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The Liturgical Revolution 礼仪革命
The History of Scottish Theology, Volume II Pub Date : 2019-09-12 DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198759348.003.0023
B. Spinks
{"title":"The Liturgical Revolution","authors":"B. Spinks","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198759348.003.0023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198759348.003.0023","url":null,"abstract":"The nineteenth-century Scottish Presbyterian Churches witnessed a ‘Liturgical Revolution’. In part an expression of the wider Romantic movement, some ministers became concerned with the aesthetics of prayer and worship. Some began to publish ‘specimens’ of good practice. A major development was made by Robert Lee of Greyfriars, who published a liturgy that he used as a set form in Greyfriars. The Church Service Society was founded in 1865 to publish liturgies of the past, and drawing on the whole Christian liturgical heritage, compiled forms for the guidance of ministers. The century also witnessed the adoption of hymns in worship in addition to psalms and paraphrases, and the reintroduction of stained glass to adorn church buildings. A theology for this was developed by the Scoto-Catholics of the Scottish Church Society.","PeriodicalId":120315,"journal":{"name":"The History of Scottish Theology, Volume II","volume":"51 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131673438","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Eighteenth-Century Evangelicalism 十八世纪福音主义
The History of Scottish Theology, Volume II Pub Date : 2019-09-12 DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198759348.003.0007
J. McIntosh
{"title":"Eighteenth-Century Evangelicalism","authors":"J. McIntosh","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198759348.003.0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198759348.003.0007","url":null,"abstract":"After providing a working definition of eighteenth-century Scottish evangelicalism, this chapter suggests that after the Marrow controversy, while there was a reduced volume of publication, theological focus turned towards a practical, or experimental, emphasis on key doctrines. These included the relative values of natural and revealed religion, the priority among the divine attributes, the Atonement and salvation, the nature of faith, and as the century wore on, the nature of ‘saving faith’. This latter was a response to a growing awareness that while the population of Scotland overwhelmingly saw itself as Christian, there was a serious inconsistency between Christian profession and Christian lifestyle among the population. The central figures in this process, which probably antedated the Marrow controversy, are identified as Thomas Halyburton, Thomas Boston, John Willison, John Maclaurin, and John Erskine, although other lesser figures are mentioned. The chapter concludes with the suggestion that attention might now be directed to investigating possible connections between eighteenth-century Scottish evangelicalism and that of the nineteenth century.","PeriodicalId":120315,"journal":{"name":"The History of Scottish Theology, Volume II","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128710161","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Jonathan Edwards and his Scottish Contemporaries 乔纳森·爱德华兹和他的苏格兰同代人
The History of Scottish Theology, Volume II Pub Date : 2019-09-12 DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198759348.003.0003
Jonathan M. Yeager
{"title":"Jonathan Edwards and his Scottish Contemporaries","authors":"Jonathan M. Yeager","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198759348.003.0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198759348.003.0003","url":null,"abstract":"The American Congregational minister Jonathan Edwards maintained a long-standing correspondence with the Church of Scotland clergymen William McCulloch, James Robe, Thomas Gillespie, John Maclaurin, and John Erskine. These five Scottish evangelical ministers established contact with Edwards during a period of revival that was taking place in America and Britain. They used Edwards’ initial works as manuals for understanding the religious awakenings that occurred in Scotland in the early 1740s. All five ministers continued to exchange letters with Edwards throughout their lifetimes, providing updates on the state of religion in their respective regions, organizing united prayer efforts to strengthen the revivals, encouraging one another during times of personal difficulties, and discussing the nature of authentic conversion. Erskine distinguished himself by sending Edwards hundreds of books to aid the American’s theological research. Although he had reservations with aspects of Edwards’ thought in Freedom of the Will (1754), Erskine promoted this and other later theological treatises by his friend.","PeriodicalId":120315,"journal":{"name":"The History of Scottish Theology, Volume II","volume":"48 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133724560","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The Secession and United Presbyterian Churches 分离派和联合长老会教会
The History of Scottish Theology, Volume II Pub Date : 2019-09-12 DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198759348.003.0026
Eric G. McKimmon
{"title":"The Secession and United Presbyterian Churches","authors":"Eric G. McKimmon","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198759348.003.0026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198759348.003.0026","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter examines the work of theologians in the United Secession (1820–47) and United Presbyterian Church (1847–1900). Three significant thinkers were Henry Calderwood, (1830–97), John Cairns (1818–92), and James Orr (1844–1913). With others, these theologians addressed the relation of the Secession Churches to Calvinist orthodoxy, they promoted the cause of Church reunion, and they sought to provide an appropriate apologia for faith in the changing intellectual culture of the nineteenth century. Over the period of a century, a coherent vision emerged of a via media, or liberal conservatism, that became an enduring facet of the Secession traditions. A sub-narrative concerns James Morison who was deposed from the United Secession ministry in 1841 because of his views on the universality of the atonement. Morison’s Arminian theology was novel in Calvinist Scotland, but it proved to be a template for later evangelical developments.","PeriodicalId":120315,"journal":{"name":"The History of Scottish Theology, Volume II","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130703178","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Free Church Theology 1843–1900 自由教会神学1843-1900
The History of Scottish Theology, Volume II Pub Date : 2019-09-12 DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198759348.003.0018
M. Bräutigam
