European Journal of Nutrition & Food Safety最新文献

{"title":"Effect of Processing Methods on Proximate Composition of Cassava Varieties Manihot esculenta (Crantz) Before and After Infestation by Prostephanus truncatus (Horn)","authors":"Eze U. Miriam, N. J. Okonkwo, I. F. Chisom","doi":"10.9734/ejnfs/2021/v13i530420","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ejnfs/2021/v13i530420","url":null,"abstract":"In Africa, Prostephanus truncatus is a destructive pest of economic importance which has assumed a serious pest status on stored maize and dry cassava chips. This study investigates the effect of processing methods of cassava varieties Manihot esculenta on the proximate composition before and after exposure to P. truncatus. The four cassava varieties used for this study were; TMS 0505, TME 419, NR 8082 and TMS 0581 subjected to two processing method parboiling and plain sun-drying at temperature 28-34oC and relative humidity of 65-75%. The experiment was carried out in a Complete Randomized Design. Proximate composition was carried out to determine the Moisture, Ash, Crude fibre, Fat, Crude Protein and Carbohydrate of the different samples. Analysis of Variance was used for the statistical analysis of the data obtained. The result reveals that the proximate composition of the sundried chips are significant at P<0.05%. All the proximate contents of the sample were significant at P<0.05% before the introduction of P. trucatus. After the introduction of P. truncatus and the storage period of 30days, the sundried sample had a higher reduction in the moisture contents of TMS 0505 with 13.05±0.00a and carbohydrate contents of NR 8082 with 50.0±0.00a. The activity of P. truncatus also has a negative impact on some of the nutritional components of cassava chips.","PeriodicalId":11994,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Nutrition & Food Safety","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79876881","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Determination of Physico-chemical Properties, Cholesterol and Vitamin A Levels of Vegetable Oils commonly Sold in Ado Ekiti Metropolis","authors":"F. Ishaya, A. A. Oladejo, A. Olaoye","doi":"10.9734/ejnfs/2021/v13i530419","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ejnfs/2021/v13i530419","url":null,"abstract":"Edible vegetable oils are very important resource that are in high demand globally, and used in a variety of ways as they are considered a concentrated source of energy for human beings and carriers of oil-soluble vitamins which supply the essential fatty acids that are required for a wide range of biological and physiological functions. This work was aimed at evaluating the physicochemical properties, cholesterol content and analyzes the vitamin A contents of commonly sold vegetable oils in Ado Ekiti metropolis. The physicochemical parameters such as density, acid value, iodine value, peroxide value and saponin value, cholesterol content as well as Vitamin A content were all analyzed using standard analytical methods. Results of the physicochemical analysis showed that there was no significant difference (p>0.05) in the densities of the oil samples, It was observed that sample 4 oil showed maximum (1.58 mgKOH/g) and sample 6 showed minimum (1.38 mg KOH/g) acid values. Highest iodine values were observed in sample 8 (68.13 g/I2/100g) and lowest in sample 4 (56.38 g/I2/100g). Peroxide value was found to range from 2.18 meq O2/kg to 2.67 meq O2/kg, while saponin value was highest in sample 6 (130.3 mg KOH/g) and lowest in sample 8 (122.4 mg KOH/g). All the oil samples were found to contain cholesterol which ranged from 1.21±0.04 mg/dl (sample 1) to 4.58±0.01 mg/dl (sample 4), while the vitamin A content ranged from 674.80±10.26 IU/g (sample 2) to 877.97±20.52 IU/g (sample 8). Findings from this research showed that the researched oils meet the acceptable physicochemical standard. However, the cholesterol levels were against the inscriptions of cholesterol free on the labels.","PeriodicalId":11994,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Nutrition & Food Safety","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79239836","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prevalence, Risk Factors and Management of Type 2 Diabetes, and its Predictors among Patients Using Multinomial Logistic Modeling Approach: Case of a Semi-Urban Cameroonian","authors":"K. G. Kaptso, William Tchabo, Winifred Manyaka, Isabelle Mulango, Mbafor Brain Chebelem, Amungwa Fonteh Athanasius, C. Mbofung","doi":"10.9734/ejnfs/2021/v13i530416","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ejnfs/2021/v13i530416","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Diabetes is a health problem worldwide. The prevalence of diabetes has been steadily increasing for the past three decades. Diabetes prevalence is growing most rapidly particularly in low- and middle-income countries. Areas undergoing rapid westernization and rapid nutrition transition are seeing the greatest increase in prevalence suggesting that environmental factors are important. Diabetes is known to have no cure but can be managed through diet and modification of lifestyles. