OCEANS 2009最新文献

{"title":"Gulf of Mexico Master Mapping Plan","authors":"J. Wozencraft","doi":"10.23919/oceans.2009.5422083","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23919/oceans.2009.5422083","url":null,"abstract":"The Gulf of Mexico Alliance is developing a Gulf of Mexico Master Mapping Plan as part of the Governors' Action Plan II for Healthy and Resilient Coasts. The major components of the mapping plan are: a comprehensive assessment of requirements for high-quality, high-resolution elevation and imagery data including repeat intervals for collection, collation of ongoing mapping programs at the federal, state, and local levels and within academia that may address these requirements, a gap analysis between the mapping requirements and programs to identify which mapping needs are currently unmet, and a strategy to not only acquire baseline data, but to establish a program of mapping to support the goals of the Alliance throughout the Gulf of Mexico.","PeriodicalId":119977,"journal":{"name":"OCEANS 2009","volume":"167 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115478487","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Frequency-hopped frequency division multiplexed signaling for underwater acoustic communications between 60 and 90 kHz in ports and very shallow waters","authors":"P. Beaujean, Milutin Pajovic, E. Carlson, J. Spruance","doi":"10.23919/OCEANS.2009.5422356","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23919/OCEANS.2009.5422356","url":null,"abstract":"The Hermes acoustic modem consists of a high-bit rate acoustic uplink designed to transmit high-resolution images and other information from an underwater platform located in ports and very shallow waters. This communication system is now equipped with an acoustic downlink for command-and-control purposes. This acoustic downlink uses a computationally efficient frequency-hopped, frequency division multiplexed modulation operating within the 62–89 kHz band. This paper covers the design and simulation of the acoustic downlink, with a focus on Doppler spread. The results show that, at a non-coded data rate of 5272 bits-per-second, with 9.31 ms of reverberation time and 1.5 Hz of Doppler spread, the acoustic downlink can achieve a bit-error-rate of 0.14% without any error coding at 120 m using a source level of 170 dB (re 1μΡ8 at lm).","PeriodicalId":119977,"journal":{"name":"OCEANS 2009","volume":"95 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115708170","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Continuous nutrient automated monitoring on the Mediterranean Sea using in situ flow analyser","authors":"R. Vuillemin, L. Sanfilippo, Pompeo Moscetta, Laurent Zudaire, Eric Carbones, E. Maria, Cyrielle Tricoire, L. Oriol, S. Blain, N. Le Bris, P. Lebaron","doi":"10.23919/OCEANS.2009.5422405","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23919/OCEANS.2009.5422405","url":null,"abstract":"The development of field instruments for in situ chemical analysis in seawater is essential to better understand the physico-chemical processes occurring in the ocean as well as the supervision of the anthropogenic impact on the marine ecosystem in coastal and open ocean. Temporal resolution sampling for the analysis of chemical parameters in aquatic systems is usually low (weekly or monthly), expensive and time consuming. Some important details of transient phenomenon such as night and day cycling, strong tidal currents, episodic weather events and algal blooms can be missed. One of the advantages of in situ chemical measurements is the achievement of long term data sets to better characterize the natural variability of these elements. The use of in situ chemical analyzers also minimizes the probability of chemical changes in sample, due to reactions or contamination that may occur during transfer and storage of collected samples. There is actually the need of rugged, portable, fully automated instrumentation that can operate in situ, in order to avoid collection, transport and storage of samples for laboratory analysis; the availability of such instrumentation has proven to be a difficult challenge. Recently the WIZ multiparametric in-situ probe was developed by SYSTEA, to measure sequentially up to four chemical compounds in surface and sea water. It has been tested during two weeks in the Mediterranean sea near the French coastal station of Observatoire Océanologique de Banyuls (OOB) from University Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC, Paris VI) in Banyuls sur Mer, well known as \"Laboratoire ARAGO\" since its creation two centuries ago. The probe has been deployed at 2m depth on the coastal buoy developed by OOB, to be installed first in a point which is surveyed weekly since 1997 (SOLA station, 42°29'300 N-03°08'700 E) with manual sampling and laboratory analysis. This area is particularly interesting due to the oligotrophic conditions which allowed to estimate the probe sensitivity and selectivity. In the near future, the Banyuls Observatory will deploy this automated buoy at 20 miles from the coast (MOLA station), in order to make a high frequency and long term survey of the area using several sensors. This operation will be done according to the French National program for Mediterranean Sea survey network MOOSE (Mediterranean Ocean Observation multi-Sites on Environment).","PeriodicalId":119977,"journal":{"name":"OCEANS 2009","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114610364","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A spatial diversity system to measure optical fading in an underwater communications