European review for medical and pharmacological sciences最新文献

{"title":"Leflunomide-associated fatal cryptococcal meningoencephalitis presenting as rapidly progressive dementia: a case report.","authors":"S A Kocturk, F Kocturk, K Ates","doi":"10.26355/eurrev_202609_37973","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26355/eurrev_202609_37973","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Cryptococcal meningoencephalitis is a serious opportunistic infection, classically associated with advanced immunosuppression. The increasing use of immunomodulatory drugs, such as leflunomide, has broadened the at-risk population.</p><p><strong>Case report: </strong> A 66-year-old woman with rheumatoid arthritis, on long-term leflunomide therapy, presented with progressive cognitive decline, behavioral changes, and myoclonus over a six-week period. The initial presentation mimicked rapidly progressive dementia. Cerebrospinal fluid analysis showed elevated opening pressure, hypoglycorrhachia, and hyperproteinorrhachia. India ink staining and culture confirmed Cryptococcus spp., which polymerase chain reaction (PCR) identified as Cryptococcus gattii. Despite antifungal treatment with liposomal amphotericin B and fluconazole, her condition deteriorated, leading to persistent intracranial hypertension, secondary infections, and multiorgan failure, resulting in death.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This case highlights the diagnostic challenges of cryptococcal meningoencephalitis with atypical neurological presentation and its potential association with leflunomide-induced immunosuppression. Early clinical suspicion and a multimodal diagnostic approach are essential for improving prognosis.</p>","PeriodicalId":12152,"journal":{"name":"European review for medical and pharmacological sciences","volume":"30 9","pages":"339-343"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149080261","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Association between questionnaire-estimated water intake and urinary biomarkers in older Japanese adults: the KOBE study.","authors":"J Ikeguchi, A Hirata, K Mizuma, Y Nakamura, H Watanabe, N Murayama, H Ueshima, H Tamura, T Okamura","doi":"10.26355/eurrev_202609_37971","DOIUrl":"10.26355/eurrev_202609_37971","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Accurate estimation of habitual water intake is crucial for epidemiological studies of water balance among older adults; however, reliable assessment methods for large-scale research remain limited. This study aimed to investigate the association between habitual water intake, as estimated by a \"simplified lifestyle questionnaire for predicting habitual water intake\" (SQW), and urinary biomarkers related to hydration and water balance in community-dwelling older adults.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>A cross-sectional analysis was conducted on 268 participants enrolled in the 2022-2023 KOBE Study NEXT survey. Habitual total water intake and source-specific water intake were estimated using the SQW. Early-morning spot urine samples collected after an overnight fast were used to measure urinary osmolality and electrolyte (sodium, potassium, and chloride) concentrations. The association between estimated water intake (analyzed as a continuous variable and by quartiles) and urinary biomarkers was examined using multivariable linear regression models after adjusting for age, sex, body mass index, smoking status, and alcohol consumption. Analyses were performed separately for men and women, and the sex-intake interaction term was tested.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In men, higher total water intake was significantly associated with lower urinary sodium and chloride concentrations, but not with urinary osmolality. In women, higher beverage-derived water intake was associated with lower urinary osmolality and lower urinary sodium and chloride concentrations in quartile-based trend analyses, whereas continuous analyses showed similar but non-significant trends. Dietary water intake and alcoholic beverage-derived water intake showed no significant association with urinary biomarkers in either sex. The sex-intake interaction term was not statistically significant.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Water intake estimated by the SQW was associated with urinary biomarkers related to hydration and water balance in older Japanese adults, with patterns varying according to water-intake source. These findings suggest that the SQW may serve as a practical tool for assessing habitual water intake in epidemiological and public health settings. Future longitudinal studies should investigate causality and clinical relevance.