European review for medical and pharmacological sciences最新文献

{"title":"Spleen stiffness measurement by transient elastography for detecting esophagogastric varices: a systematic review of diagnostic accuracy studies.","authors":"E Rondini, R Accattoli, E Distrutti, S Fiorucci","doi":"10.26355/eurrev_202607_37883","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26355/eurrev_202607_37883","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Clinically significant portal hypertension drives the development of esophagogastric varices. Endoscopy remains the gold standard, but it is invasive and resource demanding. The aim of the study is to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of spleen stiffness measurement (SSM) by transient elastography in predicting esophagogastric varices.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>We systematically reviewed 20 studies. Techniques included standard 50 Hz TE and spleen-dedicated 100 Hz probes. Outcomes included AUROC, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), feasibility, and varices prevalence.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>SSM accuracy was high across studies (AUROC 0.75-0.97). 100 Hz SSM showed superior diagnostic performance and feasibility, even though the sample size was small, leading to important variability in evidence. SSM demonstrated excellent rule-out ability, with NPV consistently >90% in HRV-focused studies. Etiology influenced performance.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>SSM is a robust, non-invasive tool for detecting varices and may help triage patients to reduce unnecessary endoscopy. Integration into assessment algorithms for clinically significant portal hypertension is strongly supported.</p>","PeriodicalId":12152,"journal":{"name":"European review for medical and pharmacological sciences","volume":"30 7","pages":"253-266"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148629851","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cognitive impairment in children with β-thalassemia major: influence of clinical and biochemical factors.","authors":"S I Açıcı, E G Kazancı, D Güven, G R Aksoy, Ö F Kızılsoy, B Z Kral","doi":"10.26355/eurrev_202607_37884","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26355/eurrev_202607_37884","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Children with β-thalassemia major are at risk for neurocognitive impairment due to chronic anemia, iron overload, and possible neurotoxicity from chelation therapy. Despite improved transfusion and chelation protocols, the impact on cognitive function remains unclear. This study evaluated cognitive performance in children with β-thalassemia major and explored selected clinical and biochemical factors associated with cognitive scores.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Seventeen patients aged 6-16 years with β-thalassemia major receiving regular transfusions and 17 healthy age- and sex-comparable controls were included. Demographic, anthropometric, and laboratory data (hemoglobin, ferritin, vitamin B12, and vitamin D) were collected. Cognitive performance was evaluated using the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised (WISC-R). Associations between cognitive scores and selected clinical and biochemical variables were evaluated as exploratory analyses, and key associations involving BMI z-score and transfusion duration were additionally adjusted for age.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Patients showed significantly lower verbal IQ (81.9 ± 21.9) and full-scale IQ (83.7 ± 21.0) scores compared with controls (109.1 ± 20.1 and 104.6 ± 19.6; p<0.05). All verbal and performance subtests, including picture arrangement and block design, were reduced. In exploratory analyses, age, BMI z-score, and transfusion duration were associated with selected cognitive scores; however, several of these associations were attenuated after adjustment for age. Vitamin D showed positive associations with selected verbal cognitive scores, while ferritin was not significantly associated with cognitive scores in the revised analysis.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Children with β-thalassemia major exhibit lower cognitive performance, especially in verbal domains. Associations with clinical and biochemical variables should be interpreted cautiously. Routine cognitive evaluation and metabolic follow-up are recommended for early detection and multidisciplinary care.</p>","PeriodicalId":12152,"journal":{"name":"European review for medical and pharmacological sciences","volume":"30 7","pages":"267-274"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148629854","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Oxygen-ozone action on Isaac's syndrome: a case report.","authors":"L Valdenassi, S Chirumbolo, M T Corsetti, O Bugiani, M Franzini, A Marcello, D Bellardi, U Tirelli, E Rossi","doi":"10.26355/eurrev_202606_37855","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26355/eurrev_202606_37855","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Isaac's syndrome, or neuromyotonia, is a rare autoimmune neuromuscular disorder characterized by continuous muscle fiber activity due to peripheral nerve hyperexcitability. Clinical features include persistent muscle stiffness, cramps, fasciculations, delayed muscle relaxation, and myokymia. These symptoms are often associated with autoantibodies targeting voltage-gated potassium channels (VGKCs) or related proteins such as CASPR2. Conventional treatment typically involves immunosuppressive agents and symptomatic medications, but therapeutic responses can be incomplete or transient.