Food additives and contaminants最新文献

{"title":"4-hydroxy-2-alkenals in polyunsaturated fatty acids-fortified infant formulas and other commercial food products.","authors":"J Surh,&nbsp;S Lee,&nbsp;H Kwon","doi":"10.1080/02652030701422465","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02652030701422465","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>4-Hydroxy-2-hexenal (HHE) and 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (HNE) were determined using selected ion-monitoring gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) in 56 kinds of commercially available PUFA-fortified foods including infant formulas and baby foods. HHE and HNE, each specifically coming from the oxidation of n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), were observed at <10-77 and 41-132 microg kg(-1) in the infant formulas (n = 12) and at <10-52 and 36-116 microg kg(-1) in the baby foods (n = 7), respectively. 4-Hydroxy-2-alkenals in infant formulas and baby foods were further determined at 10 and 30 days after opening in an attempt to examine the time dependence of the levels of 4-hydroxy-2-alkenals. The values of HHE and HNE had increased appreciably to <10-220 and 79-792 microg kg(-1) in infant formulas and to <10-112 and 135-572 microg kg(-1) in baby foods, respectively, at 10 days and decreased, although statistically not significant, in most of the tested samples after 30 days, which suggested that the reactive compounds might interact with other constituents like proteins in the samples to form adducts or be decomposed with time. Based on the current study, it was calculated that 3-month to 1-year-old babies maintained exclusively on these commercially available PUFA-fortified infant formulas or baby foods could be exposed to a maximum of 20.2 microg kg(-1) body weight day(-1) of 4-hydroxy-2-alkenals, which is two orders of magnitude higher than the exposure of Korean adults estimated in a previous study of the authors' (2005). The present study may trigger future studies investigating the physiological influence of 4-hydroxy-2-alkenals originating from the diet on man at an early stage of development.</p>","PeriodicalId":12138,"journal":{"name":"Food additives and contaminants","volume":"24 11","pages":"1209-18"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/02652030701422465","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41034494","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hair mercury levels in relation to fish consumption in a community of the Moroccan Mediterranean coast.","authors":"Hecham Elhamri,&nbsp;Larbi Idrissi,&nbsp;Marina Coquery,&nbsp;Sabine Azemard,&nbsp;Abdellah El Abidi,&nbsp;Mohamed Benlemlih,&nbsp;Mohamed Saghi,&nbsp;Francesco Cubadda","doi":"10.1080/02652030701329611","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02652030701329611","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Coastal populations with high seafood consumption in the Mediterranean have a significant exposure to dietary methylmercury, and areas where environmental mercury pollution is an issue due to industrial activities are of special concern. The study was undertaken with the aim of assessing methylmercury exposure through fish consumption in a community of north Morocco and characterizing the relevant health risk. Concentrations of total mercury were determined in human hair, a biomarker of methylmercury exposure, and in locally consumed fish by cold vapour atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Based on consumption frequencies reported by the 108 subjects included in the study the weekly intake of methylmercury was estimated and biomarker data were evaluated in relation to the estimated intake and the sociodemographic characteristics of the population. Multiple regression analysis was employed for the interpretation of hair mercury data in relation to fish consumption frequency, gender and the age of individuals. Mercury concentrations in hair ranged from 0.22 to 9.56 microg g(-1) (geometric mean = 1.79 microg g(-1)) and were closely related to fish intake. Fisherman and their families consumed fish three to five times per week and were the most exposed population subgroup. A high proportion of women of child-bearing age (50%) had relatively high levels of mercury in their hair (3.08-7.88 microg g(-1)).</p>","PeriodicalId":12138,"journal":{"name":"Food additives and contaminants","volume":"24 11","pages":"1236-46"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/02652030701329611","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40960313","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fusarium toxins and total fungal biomass indicators in naturally contaminated wheat samples from north-eastern Poland in 2003.","authors":"J Perkowski,&nbsp;M Wiwart,&nbsp;M Busko,&nbsp;M Laskowska,&nbsp;F Berthiller,&nbsp;W Kandler,&nbsp;R Krska","doi":"10.1080/02652030701416566","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02652030701416566","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Concentrations of fungal metabolites were measured in 32 wheat grain samples from north-eastern Poland in 2003. The samples originated from fields cultivated conventionally (but varying in