</p>","PeriodicalId":12152,"journal":{"name":"European review for medical and pharmacological sciences","volume":"30 9","pages":"328-338"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149080237","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Predictive value of the triglyceride-glucose index combined with novel body shape indices for cardiovascular disease: a cross-sectional study based on NHANES.","authors":"Y Zheng, Q Li","doi":"10.26355/eurrev_202609_37975","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26355/eurrev_202609_37975","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Insulin resistance (IR) and central obesity are key contributors. The triglyceride-glucose (TyG) index is a simple surrogate for IR, while novel adiposity indices, such as the visceral adiposity index (VAI), lipid accumulation product (LAP), cardiometabolic index (CMI), body roundness index (BRI), and a body shape index (ABSI), better reflect body fat distribution. However, the predictive value of combining TyG with these indices for CVD risk remains unclear.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong> This cross-sectional study used data from 19,822 adults aged ≥20 years in the U.S. NHANES (1999-2018). CVD was defined by self-reported physician diagnosis. The TyG index and its derivatives (TyG-BMI, TyG-WC, TyG-WHtR, TyG-CMI, TyG-VAI, TyG-LAP, TyG-BRI, TyG-ABSI) were calculated. Weighted logistic regression and restricted cubic spline (RCS) analyses assessed associations and potential nonlinear relationships. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves compared predictive performance.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>All TyG-derived indices were significantly associated with higher CVD risk (p<0.05). The strongest associations were observed for TyG-ABSI (OR=3.95, 95% CI: 1.99-7.85) and TyG-BRI (OR=2.10, 95% CI: 1.55-2.85). TyG-VAI and TyG-CMI showed nonlinear relationships with CVD. In ROC analysis, TyG-ABSI achieved the highest discriminative power (AUC=0.69), outperforming TyG and other indices. Subgroup analyses revealed stronger associations among younger, obese, hypertensive, and diabetic males.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Combining the TyG index with body-shape indices markedly improved CVD risk prediction. TyG-ABSI, TyG-BRI, and TyG-CMI showed superior diagnostic performance and may serve as cost-effective tools for early CVD risk assessment in clinical and public health settings.</p>","PeriodicalId":12152,"journal":{"name":"European review for medical and pharmacological sciences","volume":"30 9","pages":"344-355"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149080311","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Retraction Note.","authors":"","doi":"10.26355/eurrev_202609_37967","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26355/eurrev_202609_37967","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The Editor-in-Chief, in accordance with the Publisher, has retracted the following articles published between 2017 and 2019 on the grounds of figure duplication and manipulation, subsequent to concerns raised on PubPeer. The corresponding authors of all articles have been contacted several times and were asked to provide the original data, but no responses were received. This retraction notice pertains to the following articles and is carried out in accordance with the recommendations of the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE): 1.         Cao YX, Wang ZQ, Kang JX, Liu K, Zhao CF, Guo YX, Jiao BH. miR-424 protects PC-12 cells from OGD-induced injury by negatively regulating MKP-1. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2018; 22(5): 1426-1436-DOI: 10.26355/eurrev_201803_14490-PMID: 29565504. 2.         Wang CL, Wang D, Yan BZ, Fu JW, Qin L. Long non-coding RNA NEAT1 promotes viability and migration of gastric cancer cell lines through up-regulation of microRNA-17. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2018; 22(13): 4128-4137-DOI: 10.26355/eurrev_201807_15405-PMID: 30024601. 3.         Chen LL, Xu Y. Epigallocatechin gallate attenuates uric acid-induced injury in rat renal interstitial fibroblasts NRK-49F by up-regulation of miR-9. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2018; 22(21): 7458-7469-DOI: 10.26355/eurrev_201811_16287-PMID: 30468495. 4.         Qin WW, Xin ZL, Wang HQ, Wang KP, Li XY, Wang X. Inhibiting lncRNA ROR suppresses growth, migration and angiogenesis in microvascular endothelial cells by up-regulating miR-26. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2018; 22(22): 7985-7993-DOI: 10.26355/eurrev_201811_16427-PMID: 30536347. 5.         Zhao J, Sun H, Zhang JM, Wang M, Du XJ, Zhang JL. Long non-coding RNA ANRIL down-regulates microRNA-7 to protect human trabecular meshwork cells in an experimental model for glaucoma. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2019; 23(8): 3173-3182-DOI: 10.26355/eurrev_201904_17675-PMID: 31081068. 6.         Bai M, Pan CL, Jiang GX, Zhang YM, Zhang Z. CircHIPK3 aggravates myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury by binding to miRNA-124-3p. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2019; 23(22): 10107-10114-DOI: 10.26355/eurrev_201911_19580-PMID: 31799682. 7.         Lin N, Li XY, Zhang HM, Yang Z, Su Q. microRNA-199a-5p mediates high glucose-induced reactive oxygen species production and apoptosis in INS-1 pancreatic β-cells by targeting SIRT1. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2017; 21(5): 1091-1098-PMID: 28338182. The authors have been informed about the retraction but remained unresponsive. These articles have been retracted. The Publisher apologizes for any inconvenience this may cause.