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence and the predictors of diabetes and its management in Kumba District Hospital (KDH). Study Design: A retrospective, and a cross sectional survey was done where semi structured questionnaires were administered to subjects. Methodology: Information from the hospital record for the past four years was used to evaluate the trend in the prevalence of diabetes. Information from questionnaires was used to assess the prevalence and management of the disease. Fasting plasma glucose was measured to know their diabetic status. Results: The results revealed an increasing trend in the prevalence but the increase was not statistically significant. The results showed that, there was an association between diabetes prevalence and management. The overall prevalence of diabetes from the study was evaluated at 43.98%. Age, level of education, dietary habit and alcohol were found to influence the prevalence of diabetes significantly. Management with respect to therapeutic education, and monitoring of blood sugar were statistically significant. The significant predictive variables of the occurrence of diabetes base on Ordinary least squares were found to be age, level of education, therapeutic education, alcohol consumption, sex, and frequency of eating white rice. Conclusion: The study revealed that, diabetes is highly prevalent among older persons and the less educated in KDH. Public health officials should educate the public on the risk factors of diabetes, and implement guidelines for adequate control and management.","PeriodicalId":11994,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Nutrition & Food Safety","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80252082","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Preliminary Risk Assessment of Yersinia Enterocolitica in the Food Chain: Some Aspects Related to Human Health in Norway","authors":"T. Nesbakken, G. Kapperud, J. Lassen, B. Lunestad, E. Rimstad, L. Robertson, E. Skjerve, Y. Wasteson, H. Kruse","doi":"10.9734/ejnfs/2021/v13i530412","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ejnfs/2021/v13i530412","url":null,"abstract":"This preliminary risk assessment is a result of self-tasking by the Panel on Biological Hazards, Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food Safety. The suggestion was offered to the Norwegian Food Safety Authority (Mattilsynet), which responded and requested a risk profile, or a preliminary risk assessment, to evaluate whether a full risk assessment would be needed at a later date. \u0000Yersinia enterocolitica is one of a few zoonotic bacteria that have a stable reservoir within the domestic animal population in Norway. This bacterial species has been isolated from human patients with acute enteritis, who sometimes exhibit symptoms resembling appendicitis. Y. enterocolitica has attracted considerable attention due to its ability to cause serious post-infectious complications. Serious clinical consequences occur relatively often with Y. enterocolitica as a relatively high frequency of people in Norway possess the tissue type HLA-B27. A severe sequela linked to this tissue type is reactive arthritis. The cold climate in Norway may enhance growth of Y. enterocolitica. Although the predominant cause of yersiniosis in Norway is Y. enterocolitica O:3, and the pig is considered the main source of infection, the relative contribution of pork consumption compared with other risk factors, for example drinking untreated water, is unknown. In Norway, a decline in human cases of yersiniosis has been recorded since the beginning of the 1990s. This decline has been attributed to implementation of improved slaughtering methods, including enclosure of the anus into a plastic bag after rectum-loosening. In Norway, most fattening pigs are slaughtered at the age of 150 to 180 days. By this age the tonsils may be an even more significant source of human pathogenic Y. enterocolitica than intestinal contents, since the occurrence in the intestinal tract and faeces is reduced at the time of slaughter. Accordingly, hygienic handling of the head and the plucks during slaughter and dressing is very important to avoid contamination of the carcass. The most efficient way to limit the spread from tongue and tonsils is probably decapitation early on in the carcass dressing procedure. In such a procedure, the head, including tongue and tonsils, should be removed