chemical protection level) or cultivated organically. Concentrations of Fusarium toxins (HT-2, DON, 3-AcDON, NIV), trichodiene, microbial biomass indicators (fungal ergosterol and general adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP)) and seed vigour were assessed. A large variation between samples was observed, depending on their origin. Seed from organic farms contained similar amounts of Fusarium toxins but more ergosterol and ATP than conventionally grown and chemically protected seed. The highest levels of toxins and ergosterol were detected in samples from conventional cultivation lacking chemical protection. Intensive agronomic practices (including complete chemical protection) significantly lowered the levels of ergosterol, ATP and trichodiene, as compared with other cultivation systems.</p>","PeriodicalId":12138,"journal":{"name":"Food additives and contaminants","volume":"24 11","pages":"1292-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/02652030701416566","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41034492","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modelling non-systemic pesticide residues in fruits with initial deposit variability and weather effects.","authors":"R Huo,&nbsp;J D Salazar,&nbsp;K Hyder,&nbsp;X-M Xu","doi":"10.1080/02652030701329926","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02652030701329926","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A flexible and generic model was developed to predict the decline of residues of a non-systemic pesticide for both single and multi-spray situations as well as for different tree canopy zones. The model predicts not only the average residue levels, but also the confidence interval of the residues through either a deterministic or a stochastic approach. This generic model includes several key aspects of residue fates in the environment: initial deposit, physical loss and growth dilution. The model considers a tree canopy in three distinct zones for which initial deposition of pesticides may differ. In addition to predicting the average residue within each zone, it also estimates the 95 and 99% confidence intervals of residues on individual fruit within each zone. For the purpose of evaluation, this model was parameterized specifically for captan, one of the most important non-systemic fungicides used to control disease in horticultural crops. The observed average initial deposit for each zone was used in the evaluation. The overall correlation between predicted average residues and those observed on apple fruit in two applications was 0.93. Confidence intervals were also predicted accurately.</p>","PeriodicalId":12138,"journal":{"name":"Food additives and contaminants","volume":"24 11","pages":"1257-67"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/02652030701329926","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40960314","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Population genetic structure of Gibberella zeae isolated from wheat in Argentina.","authors":"M L Ramirez,&nbsp;M M Reynoso,&nbsp;M C Farnochi,&nbsp;A M Torres,&nbsp;J F Leslie,&nbsp;S N Chulze","doi":"10.1080/02652030701546487","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02652030701546487","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Gibberella zeae (anamorph Fusarium graminearum) causes Fusarium head blight of wheat. The authors used amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLPs) to characterize the genetic structure of two G. zeae populations from commercial wheat fields. The working hypothesis was that sufficient genetic exchange occurs between local populations to prevent significant partitioning of allelic variation. We analysed 216 AFLP loci for 113 isolates collected during the 2002 harvest season. All strains had AFLP profiles typical of G. zeae lineage 7. Both populations were genotypically diverse but genetically similar and potentially part of a larger, randomly mating population, with significant genetic exchange probably occurring between the two subpopulations. Linkage disequilibrium was low, but higher than reported for many other populations of G. zeae, and about 20% of the alleles detected were specific to one of the two subpopulations - results consistent with limited gene exchange between the two subpopulations. This study extends previous work with populations of G. zeae to include those found in Argentina, one of the world's largest wheat growing countries.