</p>","PeriodicalId":12152,"journal":{"name":"European review for medical and pharmacological sciences","volume":"30 9","pages":"327"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149080256","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pregnancy after breast cancer: obstetrics and feto-maternal outcomes.","authors":"C Fabiani, F Sanna, A Guarino, I Sperduti, G D'Auria, G Corrado, T Cocchiaro, C Meneghini, E Licata, G Paciotti, V Spina, R Corno, M Loggia, C Rucci, A Rago, R Rago","doi":"10.26355/eurrev_202608_37908","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26355/eurrev_202608_37908","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Pregnancy after breast cancer (BC) is possible and does not have a negative impact on prognosis, even in hormone receptor-positive or BRCA1/2-mutated patients. Despite this, the estimated pregnancy achievability in BC survivors is significantly inferior when compared to that of women who did not have cancer.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>This study investigated pregnancies after BC in 18 women monitored at the Oncofertility Center of the Italian Sandro Pertini Hospital. We compared maternal, fetal, and neonatal outcomes against general population data. Then, we evaluated the impact of chemotherapy on feto-maternal outcomes.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Compared to findings from the general population, our results show that pregnancy after BC may have more obstetrical complications, such as premature delivery and cesarean section; in addition, our research showed a possible correlation between the occurrence of gestational diabetes and previous chemotherapy treatment. The rate of breastfed survivors appeared lower than that of women in the general population, as summarized in the article's main findings.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Based on our data, pregnancy after BC is safe for both mother and fetus/newborn but requires strict follow-up in referral centers to best manage possible obstetric complications, particularly in women who have undergone chemotherapy.</p>","PeriodicalId":12152,"journal":{"name":"European review for medical and pharmacological sciences","volume":"30 8","pages":"298-306"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148864206","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lung epithelial cellular proliferative activity associated with conventional gold mining in Sudan.","authors":"A K Y Mohammed, A E Abugooda Alobaid, E H M Humida, A M O Ali, N A Hamid, M A E Mohammed, H G Ahmed","doi":"10.26355/eurrev_202608_37909","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26355/eurrev_202608_37909","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Traditional Sudanese gold mining poses serious health challenges to workers and communities. This issue requires early detection of at-risk populations using affordable, non-invasive sputum cytology. Thus, the present study aimed to evaluate the proliferative activity of lung epithelial cells in Sudanese individuals associated with traditional gold mining.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>This study is a cross-sectional, descriptive, clinic-based pilot investigation conducted in El-Obeid, North Kordofan State, Sudan. Participants in the study are individuals actively involved in traditional gold mining. The selection of candidates was based on their willingness to participate in the study, independent of demographic characteristics. Lung cytology was performed, and the results were categorized as normal, metaplasia, cytological atypia, and cellular degenerative changes.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Squamous metaplasia was identified in 17 out of 109 individuals (15.6%). Mild cytological atypia was identified in 3.7% of individuals. All four smears with cytological atypia showed squamous metaplasia of the lung. The risk of cytological atypia among individuals with respiratory squamous metaplasia is represented by the Odds Ratio (OR) and the 95% confidence interval (95% CI), which are OR = 28.3 (2.9333 to 273.1792) and p = 0.0038.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Pulmonary squamous metaplasia was common and linked with cytological degeneration and inflammation. Mild cytological atypia was infrequent and only linked with respiratory metaplasia. A substantial link exists between inflammatory state, particularly CICI, and respiratory metaplasia (OR = 5.4; p < 0.003).</p>","PeriodicalId":12152,"journal":{"name":"European review for medical and pharmacological sciences","volume":"30 8","pages":"307-315"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148864258","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Retraction Note.","authors":"","doi":"10.26355/eurrev_202608_37907","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26355/eurrev_202608_37907","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The Editor-in-Chief, in accordance with the Publisher, has retracted the following articles published between 2014 and 2018 on the grounds of figure duplication and manipulation, subsequent to concerns raised on PubPeer. The corresponding authors of all articles have been contacted several times and were asked to provide the original data, but no responses were received. This retraction notice pertains to the following articles and is carried out in accordance with the recommendations of the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE): 1.         