</p><p><strong>Case report: </strong>We report the case of a 43-year-old woman with a long-standing diagnosis of Isaac's syndrome who experienced limited benefit from prolonged immunosuppressive and symptomatic therapies. The patient presented with disabling motor symptoms, pain, and reduced quality of life. She was treated with major autohemotherapy using an oxygen-ozone (O₂-O₃) protocol. Within two months, notable clinical and electrophysiological improvements were observed, including the resolution of neuromyotonia and significant gains in daily functional abilities. These improvements, assessed via the Barthel Index, remained stable over a three-year follow-up period, indicating sustained autonomy and pain control. The patient also carried MTHFR C677T and A1298C polymorphisms, which may have contributed to the autoimmune disease and influenced treatment response.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This case highlights the potential role of oxygen-ozone therapy as a complementary non-pharmacological approach in refractory autoimmune neuromuscular disorders. The sustained clinical benefit observed suggests that ozone therapy may contribute to immune modulation, redox balance, and restoration of mitochondrial function. Further studies are warranted to evaluate personalized ozone-based protocols in the management of immune-mediated neuromuscular conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":12152,"journal":{"name":"European review for medical and pharmacological sciences","volume":"30 6","pages":"195-201"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148374765","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Intracoronary stem cell transplant in ischemic heart disease: a meta-analysis of randomized trials.","authors":"F Puppo, V Fontana, A Monselise, V F Tapson, R G Carbone","doi":"10.26355/eurrev_202606_37858","DOIUrl":"10.26355/eurrev_202606_37858","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Ischemic heart disease is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality. In this study, we assessed the efficacy of intracoronary stem cell transplantation on left ventricular function (LVEF) in acute myocardial infarction, chronic ischemic heart disease, and severe ischemic heart failure.   MATERIALS AND METHODS: We conducted a meta-analysis of randomized trials from 2002 to 2025. Mean difference in LVEF between treated and control patients at 6-months after infusion was calculated according to analysis of covariance. Heterogeneity among studies was assessed by the Cochrane's Q, Tau2, and I2 statistics. The primary outcome was the LVEF difference at follow-up. Secondary outcomes were comparisons among the type and number of transplanted stem cells.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The analysis included 82 randomized controlled trials totaling 5,781 patients (3,048 treated and 2,733 controls) affected by acute myocardial infarction (AMI, n. 70), chronic ischemic heart disease (CIHD, n. 5), and ischemic heart failure (IHF, n. 7). Stem cells were bone marrow, mesenchymal, peripheral blood, and cardiac stem cells in 58, 15, 6 and 3 studies, respectively. Median infused cells were 100 x 106.  LVEF increased 3.3% overall and 8.2%, 5.3% and 2.7% in CIHD, IHF and AMI, respectively. LVEF increased 2% per each 109 cells. CIHD improved from mild (46%) to normal (54%) and IHF from severe (30%) to moderate (38%) functional class. Study heterogeneity decreased over publication year, and there is evidence for publication bias, although the Egger's test resulted in a non-significant result. Intracoronary stem cells induced a significant decrease in mean New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class from baseline to 6 and 12 months after transplant (2.6, 1.8, and 1.9, respectively; t-test p = 0.002) in ischemic heart failure patients.   CONCLUSIONS: Intracoronary stem cell transplantation improves LVEF in acute and chronic ischemic heart disease and is associated with a reduction of functional class severity. The intracoronary route may be taken into consideration in future trials of stem cell therapy for ischemic heart disease due to its relative manageability and simplicity.</p>","PeriodicalId":12152,"journal":{"name":"European review for medical and pharmacological sciences","volume":"30 6","pages":"229-251"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148374822","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Retraction Note: Oxycodone inhibits myocardial cell apoptosis after myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats via RhoA/ROCK1 signaling pathway.","authors":"Y Xie, C-L Ge, Z-Y Zhang, G-X Fei","doi":"10.26355/eurrev_202606_37851","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26355/eurrev_202606_37851","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The article \"Oxycodone inhibits myocardial cell apoptosis after myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats via RhoA/ROCK1 signaling pathway\" by Y. Xie, C.-L. Ge, Z.-Y. Zhang, G.-X. Fei, published in Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2020; 24 (11): 6371-6379-DOI: 10.26355/eurrev_202006_21535-PMID: 32572934, has been retracted by the Publisher and the Editor in Chief. Following publication, concerns were raised by a third party regarding the integrity of several figures. An editorial assessment revealed multiple instances of image duplication within the article and image duplication with previously published articles by different authors. The authors have been contacted and were asked to provide the original data; however, they did not respond to the journal's correspondence. As a result, the Editor-in-Chief has lost confidence in the reliability of the data presented in this article and has decided to retract it.  This article has been retracted. The Publisher apologizes for any inconvenience this may cause.