on a separate line. Also, avoidance of incision of the sub-maxillary lymph nodes might reduce the spread, Epidemiological data suggest that it is possible to reduce the herd prevalence of Y. enterocolitica O:3 by minimising contact between infected and noninfected herds. Further, attempts to reduce the prevalence at the top levels of the breeding pyramids may be beneficial for the industry as a whole. The meat industry might be able to categorise herds using serological methods, and use these results in its strategy to reduce the risks for consumers. However, such a strategy has to be evaluated in a cost benefit context. The apparently low prevalence of pathogenic Y. enterocolitica in food may be due to lack of suitable select","PeriodicalId":11994,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Nutrition & Food Safety","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86988121","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment and Updating of the Fortification Model from 2006","authors":"M. Haugen, J. Dierkes, W. Frølich, L. Frøyland, R. Halvorsen, P. Iversen, J. Lyche, M. A. Mansoor, H. Meltzer, B. Skålhegg","doi":"10.9734/ejnfs/2021/v13i430405","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ejnfs/2021/v13i430405","url":null,"abstract":"In 2006 the, the Panel on Nutrition, Dietetic Products, Novel Food and Allergy in the Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food Safety (VKM) adapted a Danish model for assessing applications concerning food fortification into Norwegian conditions. The fortification model is presently used by the Norwegian Food Safety Authorities as a tool in the management of applications on food fortification. \u0000  \u0000The model from 2006 was based on intake calculations from dietary surveys from 1997-2000. Since then, new national dietary surveys have been published. These are the comprehensive nationwide Norwegian dietary surveys among adults (Norkost 3, 2010-2011), among young children (Småbarnskost, 2007) and infants (Spedkost, 2006-2007). The Norwegian Food Safety Authority has requested VKM to implement the new data into the fortification model from 2006. \u0000  \u0000In the model from 2006 it is assumed that 25% of the energy in the diet can be derived from fortified foods and drinks. Information from the Norwegian Food Safety Authority, including about a pilot study for Norkost 3 suggested that the overall intake of fortified foods and drinks was marginal. From management of applications for fortified foods, the Norwegian Food Safety Authority also experienced that there are few fortified foods on the market in Norway.  The Norwegian Food Safety Authority has therefore requested VKM to evaluate whether the assumption that 25 energy percent (E%) deriving from fortified foods can be reduced to 15 E%, and if such a reduction will have health implications. In addition, the Norwegian Food Safety Authority has asked VKM to perform an evaluation of the safety factors in the model. \u0000  \u0000VKM argues that the model for fortification should be based on the dietary intake of vitamins and minerals at the 95th percentile level in various age groups. This is in accordance with risk assessments performed in European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), and will assure that the dietary intake in a majority of the population will be covered, still within a reasonable secure use of dietary exposure calculations. Mean intake of vitamins and minerals from food supplements (among users only) was chosen, in an attempt to reduce the impact of those with a high intake of supplements. The intake at 95th percentile from the diet plus the mean nutrient intake from supplements is deducted from the tolerable upper intake level (UL) for each nutrient in each age group, giving the maximum amount of nutrients that can be “allocated” for food fortification. The maximum amount of a nutrient that can be “allocated” is then distributed over the energy intake at the 95th percentile level. In this manner an estimate is made showing which age group is most likely to have an excessive intake of a certain nutrient.  \u0000  \u0000VKM does not have access to any other information about available fortified foods on the Norwegian market than the information given by the Norwegian Food Safety Authority. However, based on this informa","PeriodicalId":11994,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Nutrition & Food Safety","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87604026","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Risk Assessment of Shiga Toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) in the Norwegian Meat Chain with Emphasis on Dry-cured Sausages","authors":"E. Rimstad, L. Håvarstein, G. Kapperud, J. Lassen, B. Lunestad, T. Nesbakken, L. Robertson, E. Skjerve, Y. Wasteson","doi":"10.9734/ejnfs/2021/v13i430404","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ejnfs/2021/v13i430404","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 coli is part of the normal gastrointestinal microbial flora of humans and animals. E. coli bacteria causing enteric/diarrhoeal disease are categorized into different groups based on their virulence properties and pathogenic features in humans. Enterohaemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) are E. coli strains that  cause bloody diarrhoea  and haemolytic uraemic  syndrome  (HUS)  in humans, and have a defined zoonotic association. The major virulence factor of EHEC (and the actual  cause  of HUS)  is  the  ability  to  produce Shiga  toxins  (Stx),  thus  the  name Shiga Toxin Producing E. coli (STEC).  With enteropathogenic Escherichia  coli  (EPEC),  the diarrhoea in these  patients  is  due  to  attaching  and  effacing  (A/E)  lesions  in  the  enteric epithelium.  \u0000 \u0000  \u0000This risk assessment  was  conducted  after  a  human  outbreak  of  STEC  O103  in  2006, associated with contaminated dry-fermented sausages. \u0000  \u0000The Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food Safety (Vitenskapskomitéen for mattrygghet), Panel on  Biological  Hazards,  was  asked  by  the  Norwegian  Food  Safety  Authority (Mattilsynet) for  a  risk  assessment  regarding  shiga  toxin-producing  E.  coli  (STEC)  in  the Norwegian meat chain, with emphasis on dry-cured sausages. In response, an ad hoc Working Group  of  experts was  appointed with  the mandate  to  draft  a  risk  assessment  regarding  this issue. \u0000  \u0000The current report approaches the task by following and analysing the entire process, from the origin of the meats at farm level, to the final production and storage of dry-cured sausages. An overall  aim of  the  report has been  to  identify  and describe potential  intervention options  in various parts of this chain.   \u0000  \u0000The main conclusions from the risk assessment are as follows: \u0000  \u0000 \u0000It is  not  possible  to  give  any  reliable  quantitative  estimates  of  the  current  risk associated with consumption of dry-cured sausages.  \u0000 \u0000  \u0000 \u0000There are  no  clear  indications  of  any  general  change  in  the  epidemiology  of  STEC  infections in humans in Norway over the last decade. \u0000 \u0000  \u0000 \u0000There is no documentation that there has been any change in the occurrence of various STEC in the domestic animal reservoir during the last decade. \u0000 \u0000  \u0000 \u0000The combination of proper slaughter hygiene and use of  thermal decontamination of sheep,  cattle  and  pig  carcasses  represents  an  efficient  way  to  reduce  STEC contamination. This approach would not only cause a reduction in the contamination level of STEC, but also provide a general beneficial effect on the level of other enteric pathogens, such as Salmonella and Yersinia enterocolitica. \u0000 \u0000  \u0000 \u0000Proper use  of  starter  cultures  in  fermentation,  combined  with  higher  fermentation temperatures,  will  reduce  the  probability  of  growth  of  STEC  in  contaminated  drycured sausages. \u0000 \u0000  \u0000 \u0000A combination  of  higher  fermentation  temperatures,  a  lower  pH  during  the  process, and heat-treatment of  the  f","PeriodicalId":11994,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Nutrition & Food Safety","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72778302","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Qualitative Assessment of the Risks of Transmission of Microorganisms to Humans Resulting from the Consumption of Raw Milk and Raw Cream in Norway","authors":"Y. Wasteson, H. Blom, K. Fossum, E. Høiby, J. Narvhus, L. Håvarstein, G. Kapperud, J. Lassen, B. Lunestad, T. Nesbakken, E. Rimstad, L. Robertson, E. Skjerve, H. Kruse","doi":"10.9734/ejnfs/2021/v13i430403","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ejnfs/2021/v13i430403","url":null,"abstract":"Pasteurisation of all consumer milk became mandatory in Norway in 1953, and this has been an important component of the protective measures that have reduced the incidence of milk and food borne diseases. In 2004, a complete recast of the hygiene legislation addressing both food hygiene and veterinary aspects was adopted by the European Union, the so-called “Hygiene package”. According to this legislation, each member state may, on its own initiative, prohibit or restrict the marketing of some foods like raw milk or raw cream, intended for direct human consumption within its territory. In response to this, the Norwegian Food Safety Authority (Mattilsynet) commissioned the Panel on Biological Hazards of the Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food