Uzar E, Varol S, Acar A, Firat U, Basarslan SK, Evliyaoglu O, Yucel Y, Alp H, Gökalp O. Assesment the role of oxidative stress and efficacy of caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) on neurotoxicity induced by isoniazid and ethambutol in a rat model. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2014; 18(19): 2953-2959-PMID: 25339492. 2.         Zhu SY, Wang JD, Lu YJ, Shen ZY. Study to elucidate molecular mechanism behind zinc chemo-preventive role during lung carcinogenesis. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2016; 20(16): 3457-3464-PMID: 27608907. 3.         Zhou D, Liu P, Sun DW, Chen ZJ, Hu J, Peng SM, Liu YL. USP22 down-regulation facilitates human retinoblastoma cell aging and apoptosis via inhibiting TERT/P53 pathway. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2017; 21(12): 2785-2792-PMID: 28682440. 4.         Lang JY, Ma K, Guo JX, Sun H. Oxidative stress induces B lymphocyte DNA damage and apoptosis by upregulating p66shc. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2018; 22(4): 1051-1060-DOI: 10.26355/eurrev_201802_14388-PMID: 29509254. 5.         Lv X, Li CY, Han P, Xu XY. MicroRNA-520a-3p inhibits cell growth and metastasis of non-small cell lung cancer through PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2018; 22(8): 2321-2327-DOI: 10.26355/eurrev_201804_14822-PMID: 29762835. 6.         Mahattanadul S, Mustafa MW, Kuadkaew S, Pattharachayakul S, Ungphaiboon S, Sawanyawisuth K. Oral ulcer healing and anti-Candida efficacy of an alcohol-free chitosan-curcumin mouthwash. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2018; 22(20): 7020-7023-DOI: 10.26355/eurrev_201810_16173-PMID: 30402869. 7.         Lu MM, Wu PS, Guo XJ, Yin LL, Cao HL, Zou D. Osteoinductive effects of tantalum and titanium on bone mesenchymal stromal cells and bone formation in ovariectomized rats. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2018; 22(21): 7087-7104-DOI: 10.26355/eurrev_201811_16241-PMID: 30468450. 8.         Luo X, Song Y, Tang L, Sun DH, Ji DG. LncRNA SNHG7 promotes development of breast cancer by regulating microRNA-186. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2018; 22(22): 7788-7797-DOI: 10.26355/eurrev_201811_16403-PMID: 30536320. The authors have been informed about the retraction but remained unresponsive. These articles have been retracted. The Publisher apologizes for any inconvenience this may cause.</p>","PeriodicalId":12152,"journal":{"name":"European review for medical and pharmacological sciences","volume":"30 8","pages":"297"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148864291","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Trastuzumab deruxtecan plus pertuzumab as a substantial advancement in previously untreated patients with HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer.","authors":"A Messori, T Lupi, L Gasperoni, L Del Bono, A Ossato, V Damuzzo","doi":"10.26355/eurrev_202608_37910","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26355/eurrev_202608_37910","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>First-line treatment of HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer (HER2+MBC) has recently evolved with the introduction of trastuzumab deruxtecan-based regimens. We performed an indirect comparative analysis to evaluate the relative efficacy of currently available first-line treatments using reconstructed individual patient data (IPD).</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>A systematic PubMed search identified phase III randomized controlled trials evaluating first-line therapies for HER2+MBC with progression-free survival (PFS) reported through Kaplan-Meier curves. Reconstructed IPD were generated using the IPDfromKM method after digitization of published curves. Three trials were included: DESTINY-Breast09, EMERALD, and CLEOPATRA. Trastuzumab plus pertuzumab plus taxane (THP) was adopted as the common comparator. Treatment effects were estimated using a Cox proportional hazards model and expressed as hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Heterogeneity across pooled control groups and proportional hazards assumptions were also assessed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The combination of trastuzumab deruxtecan plus pertuzumab demonstrated the most favorable PFS profile among the evaluated regimens. Compared with pooled THP controls, this regimen significantly reduced the event risk (HR 0.49; 95% CI 0.40 to 0.60). In contrast, trastuzumab plus pertuzumab plus eribulin showed PFS outcomes substantially overlapping with THP (HR 0.96; 95% CI 0.77 to 1.20). Reconstructed HR estimates were highly consistent with those reported in the original trials, confirming the reliability of the IPDfromKM approach.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Indirect comparisons based on reconstructed patient-level data suggest that trastuzumab deruxtecan plus pertuzumab currently represents the most effective first-line strategy for HER2+MBC in terms of PFS.