</p>","PeriodicalId":12152,"journal":{"name":"European review for medical and pharmacological sciences","volume":"30 6","pages":"192"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148374855","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"From models to medicine: advanced preclinical systems and AI enabling RNA therapeutics in triple-negative breast cancer.","authors":"C Esposito, I Bello, E Panza","doi":"10.26355/eurrev_202606_37857","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26355/eurrev_202606_37857","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is one of the most aggressive breast cancer subtypes, characterized by the lack of actionable molecular targets, pronounced intratumoral heterogeneity, and a highly dynamic tumor microenvironment (TME). RNA-based therapeutics, including messenger RNA (mRNA), small interfering RNA (siRNA), antisense oligonucleotides, and non-coding RNAs, represent a promising strategy for modulating gene expression and targeting previously undruggable pathways. Nevertheless, their clinical application in TNBC remains limited. This review aims to critically evaluate the main biological and technological barriers to RNA therapeutics in TNBC and to highlight emerging strategies to enhance their translational potential, with particular emphasis on advanced preclinical models and artificial intelligence (AI). The limited clinical success of RNA therapeutics in TNBC is primarily due to intrinsic RNA instability, rapid nuclease-mediated degradation, suboptimal and heterogeneous tumor delivery, and sequence-dependent off-target effects. Traditional two-dimensional in vitro models inadequately reproduce tumor architecture and TME complexity, resulting in poor predictive value. In contrast, advanced preclinical platforms-including three-dimensional spheroids, patient-derived organoids, organ-on-chip systems, and patient-derived xenografts-better recapitulate tumor biology, cell-microenvironment interactions, and interpatient variability. Concurrently, AI and machine learning approaches are increasingly employed to optimize RNA sequence design, predict off-target effects, improve nanoparticle-based delivery systems, integrate multi-omics and spatial transcriptomics data, and support patient stratification. The integration of physiologically relevant preclinical models with AI-driven approaches represents a promising strategy to overcome current limitations in RNA-based therapeutics for TNBC. This multidisciplinary framework may enhance delivery efficiency, reduce attrition rates, and accelerate the development of RNA-based precision oncology strategies in TNBC.</p>","PeriodicalId":12152,"journal":{"name":"European review for medical and pharmacological sciences","volume":"30 6","pages":"214-228"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148375051","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Retraction Note: A multicenter clinical study with myo-inositol and alpha-lactalbumin in Mexican and Italian PCOS patients.","authors":"I Hernandez Marin, O Picconi, A S Laganà, L Costabile, V Unfer","doi":"10.26355/eurrev_202606_37853","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26355/eurrev_202606_37853","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The article \"A multicenter clinical study with myo-inositol and alpha-lactalbumin in Mexican and Italian PCOS patients\" by I. Hernandez Marin, O. Picconi, A.S. Laganà, L. Costabile, V. Unfer, published in Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2021; 25 (8): 3316-3324-DOI: 10.26355/eurrev_202104_25743-PMID: 33928619, has been retracted by the Publisher and the Editor in Chief. Following concerns raised by a whistleblower regarding ethics approval issues, statistical analysis, the reliability of the reported results, and potential conflicts of interest, the journal initiated an editorial investigation in accordance with journal policies and COPE guidelines. The authors were contacted and provided a response as well as the original data. An independent statistical expert was appointed to reassess the manuscript. The evaluation identified insufficient documentation of ethics approval across all participating centers and unresolved methodological and statistical concerns, which together limit the reliability and interpretability of the reported findings. In light of these issues, the Editor-in-Chief has concluded that the article's results and conclusions are compromised. The article is therefore retracted. The authors have been informed of this decision and do not agree with the retraction. This article has been retracted. The Publisher apologizes for any inconvenience this may cause.</p>","PeriodicalId":12152,"journal":{"name":"European review for medical and pharmacological sciences","volume":"30 6","pages":"193"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148374913","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Association of serum asprosin levels with obesity indices and metabolic parameters in adults.","authors":"S Çetin, I Solmaz, J Kılıç, Ö F Alakuş, Ö Aslan, M A Coşkuner, B B Başgöz","doi":"10.26355/eurrev_202606_37856","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26355/eurrev_202606_37856","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Asprosin is a recently identified adipokine secreted predominantly by white adipose tissue and is implicated in energy homeostasis, insulin resistance, and inflammatory pathways. Emerging evidence suggests a close association between asprosin and obesity-related metabolic disturbances. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between serum asprosin levels and obesity- and metabolism-related parameters, including body mass index (BMI), visceral adiposity index (VAI), anthropometric measurements, and biochemical markers.  