions.</p>","PeriodicalId":12243,"journal":{"name":"Experimental Dermatology","volume":"35 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13022068/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147520339","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor-Related Bullous Pemphigoid: Distinct Clinical and Immunological Profiles","authors":"Min Zou,&nbsp;Xun Feng,&nbsp;Jishu Li,&nbsp;Tong Li,&nbsp;Yiyi Wang,&nbsp;Luyuan Li,&nbsp;Guo Peng,&nbsp;Mintong Wei,&nbsp;Yi Teng,&nbsp;Kun Zhan,&nbsp;Hongli Wang,&nbsp;Yue Xiao,&nbsp;Wei Yan,&nbsp;Wei Li","doi":"10.1111/exd.70241","DOIUrl":"10.1111/exd.70241","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Bullous pemphigoid (BP) induced by immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI-BP) is a rare immune-related adverse event that affects patient prognosis and management; however, comparative data between ICI-BP and non-ICI BP, especially the dynamic changes of antibodies remain scarce. Therefore, we conducted this study to compare clinical presentation, immunological profile, treatment, management, and outcomes of ICI-BP versus non-ICI BP. This was a retrospective, single-centre cohort study of consecutive patients between 2019 and 2025. Patients with ICI-BP (Group A) were compared with Group B (BP with concurrent malignancy but no ICI exposure) and Group C (classic BP). There were 34, 10, and 68 patients enrolled in Groups A, B, and C, respectively (median follow-up 24.5 months, IQR 10.8–50.0). ICI-BP presented at a younger age (median, 59.0 years; IQR, 53.3–69.5; <i>p</i> &lt; 0.001) and showed a marked male predominance (88.2%; <i>p</i> = 0.003). A transient, albeit non-significant, rise in anti-BP180 reactivity was observed during the first 2 months in ICI-BP. Systemic glucocorticoids were required more frequently in ICI-BP, and IL-4 inhibitors demonstrated superior potency in accelerating BP180 antibody decline compared to non-systematic therapy. Tumour response rates were similar between Groups A and B, as was mortality across the three groups. In conclusion, ICI-BP differs from non-ICI BP in clinical and immunological features and more often necessitates systemic glucocorticoid therapy, while IL-4 inhibitors potentially expedite the reduction of anti-BP180 antibodies in ICI-BP patients.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":12243,"journal":{"name":"Experimental Dermatology","volume":"35 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147520412","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Atypical Dermatophytosis in Patients Treated by JAK Inhibitors","authors":"Jen A. Barak Levitt,&nbsp;Nurit Kulish,&nbsp;Mira Hamed,&nbsp;Michael Ziv,&nbsp;Eran Cohen Barak","doi":"10.1111/exd.70223","DOIUrl":"10.1111/exd.70223","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors are commonly used to treat immune-mediated diseases by modulating the JAK–STAT signalling pathway. While these agents are therapeutically effective, they may also impair immunity, including antifungal response. Here, we present five cases of atypical dermatophyte infections in patients treated with baricitinib or upadacitinib. Their clinical presentations and treatment regimens were summarised to highlight the atypical features and the presumed effects of JAK inhibitors. Patients presented with erythematous indurated plaques, clustered firm papules, and widespread thin plaques with scaling and erosions. PCR and fungal cultures confirmed infections with <i>Trichophyton tonsurans</i>, <i>Trichophyton rubrum</i>, <i>Trichophyton verrucosum</i>, and <i>Microsporum canis</i>. Treatment with systemic antifungal agents such as terbinafine, itraconazole, and griseofulvin was effective. In some cases, the dosage of JAK inhibitors was reduced during antifungal therapy. Clinicians should be vigilant for cutaneous fungal infections in JAK inhibitor-treated patients with new rashes. The immunomodulatory effect of JAK inhibitors may attenuate the clinical manifestation and lead to delayed recognition of dermatophytosis.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":12243,"journal":{"name":"Experimental Dermatology","volume":"35 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147485250","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advances in the Characteristics of Fibroblasts in Keloid: A Review","authors":"Liangxinwen Lei,&nbsp;Zhong Lu","doi":"10.1111/exd.70222","DOIUrl":"10.1111/exd.70222","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Keloids (KDs) are a group of fibroproliferative skin diseases characterised by an excess of fibroblasts and the accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM). In KDs, keloid fibroblasts (KFs) serve as the primary effector cells, playing a pivotal role. By studying the signalling pathways and epigenetic changes of KFs, researchers can elucidate the mechanisms behind the formation of KDs. This understanding is crucial for identifying potential targets for innovative treatments. In this paper, we review the latest progress in KFs research, detailing their abnormal biological characteristics, with some special KFs subgroups deserving particular attention. We also discuss the aberrantly regulated signalling pathways and therapeutic approaches concerning KFs, aiming to provide insights into the pathogenesis of keloid scars and thereby guide future research directions.