</p>","PeriodicalId":12152,"journal":{"name":"European review for medical and pharmacological sciences","volume":"30 8","pages":"316-326"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148864359","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pharmacological modulation of the PD-1/PD-L1 axis: from immune tolerance in colitis to immune escape in colorectal cancer.","authors":"R M Grimaldi, F C Balestrero, A Meggiolan, M Serra, A Ferramosca, C Travelli","doi":"10.26355/eurrev_202607_37885","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26355/eurrev_202607_37885","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In recent years, immune-based therapies, particularly checkpoint inhibitors, have been developed to interfere with tumor immune escape. Among various molecular targets, the PD-1/PD-L1 axis represents a central mechanism of tumor-driven immune evasion and a major target for restoring T-cell-mediated anti-tumor activity. Several blocking monoclonal antibodies have been developed to restore antitumor immunity, and anti-PD-1/PD-L1 antibodies have transformed the treatment of solid tumors, including colorectal cancer (CRC). In the colon, the PD-1/PD-L1 axis plays a dual and context-dependent role. During the early stages of intestinal inflammation, such as in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), PD-1/PD-L1 signaling contributes to immune tolerance and mucosal protection. However, persistent activation of this pathway may become detrimental during the colitis-to-cancer transition, promoting immune evasion and tumor progression. Immune checkpoint inhibitors, such as nivolumab and pembrolizumab, currently approved for specific subsets of CRC, exert their effects by blocking the interaction between PD-1 and PD-L1, thereby restoring antitumor immune responses. Their use, either as monotherapy or in combination regimens, has demonstrated promising efficacy in advanced and mismatch repair-deficient CRC. This review summarizes the biphasic role of PD-1/PD-L1 in IBD and CRC, with particular emphasis on the therapeutic application of PD-1/PD-L1 blockade in CRC. It highlights monoclonal antibody-based approaches and emerging combination strategies, and finally examines current clinical trial evidence, highlighting ongoing challenges, including primary and acquired resistance to anti-PD-1/PD-L1 therapies.</p>","PeriodicalId":12152,"journal":{"name":"European review for medical and pharmacological sciences","volume":"30 7","pages":"275-296"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148629811","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Retraction Note.","authors":"","doi":"10.26355/eurrev_202607_37880","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26355/eurrev_202607_37880","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The Editor-in-Chief, in accordance with the Publisher, has retracted the following articles published between 2017 and 2019 on the grounds of figure duplication and manipulation, subsequent to concerns raised on PubPeer. The corresponding authors of all articles have been contacted several times and were asked to provide the original data, but no responses were received. This retraction notice pertains to the following articles and is carried out in accordance with the recommendations of the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE): 1.  Mani J, Fleger J, Rutz J, Maxeiner S, Bernd A, Kippenberger S, Zöller N, Chun FK, Relja B, Juengel E, Blaheta RA. Curcumin combined with exposure to visible light blocks bladder cancer cell adhesion and migration by an integrin dependent mechanism. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2019; 23(23): 10564-10574-DOI: 10.26355/eurrev_201912_19698-PMID: 31841214. 2.  Ma JB, Hu SL, Zang RK, Su Y, Liang YC, Wang Y. MicroRNA-487a promotes proliferation of esophageal cancer cells by inhibiting p62 expression. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2019; 23(4): 1502-1512-DOI: 10.26355/eurrev_201902_17108-PMID: 30840272. 3.  Ma YX, Zhang H, Li XH, Liu YH. MiR-30e-5p inhibits proliferation and metastasis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells by target-ing USP22. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2018; 22(19): 6342-6349-DOI: 10.26355/eurrev_201810_16045-PMID: 30338802. 4.  Gao AG, Zhou YC, Hu ZJ, Lu BB. Ipriflavone promotes osteogenesis of MSCs derived from osteoporotic rats. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2018; 22(14): 4669-4676-DOI: 10.26355/eurrev_201807_15527-PMID: 30058710. 5.  Du XY, Liu X, Wang ZJ, Wang YY. SLPI promotes the gastric cancer growth and metastasis by regulating the expression of P53, Bcl-2 and Caspase-8. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2017; 21(7): 1495-1501-PMID: 28429358. The authors have been informed about the retraction but remained unresponsive. These articles have been retracted. The Publisher apologizes for any inconvenience this may cause.</p>","PeriodicalId":12152,"journal":{"name":"European review for medical and pharmacological sciences","volume":"30 7","pages":"252"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148629848","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}