channel","authors":"J. Simpson, B. Hughes, J. Muth","doi":"10.23919/OCEANS.2009.5422262","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23919/OCEANS.2009.5422262","url":null,"abstract":"A two transmitter two receiver spatial diversity system was built for measuring and characterizing fading in underwater optical communication channels. The system allows the collection of laboratory generated interruptions of the optical beam from turbulence, particles, and bubbles. The data collected is characterized using fading metrics developed for atmospheric measurements. Spatial diversity is shown to decrease the amount of fading observed at the receiver to improve system performance.","PeriodicalId":119977,"journal":{"name":"OCEANS 2009","volume":"58 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114895751","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Improved mooring line technology for tankers and gas carriers at exposed berths","authors":"S. Banfield, J. Flory","doi":"10.23919/OCEANS.2009.5422401","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23919/OCEANS.2009.5422401","url":null,"abstract":"Fixed-pier berths for tankers and gas carriers are now sometimes installed and operated in locations exposed to waves and swell. In these conditions, the moored vessel can experience large motions which overload and fatigue mooring lines. Tails are short lengths of synthetic fiber rope which are placed in series with the vessel's winch-mounted wires to decrease mooring line stiffness and thus to reduce peak line loads and fatigue due to vessel motions. Past guidelines for conventional tankers and berths recommended the use of 1 lm long nylon tails on mooring lines. Those guidelines were developed many years ago when tankers were relatively small and when fixed-pier berths were located in protected harbors. But when such short nylon tails are used on large vessels at exposed berths, the mooring loads are high and the nylon tails tend to fatigue quickly and fail. Tension Technology International (TTI) recently conduced a study to investigate these problems and make recommendations for mooring lines and tails for use on modern large tankers and gas carriers, especially at exposed locations. The study assessed how waves influence vessel motions and line tensions and how tail length and material influence mooring line loads and fatigue. New recommendations were prepared for tail length and material for use at berths where vessel motions are significant. Large vessels can accommodate longer tail, and longer tail length decreases mooring line stiffness thus and reduces peak mooring line loads. Polyester rope is suffer than nylon, but longer polyester tails can achieve loads similar to short nylon tails. In some situations, polyester tails should be preferred, as that material has much better fatigue performance than nylon, especially in wet condition. Many vessels now use HMPE fiber rope mooring lines instead of wires. These HMPE mooring lines are essentially the same size and as strong as the wires they replace. They are much lighter and easier to handle and thus help crew safety. They are not as stiff as wire rope and thus reduce peak mooring line loads. The recommendations of this study are now published in mooring guidelines and used by tanker and gas-carrier operators.","PeriodicalId":119977,"journal":{"name":"OCEANS 2009","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117255858","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The use of position-tracking drifters in riverine environments","authors":"W. Swick, J. MacMahan","doi":"10.23919/OCEANS.2009.5422397","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23919/OCEANS.2009.5422397","url":null,"abstract":"Small, inexpensive GPS-equipped drifters are described for use in natural rivers and streams. The Lagrangian drifters allow for near-continuous position observations providing estimates of the mean flow field, pathways, and dispersion in natural riverine environments. A discussion of limitations and statistical methods is provided. Twenty river drifters were released in clusters in three different reaches on the Skagit River, WA, USA. The results highlight the ease of use and the broad range of information river drifters afford scientists and engineers.","PeriodicalId":119977,"journal":{"name":"OCEANS 2009","volume":"40 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116181339","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The increasing importance of HSMDB metadata","authors":"D. Neumann","doi":"10.23919/OCEANS.2009.5422454","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23919/OCEANS.2009.5422454","url":null,"abstract":"Since its beginning in 1997, the Hydrographie Surveys Meta Database (HSMDB) has grown from simply tracking Descriptive Report and survey images sent to the National Geophysical Data Center (NGDC) to generating a series of metadata products. At MTS 2005, the first HSMDB general outline was presented. A tutorial on the menu driven query utility was given at MTS 2008. This paper will focus on the increasing importance of the HSMDB to the Office of Coast Survey and its stakeholders. Hydrographie survey metadata is no longer just focused measuring and improving ping to chart time (i.e. data throughput). This paper emphasizes the new product line: hydrographie survey Rap Sheets, hydrographie survey Descriptive Reports, Data Acquisition and Processing Reports (new), tide note and zoning graphics (new), and project sketches and bottom samples. Planned survey accuracy, spatial overlays and decision support query are also discussed. The importance of the new metadata products is supported by estimated time savings in metadata acquisition and display and metadata user trends. Statistical evidence is provided by NGDC Web Server Statistics