{"title":"Free Church Theology 1843–1900","authors":"M. Bräutigam","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198759348.003.0018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198759348.003.0018","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter explores the theology of key scholars of the Free Church of Scotland from 1843 until 1900, when only a small remnant continued as the Free Church after its union with the United Presbyterian Church. Divided into two parts, the first section looks at the theology of the Disruption fathers, Thomas Chalmers, Robert S. Candlish, William Cunningham, and George Smeaton. The second part deals with the subsequent generation of Free Church theologians, in particular with a group known as the ‘believing critics’. Influenced by new developments on the continent, scholars, such as William Robertson Smith and Marcus Dods, challenged the church with their focus on historical criticism in biblical studies. Delineating the distinctive features of individual theologians as well as taking into account the broader landscape of nineteenth-century Scotland, the chapter attempts a fresh perspective on theological debates within the Victorian Free Church.","PeriodicalId":120315,"journal":{"name":"The History of Scottish Theology, Volume II","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117035756","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Liberal, Broad Church, and Reforming Influences in the Late Nineteenth Century 十九世纪后期自由主义、广教会和改革的影响
The History of Scottish Theology, Volume II Pub Date : 2019-09-12 DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198759348.003.0029
Finlay A. J. Macdonald
{"title":"Liberal, Broad Church, and Reforming Influences in the Late Nineteenth Century","authors":"Finlay A. J. Macdonald","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198759348.003.0029","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198759348.003.0029","url":null,"abstract":"The second half of the nineteenth century saw something of a watershed as the post-Disruption Presbyterian Churches moved beyond the theology of the Westminster Confession. At the same time the Church of Scotland was forced to defend its role as an ‘established Church’, finding a ready champion in John Tulloch of St Andrews who stressed the role of religion in the public as well as the private sphere. Through the liberal and reforming influences of men such as Tulloch, John Caird, Norman Macleod, Robert Flint, and Archibald Charteris in the Church of Scotland, John Cairns in the United Presbyterian Church, and Robert Rainy in the Free Church the late century years witnessed a new theological engagement with the challenges of scientific discovery and social need. By such means Christianity was commended to mind as well as spirit, to reason as well as faith.","PeriodicalId":120315,"journal":{"name":"The History of Scottish Theology, Volume II","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133575183","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Moderate Theology and Preaching c.1750–1800 温和的神学和讲道(1750 - 1800)
The History of Scottish Theology, Volume II Pub Date : 2019-09-12 DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198759348.003.0006
Stewart J. Brown
{"title":"Moderate Theology and Preaching c.1750–1800","authors":"Stewart J. Brown","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198759348.003.0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198759348.003.0006","url":null,"abstract":"Through the Moderate movement, the clergy of the later eighteenth-century Church of Scotland became actively engaged with the intellectual culture of the Enlightenment. This chapter explores the role of the Moderate sermon in this process of cultural engagement, focusing on two main themes. First, it considers how Moderate sermons in the later eighteenth century conveyed an optimistic, world-affirming and highly practical set of theological teachings. For Moderate preachers, God had given individuals the innate capacity—in the form of the moral sense or conscience—that would enable them to respond actively to the divine guidance of Scripture in exercising self-control and contributing to social progress. Second, the chapter shows how Moderate sermons also proclaimed that God was active in history, using human actors, often in ways not intended by those actors, to advance the divine plan for the world, which involved progress towards a future order of peace and freedom.","PeriodicalId":120315,"journal":{"name":"The History of Scottish Theology, Volume II","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122113910","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The Borthwick Sisters 博思威克姐妹
The History of Scottish Theology, Volume II Pub Date : 2019-09-12 DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198759348.003.0022
F. Henderson
{"title":"The Borthwick Sisters","authors":"F. Henderson","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198759348.003.0022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198759348.003.0022","url":null,"abstract":"Jane Laurie Borthwick (1813–97), and her sister Sarah Borthwick Findlater (1823–1907), take their place alongside the Englishwomen Catherine Winkworth and Frances Cox as the foremost translators into English of German hymnody. Their volume, Hymns from the Land of Luther (1853, rev. 1884), introduced into Scottish churches the popular theology of Lutheran and Moravian Pietists. Previously, the Reformed distrust of ‘human words’ had limited congregational singing in Scotland to Psalms and Paraphrases; while an Established Church with a heavy investment in social conformity had resisted the Pietist stress on individualist faith. However, with the Disruption and the founding of the Free Church, a space was opened for this profoundly experiential theology of an intimate relationship with Jesus. The Borthwick sisters were instrumental in popularizing in Scotland an evangelical vocabulary of suffering, guilt, desire, and ecstatic consummation, in which there was a natural association between the Christian virtues and the feminine.","PeriodicalId":120315,"journal":{"name":"The History of Scottish Theology, Volume II","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125186289","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Extra-Terrestrials and the Heavens in Nineteenth-Century Theology 19世纪神学中的外星人和天堂
The History of Scottish Theology, Volume II Pub Date : 2019-09-12 DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198759348.003.0027
C. Kidd
{"title":"Extra-Terrestrials and the Heavens in Nineteenth-Century Theology","authors":"C. Kidd","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198759348.003.0027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198759348.003.0027","url":null,"abstract":"The discoveries of late eighteenth-century astronomy bequeathed certain theological problems to nineteenth-century theologians, especially in Scotland where the Kirk’s ministers were exposed in their arts training to natural science. If other planets—as seemed likely—were inhabited, then were their populations also fallen and, if so, redeemed by Christ’s atonement on earth? Or were other divine arrangements necessary? Astronomical and soteriological questions were closely intertwined throughout the century. Scots physicists were also at the cutting edge of the new science of energy, which had implications for Christian metaphysics, including the doctrine of the afterlife. In general, however, the findings of physics and astronomy were accommodated within the existing parameters of theology. The interconnection of theology and astronomy would survive as a trope of twentieth-century Scottish literature.","PeriodicalId":120315,"journal":{"name":"The History of Scottish Theology, Volume II","volume":"43 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116567585","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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