</p>","PeriodicalId":12243,"journal":{"name":"Experimental Dermatology","volume":"35 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/exd.70222","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147480111","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Complications and Laboratory Test Findings Among Patients With Generalized Pustular Psoriasis: A Retrospective Chart Review Study","authors":"Ryuhei Okuyama,&nbsp;Yukari Okubo,&nbsp;Shinichi Imafuku,&nbsp;Yayoi Tada,&nbsp;Keiichi Yamanaka,&nbsp;Kazumitsu Sugiura,&nbsp;Yukie Yamaguchi,&nbsp;Masahito Yasuda,&nbsp;Wataru Sakamoto,&nbsp;Morihisa Saitoh,&nbsp;Akimichi Morita","doi":"10.1111/exd.70227","DOIUrl":"10.1111/exd.70227","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Generalized pustular psoriasis (GPP) is a rare, chronic, inflammatory skin disease characterised by widespread eruption of sterile, macroscopic pustules. Patients with GPP can present with multiple comorbidities that may influence treatment. This study aimed to assess the frequency of psoriasis-related complications and non–psoriasis-related comorbidities, and clinical laboratory findings, at the time of GPP diagnosis among patients with GPP. This was a retrospective, longitudinal medical chart review of data from patients with a documented GPP diagnosis attending 29 GPP referral hospitals in Japan. Demographics and clinical characteristics were assessed at baseline (within 6 months prior to and 3 months after GPP diagnosis), including psoriasis-related complications, non–psoriasis-related comorbidities, and clinical laboratory findings. Overall, 205 patients with GPP were included; 48.3% were female, and median age at initial diagnosis was 53 years. Similar proportions of patients had mild (36.1%), moderate (30.7%) and severe (33.2%) GPP at baseline, using Japanese Dermatological Association-GPP severity criteria. Most patients (69.8%) had psoriasis-related complications at baseline, with the most common being psoriasis vulgaris (42.9%) and psoriatic arthritis (26.8%). Non–psoriasis-related comorbidities were present in 69.3% of patients with GPP at baseline, with the most common being hypertension (28.3%), dyslipidaemia (16.6%) and diabetes mellitus (16.1%). There was large variability in laboratory test values between patients. These results demonstrated that, at the time of GPP diagnosis, patients with GPP have multiple burdens of both psoriasis-related complications and non–psoriasis-related comorbidities.</p>","PeriodicalId":12243,"journal":{"name":"Experimental Dermatology","volume":"35 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12992671/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147467531","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Clinical Validation of Imaging Biomarkers in Mycosis Fungoides","authors":"Selinde S. Wind,&nbsp;Elise S. M. Beljaards,&nbsp;Rianne Rijneveld,&nbsp;Lisa Bruijnincx,&nbsp;Tessa Niemeyer-van der Kolk,&nbsp;Manon A. A. Jansen,&nbsp;Yalcin Yavuz,&nbsp;Marieke de Kam,&nbsp;Jacobus Burggraaf,&nbsp;Naomi Klarenbeek,&nbsp;Jacobus Bosch,&nbsp;Koen D. Quint,&nbsp;Maarten H. Vermeer,&nbsp;Robert Rissmann,&nbsp;Next-Generation ImmunoDermatology Consortium (NGID)","doi":"10.1111/exd.70236","DOIUrl":"10.1111/exd.70236","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The composite index lesion severity (CAILS) score is used to monitor disease and therapeutic response in mycosis fungoides (MF), but is limited by interobserver variability and low sensitivity. Emerging imaging techniques, such as multispectral imaging (MSI), colourimetry and laser speckle contrast imaging (LSCI), offer objective alternatives for quantifying CAILS parameters. The aim of this study was to evaluate non-invasive imaging modalities for objective and reliable quantification of disease extent in MF. Sixty-six participants were enrolled in two prospective studies: a cross-sectional discovery cohort to assess baseline characteristics of 35 MF patients (IA–IVB) and 10 healthy controls using CAILS and MSI, and a longitudinal confirmation cohort including 21 early-stage MF patients (IA–IIA) treated with chlormethine gel 0.016% for 16 weeks, in whom lesional and non-lesional skin were assessed using CAILS, MSI, colourimetry and LSCI at multiple time points. Candidate biomarkers were required to meet five clinical validation criteria: disease discrimination, repeatability, treatment responsiveness, correlation with CAILS and patient acceptability. In the discovery cohort, MSI detected significant differences in erythema, pigmentation, elevation and desquamation between healthy, non-lesional and lesional skin. In the confirmation cohort, four candidate biomarkers met all validation criteria: MSI CIELAB a*, MSI average haemoglobin, and colourimetry CIELAB a* (DSMIII) for quantifying erythema, and MSI individual typology angle (ITA) for pigmentation. These biomarkers reliably discriminated lesional from non-lesional skin (<i>p</i> ≤ 0.001), showed strong test–retest reliability (CV &lt; 10%, ICC &gt; 0.84), detected treatment effects, showed moderate concordance with CAILS, and were associated with low patient burden (mean 3.4/100). These findings show that MSI- and colourimetry-derived biomarkers can objectively monitor disease extent in MF and complement existing clinical assessments.