access reports of requests for the last 3 years.","PeriodicalId":119977,"journal":{"name":"OCEANS 2009","volume":"38 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123729148","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Database designs and metadata management for climate observations and Tsunami sea-level monitoring and quality control","authors":"Jing Zhou, L. Bernard, R. Bouchard, K. Kern, C. Teng, Kirk Benson, J. Higgs","doi":"10.23919/OCEANS.2009.5422442","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23919/OCEANS.2009.5422442","url":null,"abstract":"Two major buoy networks have been added to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Data Buoy Center (NDBC) as the result of the transition of Tropical Atmosphere Ocean (TAO) Array with 55 TAO legacy buoys and the global establishment of the second-generation Deep-ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunami (DART®) network with 39 surface buoys and collocated subsurface bottom pressure recorders (BPR). Accordingly, their underlying data management systems were redesigned and implemented at NDBC. This paper illustrates practical designs that support the metadata management for both of the buoy networks as well as their specific needs for data management and quality control. Metadata life cycles and operational workflows are discussed and future ideas of web presentation of observation data and metadata via Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) Sensor Model Language (SensorML) are considered.","PeriodicalId":119977,"journal":{"name":"OCEANS 2009","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116803819","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advanced mid-water tools for 4D marine data fusion and analysis","authors":"M. Doucet, C. Ware, R. Arsenault, T. Weber, M. Malik, L. Mayer, L. Gee","doi":"10.23919/OCEANS.2009.5422282","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23919/OCEANS.2009.5422282","url":null,"abstract":"Mapping and charting of the seafloor underwent a revolution approximately 20 years ago with the introduction of multibeam sonars — sonars that provided complete, high-resolution coverage of the seafloor rather than sparse measurements. The initial focus of these sonar systems was the charting of depths in support of safety of navigation and offshore exploration; more recently innovations in processing software have led to approaches to characterize seafloor type and for mapping seafloor habitat in support of fisheries research. In recent years, a new generation of multibeam sonars has been developed that, for the first time, have the ability to map the water column along with the seafloor. This ability will potentially allow multibeam sonars to address a number of critical ocean problems including the direct mapping of fish and marine mammals, the location of mid-water targets and, if water column properties are appropriate, a wide range of physical oceanographic processes. This potential relies on suitable software to make use of all of the new available data. Currently, the users of these sonars have a limited view of the mid-water data in real-time and limited capacity to store it, replay it, or run further analysis. The data also needs to be integrated with other sensor assets such as bathymetry, backscatter, sub-bottom, sea-floor characterizations and other assets so that a “complete” picture of the marine environment under analysis can be realized. Software tools developed for this type of data integration should support a wide range of sonars with a unified format for the wide variety of mid-water sonar types. This paper describes the evolution and result of an effort to create a software tool that meets these needs, and details case studies using the new tools in the areas of fisheries research, static target search, wreck surveys and physical oceanographic processes.","PeriodicalId":119977,"journal":{"name":"OCEANS 2009","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117122441","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biophysical variability in the Kuroshio Extension from altimeter and SeaWiFS","authors":"P. Chu, Y. Kuo","doi":"10.23919/OCEANS.2009.5422452","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23919/OCEANS.2009.5422452","url":null,"abstract":"Ten years (1998–2007) of Sea Level Anomaly (SLA) from multiple satellite altimeters and chlorophyll-a concentration from the Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-view Sensor (SeaWiFS) were used to investigate the eddy structure and associated biophysical processes in the Kuroshio Extension (KE) region near 35°N. Seasonal SeaWiFS chlorophyll-a concentrations cycles and annual changes of altimeter SLA are derived for the subtropical North Pacific near 35°N and along the KE axis. Spatial structure of SeaWiFS is determined as the deviations from a local seasonal cycle and examined in relation to altimeter eddy structure. In the KE region, SeaWiFS structure is evident during the spring bloom period with a scale around 460 km. Eddy propagation speeds and scales are examined. Cold-core (cyclonic) rings correspond to areas of high SeaWiFS chlorophyll-α. Warm-core (anticyclonic) rings relate to areas of low chlorophyll-α concentration. SeaWiFS chlorophyll-α anomalies and Altimeter SLA structure have an overall negative correlation coefficient of r=3D-0.36. Swirl currents between eddies redistribute surface chlorophyll concentrations and can spatially bias maximum and minimum concentration levels off eddy center.","PeriodicalId":119977,"journal":{"name":"OCEANS 2009","volume":"96 34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129310947","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}