</p>","PeriodicalId":12138,"journal":{"name":"Food additives and contaminants","volume":"24 10","pages":"1115-20"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/02652030701546487","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40987419","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Function and regulation of aflJ in the accumulation of aflatoxin early pathway intermediate in Aspergillus flavus.","authors":"W Du,&nbsp;G R Obrian,&nbsp;G A Payne","doi":"10.1080/02652030701513826","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02652030701513826","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>aflJ resides within the aflatoxin biosynthetic gene cluster adjacent to the pathway regulatory gene aflR and is involved in aflatoxin production, but its function is unknown. Over-expression of aflJ in the aflatoxin-producing strain 86-10 resulted in increased aflatoxin. In an effort to study the function and regulation of aflJ, strain 649-1 lacking the entire biosynthetic cluster was transformed with either reporter constructs, expression constructs, or cosmid clones and analysed for gene expression or metabolite accumulation. Over-expression of aflJ did not result in elevated transcription of ver-1, omtA or aflR. To determine if over-expression of aflJ leads to an increase in early pathway intermediates, strain 649-1 was transformed with cosmid 5E6 and either gpdA::aflJ alone, gpdA::aflR alone, or aflJ and aflR together. Cosmid 5E6 contains the genes pksA, nor-1, fas-1, and fas-2, which are required for the biosynthesis of the early pathway intermediate averantin. 649-1 transformants containing 5E6 alone produced no detectable averantin. In contrast, 5E6 transformants with gpdA::aflR produced averantin, but only half as much as those transformants containing both aflR and aflJ. Northern blot analysis showed that 5E6 transformants containing both aflR and aflJ had five times more pksA transcripts and four times more nor-1 transcripts than 5E6 transformants containing gpdA::aflR alone. Further, aflJ transcription was regulated by aflR. Over-expression of aflR resulted in elevated aflJ transcription. aflJ appears to modulate the regulation of early genes in aflatoxin biosynthesis.</p>","PeriodicalId":12138,"journal":{"name":"Food additives and contaminants","volume":"24 10","pages":"1043-50"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/02652030701513826","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40987462","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Population ecology of Aspergillus flavus associated with Mississippi Delta soils.","authors":"R M Zablotowicz,&nbsp;H K Abbas,&nbsp;M A Locke","doi":"10.1080/02652030701546198","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02652030701546198","url":null,"abstract":"Understanding the source of Aspergillus flavus is required to manage aflatoxin contamination of maize (Zea mays L.). Studies assessed A. flavus propagules, Fusarium spp., and total fungi associated with Mississippi Delta soils. Soils from 12 and 15 sites were collected in 2000 and 2001, respectively. The propagule density of A. flavus ranged from log(10) 2.0 to 4.3 colony-forming units (cfu) g−1 soil, while total fusaria ranged from log(10) 3.0 to 5.4 cfu g−1 soil. The highest populations of A. flavus were associated with soils containing higher organic matter, especially in sites under a no-tillage management. The frequency of aflatoxin production in isolates ranged from 13 to 81% depending on soil. In 2001, there was a highly significant correlation between A. flavus and the history of maize cultivation. Soil fertility factors such as organic matter content, nitrate and extractable phosphorus correlated with the density of Aspergillus, Fusarium spp., and total fungi. The relationship between soil parameters and Aspergillus populations may be useful in predicting the contribution of soil microflora to aflatoxin contamination.","PeriodicalId":12138,"journal":{"name":"Food additives and contaminants","volume":"24 10","pages":"1102-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/02652030701546198","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40987417","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Relative severity of aflatoxin contamination of cereal crops in West Africa.","authors":"Ranajit Bandyopadhyay,&nbsp;Manjula Kumar,&nbsp;John F Leslie","doi":"10.1080/02652030701553251","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02652030701553251","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Aflatoxins are a common contaminant of cereals that can cause cancer, liver disease, immune suppression, retarded growth and development, and death, depending on the level and duration of exposure. Maize is an introduced crop to Africa and there have been efforts over the last 20 years or so to replace traditional cereal crops, such as sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) and pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum), with maize. We found that maize was significantly more heavily colonized by aflatoxin-producing Aspergillus spp. than either sorghum or millet, with overall aflatoxin levels being correspondingly higher. On average, Nigerians consume 138 kg cereals annually. If the primary cereal is sorghum instead of maize, then the risk of aflatoxin-related problems is reduced 4-fold; if it is pearl millet, then the risks are reduced 8-fold. Development programs and other ventures to increase maize production in marginal cropping areas of Africa should be reconsidered and, instead, efforts to improve/maintain traditional crops encouraged.