</p>","PeriodicalId":12243,"journal":{"name":"Experimental Dermatology","volume":"35 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12977146/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147431849","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bridging Discovery and Impact: Charting the Future of Experimental Dermatology","authors":"Dong Hun Lee","doi":"10.1111/exd.70230","DOIUrl":"10.1111/exd.70230","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":12243,"journal":{"name":"Experimental Dermatology","volume":"35 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147376428","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Emerging Role of Gut Microbiota in Inflammatory Skin Diseases: A Systematic Review","authors":"Andrea Malgesini,&nbsp;Matteo Domenico Marsiglia,&nbsp;Elisa Borghi,&nbsp;Angelo V. Marzano,&nbsp;Gianluca Nazzaro","doi":"10.1111/exd.70234","DOIUrl":"10.1111/exd.70234","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The human gut microbiota is involved in immune regulation, metabolism, and skin homeostasis. In recent years, gut microbiota alterations have been linked with several inflammatory skin disorders, such as atopic dermatitis (AD), psoriasis, and hidradenitis suppurativa (HS). This systematic review synthesises current evidence on gut microbiota composition and functional alterations in these dermatoses. A comprehensive literature search was conducted in the PubMed database, identifying studies from inception to January 2025. Eligible studies included human observational, interventional, and genetic studies investigating gut microbiota alterations in AD, psoriasis, or HS, using microbiome profiling or genetic causal-inference approaches. Studies lacking control groups or relying on culture-based techniques were excluded. Sixty-two studies were included: 38 on AD, 22 on psoriasis and 5 on HS, with three addressing more than one disease. In AD, most studies focused on paediatric populations, leaving a knowledge gap regarding adult-specific data. Reduced alpha-diversity and decreased abundance of <i>Faecalibacterium prausnitzii</i>, <i>Bifidobacterium</i> spp., and <i>Akkermansia muciniphila</i> were recurrent findings. In psoriasis, in addition to dysbiosis, microbial metabolic pathways were also found to be altered. In HS, data remain limited, but increased <i>Ruminococcus gnavus</i> and reduced alpha-diversity have been reported, mirroring findings in inflammatory bowel diseases. Gut microbiota has been increasingly implicated in skin inflammation. Despite advances in microbiota analysis, significant gaps remain—especially in adult AD and HS. Future research should prioritize standardised methodologies, larger and more diverse cohorts, and leverage emerging tools such as Mendelian randomization and AI-based models to develop precision medicine interventions.</p>","PeriodicalId":12243,"journal":{"name":"Experimental Dermatology","volume":"35 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12967704/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147376423","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Novel Model System to Identify Cellular and Molecular Defects Underlying Rare Genetic Disorders","authors":"Maddison N. Salois,&nbsp;Saiphone Webb,&nbsp;Isaiah A. Proctor,&nbsp;Peter J. Koch,&nbsp;Maranke I. Koster","doi":"10.1111/exd.70238","DOIUrl":"10.1111/exd.70238","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Ankyloblepharon-ectodermal defects-cleft lip/palate (AEC) is a disorder caused by autosomal-dominant mutations in the <i>TP63</i> gene. AEC is characterised by the presence of severe and painful skin erosions that can take years to heal. Current treatment options for these devastating lesions are limited, highlighting the need for new therapeutic strategies. We previously generated keratinocytes from patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC-K) and identified defects in several cell adhesion complexes, including desmosomes, hemidesmosomes and focal adhesions. In the present study, we developed a complementary in vitro model using NTERT keratinocytes transduced with lentiviral constructs expressing AEC-related <i>TP63</i> mutations (N-AEC). This model allows for the large-scale production of disease-relevant material, overcoming the limitations of iPSC-derived keratinocytes, which have the characteristics of primary keratinocytes, including limited cell doublings and lifespan. We demonstrate that N-AEC keratinocytes exhibit key defects observed in AEC iPSC-K and AEC patient skin, including downregulation of cell adhesion proteins. In addition, 3D epidermal equivalents generated from these cells replicate pathological features seen in AEC patient skin, such as intra-epidermal cysts, reduced desmosomal protein expression and altered expression of differentiation markers. Our N-AEC model provides a valuable tool for investigating the mechanisms underlying skin fragility in AEC and other genetic skin disorders and advances the potential for novel therapeutic development.</p>","PeriodicalId":12243,"journal":{"name":"Experimental Dermatology","volume":"35 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12967716/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147372670","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}