MATERIALS AND METHODS: This retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted using data from patients who attended the Internal Medicine and Obesity Outpatient Clinics of Gazi Yaşargil Training and Research Hospital between January 2022 and December 2023. Participants were categorized into normal-weight (n = 55), overweight (n = 40), and obese (n = 60) groups according to BMI. Laboratory parameters, including serum asprosin levels, lipid profile, HbA1c, and VAI, were analyzed using previously collected fasting serum samples.  RESULTS: Serum asprosin levels differed significantly among BMI groups and were higher in overweight and obese individuals compared to normal-weight participants (p < 0.001). Asprosin levels showed significant positive correlations with BMI, VAI, triglyceride levels, and platelet count, and a significant negative correlation with high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol. No significant associations were found between asprosin levels and HbA1c, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), or alanine aminotransferase (ALT).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Serum asprosin is closely associated with adiposity and lipid-related metabolic alterations, suggesting its potential role as a biomarker in obesity-related metabolic disorders. However, further longitudinal studies are required to clarify its clinical utility.</p>","PeriodicalId":12152,"journal":{"name":"European review for medical and pharmacological sciences","volume":"30 6","pages":"202-213"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148375132","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Retraction Note: Can the endometrioma be an obstacle to complete oocyte retrieval in IVF cycles? A retrospective study.","authors":"G M Baldini, A S Laganà, A Mastrorocco, A Malvasi, D Baldini, D Ferri, R Sciorio, G Trojano","doi":"10.26355/eurrev_202606_37854","DOIUrl":"10.26355/eurrev_202606_37854","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The article \"Can the endometrioma be an obstacle to complete oocyte retrieval in IVF cycles? A retrospective study\" by G.M. Baldini, A.S. Laganà, A. Mastrorocco, A. Malvasi, D. Baldini, D. Ferri, R. Sciorio, G. Trojano, published in Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2024; 28 (7): 2827-2836-DOI: 10.26355/eurrev_202404_35911-PMID: 38639522, has been retracted by the Publisher and the Editor in Chief. Following concerns raised on the study data and ethics issues, the journal initiated an editorial investigation in accordance with journal policies and COPE guidelines. The authors were contacted and provided a reply to the issues raised, but were unable to provide the original data due to a technical failure that resulted in the loss of access to the underlying files, nor the original ethics committee approval document. The journal has therefore reassessed the manuscript based on the information provided. The external evaluation identified significant concerns regarding the study's reporting, transparency, and verifiability. Consequently, the concerns raised during the post-publication evaluation could not be satisfactorily resolved, and the reliability of the reported findings and conclusions could not be verified. In light of these issues, the Editor-in-Chief has concluded that the article is retracted. The authors have been informed of this decision and do not agree with the retraction. This article has been retracted. The Publisher apologizes for any inconvenience this may cause.</p>","PeriodicalId":12152,"journal":{"name":"European review for medical and pharmacological sciences","volume":"30 6","pages":"194"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148374892","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Clinical characteristics, management strategies, and outcomes of pediatric immune thrombocytopenic purpura: a five-year single-center experience.","authors":"Ö S Kaya, E G Kazancı, D Güven, B Orhaner","doi":"10.26355/eurrev_202605_37820","DOIUrl":"10.26355/eurrev_202605_37820","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP), which is caused by immune-mediated platelet loss, is the most common cause of acquired thrombocytopenia in pediatric patients. In addition to evaluating treatment approaches and outcomes within a single-center cohort, this study aimed to evaluate the clinical and laboratory characteristics of juvenile ITP.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Out of 296 patients with thrombocytopenia, 135 children (ages 0-18) with acute ITP were included in this retrospective analysis. We reviewed clinical observations, laboratory results, therapeutic modalities, length of hospital stay, demographic data, and treatment outcomes.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Out of 296 patients, 161 (54.4%) had secondary thrombocytopenia, and 135 (45.6%) had ITP. 51.1% of the population was female, and the average age was 5.5±3.97 years. The most common symptoms were petechiae (40%) and ecchymosis (46.7%). 83.7% of patients received intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG), resulting in a 91.2% response rate after a single dose. 14.1% of patients received corticosteroids, and most of them achieved platelet counts ≥30,000/mm³. In 15.6% of cases, bone marrow aspiration was performed prior to the start of steroid treatment. Splenectomy was required in 0.7% of cases, and rituximab in 1.5%. There was no discernible variation in the treatment response between the modalities (p=0.34). Secondary thrombocytopenia (n=161) was primarily caused by infection (64.5%), with Epstein-Barr virus being found in 3.7% of cases.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>IVIG promoted rapid platelet recovery with high responder rates. Overall, the results were favorable, and there were no discernible differences between the treatment plans.</p>","PeriodicalId":12152,"journal":{"name":"European review for medical and pharmacological sciences","volume":"30 5","pages":"154-163"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148155648","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}