</p>","PeriodicalId":12138,"journal":{"name":"Food additives and contaminants","volume":"24 10","pages":"1109-14"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/02652030701553251","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40987418","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advances in genomics, biodiversity and rapid systems for the detection of toxigenic fungi and mycotoxins.","authors":"","doi":"10.1080/02652030701564571","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02652030701564571","url":null,"abstract":"The accumulation of mycotoxins in foods and feeds represents a major threat to human and animal health as they are responsible for several chronic health risks, including immunosuppression, cancer induction, and digestive, blood and nerve defects. Mycotoxins negatively impact agriculture and associated industries in different ways and the economic consequences of mycotoxin contamination are profound. Regulations have been established in most countries worldwide to protect consumer health and ensure fair practices in food trade. Because of the scale of the problem, several research projects have been funded by previous European Union (EU) framework programmes (Vth and VIth FP) to develop strategies for minimizing the risk of toxigenic fungi and mycotoxins in food crops. In this contest the MYCOGLOBE project was supported by the European Commission within the VIth framework programme as a Specific Support Action aiming at the ‘Integration of Mycotoxins and Toxigenic Fungi European Research for Food Safety in the Global System’. The project was set up to share the results of EU research with other countries that have bilateral science and technology agreements with the EU within the wider framework of a global information system on mycotoxins and toxigenic fungi. MYCOGLOBE focused its activity on the participation and cooperation between EU and other countries to gather knowledge on mycotoxin crop contamination, mapping the mycotoxin occurrence in the most widely cultivated and exported crops, networking which includes training, working and expert groups, conferences, seminars and management seminars. The MYCOGLOBE Conference on ‘Advances in Genomics, Biodiversity and Rapid Systems for Detection of Toxigenic Fungi and Mycotoxins’, held in Monopoli, Bari, Italy, 26–29 September 2006, was the sixth in a series of international meetings organized within the project. In keeping with the goals of the MYCOGLOBE project, the conference brought together experts from various parts of the world engaged in developing knowledge in genomics, biodiversity, and novel technologies aimed to reduce and ultimately eliminate the adverse effects of mycotoxin contamination on the profitability of agriculture and related industries as well as the safety of food and feed supplies worldwide. The conference was organized in three main oral sessions, and included a poster session and discussion groups. The first session on ‘Biosynthesis of Mycotoxins and Genomics of Toxigenic Fungi’ included aspects relevant to EST profiling for the elucidation of aflatoxin biosynthesis and the whole genome sequencing of Aspergillus flavus as well as comparative genomics of A. flavus and Fusarium graminearum. Other aspects of functional genomics in the biosynthesis of aflatoxins and ochratoxin A were also discussed. The second session on ‘Biodiversity of Toxigenic Fungi’ included biodiversity of Aspergillus, Fusarium and Penicillium in different continents as well as the role of biodiversity ","PeriodicalId":12138,"journal":{"name":"Food additives and contaminants","volume":"24 10","pages":"1033-4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/02652030701564571","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40987460","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Potential for detection and discrimination between mycotoxigenic and non-toxigenic spoilage moulds using volatile production patterns: a review.","authors":"N Sahgal,&nbsp;R Needham,&nbsp;F J Cabañes,&nbsp;N Magan","doi":"10.1080/02652030701519096","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02652030701519096","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>There has been interest in the development of techniques for the rapid early detection of mycotoxigenic moulds in the food production chain. The development of sensor arrays that respond to the presence of different volatiles produced by such moulds has been examined as a potential method for the development of such detection systems. Commercial devices based on such sensor arrays, so-called 'electronic noses', have been examined extensively for the potential application of determining the presence of mycotoxigenic moulds in food raw materials. There is also interest in using the qualitative volatile production patterns to discriminate between non-mycotoxigenic and mycotoxigenic strains of specific mycotoxigenic species, e.g. Fusarium section Liseola, Penicillium verrucosum and Aspergillus section Nigri. This paper reviews the technology and available evidence that the non-destructive analysis of the headspace of samples of food raw materials or the discrimination between strains (mycotoxigenic and non-mycotoxigenic) can be determined using volatile fingerprints.</p>","PeriodicalId":12138,"journal":{"name":"Food additives and contaminants","volume":"24 10","pages":"1161-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/02652030701519096","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41054476","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}