Safety (Vitenskapskomitéen for mattrygghet), to prepare a risk assessment regarding the consumption of raw milk and raw cream. In response, an ad hoc Working Group of experts was appointed with the mandate to draft a risk assessment which should include the following components: identification and characterization of microbiological hazardous agents present in Norwegian raw milk; characterization of the public health consequences of these agents; assessment of the probability of transmission of these agents to humans by distribution of raw milk and cream. Additionally, the risk assessment should identify potential hazards to human health from the importation of raw milk, identify hazards associated with equipment used for production and storage of raw milk, and assess the risks associated with the potential transfer of antimicrobial resistance genes. \u0000  \u0000Observations concerning infections related to consumption of raw milk and raw cream in Norway, other European countries and North America, show that a number of pathogenic microorganisms, including emerging pathogens, can occur in raw milk and raw cream. These pathogenic microorganisms and their toxins may represent a real threat to human health. The panel concluded that the risks associated with E. coli O157:H7 and other EHEC, C. jejuni and L. monocytogenes in raw milk and cream are high. Furthermore the importation of raw milk to Norway may result in the (re)introduction of microorganisms, which have been eradicated, or never previously have been present, in Norway. This can have serious consequences for both human and animal health.","PeriodicalId":11994,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Nutrition & Food Safety","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82625057","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of Benefits and Risks of Probiotics in Processed Cereal-based Baby Foods Lactobacillus Paracasei ssp. Paracasei F19","authors":"R. Halvorsen, J. Lassen, T. Midtvedt, J. Narvhus, J. Rugtveit, S. Yazdankhah, K. Eckner, W. Frølich, L. Frøyland, P. Iversen, G. Kapperud, I. T. Lillegaard, B. Lunestad, J. Lyche, A. Mansoor, H. Meltzer, T. Nesbakken, K. Nygård, L. Robertson, M. Tranulis, M. Tryland, M. Haugen","doi":"10.9734/ejnfs/2021/v13i430408","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ejnfs/2021/v13i430408","url":null,"abstract":"The Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food Safety (VKM) has appointed an ad hoc-group of experts to answer a request from the Norwegian Food Safety Authority regarding benefit and risk assessment of Lactobacillus paracasei ssp. paracasei F19 (F19) in processed cerealbased baby foods intended for small children 1-3 years. This assessment is based on the literature provided by the notifier as well as that found by a MEDLINE search.  \u0000  \u0000A notification regarding two products of processed cereal-based baby foods (hereafter called cereals), intended for small children and supplemented with the bacterium F19 initiated this work. \u0000  \u0000A daily supply of a monoculture of a particular bacterial strain in large quantities to an age group without a fully established intestinal flora, may have unknown adverse effects. There are however, to our knowledge, no studies investigating possible short or long term adverse health effects of F19 in processed cereal-based baby food given to children 13 months onwards. \u0000  \u0000The documentation and information provided by the notifier regarding the genetic stability of F19 in the two products during processing and storage, is considered insufficient and does not allow any conclusions to be drawn.  \u0000  \u0000Moreover, the documentation obtained is not conclusive regarding the antibiotic resistance pattern of the bacterial strain used in the products in question, as the information on different antibiotics is partly inconsistent. The information about specific localization (chromosomal, plasmid) of the resistance genes is not sufficient.  \u0000  \u0000Studies demonstrate that F19, as well as other bacterial strains considered probiotic, is able to “crosstalk” with enterocytes in mice and that the result of the “crosstalk” depends upon the microbiota present. Whether F19 has a similar “crosstalk-profile” in humans is unknown. However, as the strain is originally of human origin, it seems reasonable to assume that such “crosstalk” may occur. Thus, before giving F19 daily for months and years, it seems reasonable to ask for additional molecular and physiological studies to unravel the functional impact of possible changes in genetic expression in children.  \u0000  \u0000Lactobacillus infections do occasionally occur, mainly as bacteremia, endocarditis and localized infections (e.g. abscesses, peritonitis, and meningitis) in patients with severe underlying diseases. Most of them are elderly, but children are not excluded. The species most often isolated are L. casei and L. rhamnosus, followed by L. paracasei.  \u0000  \u0000The increasing use of immunosuppressive therapy and broad spectrum antibiotics which are ineffective against Lactobacillus, might increase the importance of these bacteria as possible pathogens. In order to be able to draw any conclusions regarding beneficial effects of F19, there is a need for randomized placebo-controlled studies in larger populations and in the relevant age group.  \u0000  \u0000According to EFSA, Lactobacillus paracasei ssp. paracase","PeriodicalId":11994,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Nutrition & Food Safety","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91189722","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of Benefits and Risks of Probiotics in Processed Cerealbased Baby Foods Bifidobacterium Lactis Bb12","authors":"R. Halvorsen, J. Narvhus, J. Lassen, T. Midtvedt, J. Rugtveit, S. Yazdankhah, L. Andersen, W. Frølich, L. Frøyland, M. Haugen, G. Kapperud, B. Lunestad, E. Høiby, H. Meltzer, T. Nesbakken, K. Nygård, Ø. Olsvik, J. Paulsen, L. Robertson, M. Tranulis, M. Tryland, E. Rimstad","doi":"10.9734/ejnfs/2021/v13i430406","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ejnfs/2021/v13i430406","url":null,"abstract":"The Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food Safety (VKM) has appointed an ad hoc-group of experts to answer a request from the Norwegian Food Safety Authority regarding benefit and risk assessment of B. lactis Bb12 in baby foods focusing on the age groups 4-6 months, 612 months and 1-3 years. This assessment is based on the literature provided by the notifier as well as that found by a MEDLINE search.  \u0000  \u0000An notification for use of processed cereal-based baby foods (from now on called cereals) intended for infants and small children supplemented with the microorganism Bifidobacterium lactis (B. lactis) Bb12 in Norway initiated this work.   \u0000  \u0000Studies of potential hazards and positive health effects from cereals containing B. lactis Bb12 intended for infants and young children have not been reported in the available literature. However, reports on safety of and positive health effects from infant and follow on formula supplemented with B. lactis Bb12 are available and have been assessed by VKM. In most of these clinical studies B. lactis Bb12 was administered in combination with other probiotic strains. \u0000  \u0000Clinical studies report no serious adverse events of infant formula supplemented with B. lactis Bb12. The effect of long term daily consumption of such supplemented formula by the actual age groups is not known. \u0000  \u0000A few studies have demonstrated some effect of supplementing baby food with probiotics, including B. lactis Bb12, on diarrhoea and atopic eczema while other studies do not show such effects. Thus, the scientific evidence for a favourable effect of supplementing formula or solid food with B. lactis Bb12, is weak and in some cases lacking.  \u0000  \u0000There are no studies demonstrating a positive effect of cereals supplemented with B. lactis Bb12 intended for infants and small children. \u0000  \u0000Several health claims related to probiotics have been assessed by EFSA, including claims on reduction of gastro-intestinal discomfort, normal functioning of the alimentary tract, building of the natural intestinal barrier, improvement of the general immunity, mental and cognitive developments of children and immune system of children during growth. In the opinions so far, EFSA has concluded that a cause and effect relationship has not been established between the consumption of the probiotic containing products and the claimed effect. None of the products assessed so far contained B. lactis Bb12 (1 November 2009). \u0000  \u0000Commercially produced cereals are frequent given to infants and small children in Norway from an early age and this is particularly important for the establishment of the intestinal bacterial flora and the development of the intestinal mucosal immune system. According to the notifier, one portion (25gram) of the cereal powder contains 1 x 109 B. lactis Bb12 in monoculture. Taking into consideration that the daily intake is often greater than one portion of cereals, even in infants below 6 months of age, this would represent a daily intake ","PeriodicalId":11994,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Nutrition & Food Safety","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76967172","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Triglyceride Composition of Almond Seed Oil (Terminalia catappa) Grown in Nigeria using GC-MS and 1H-NMR Spectroscopy","authors":"Afolayan S. Sunday, Fashanu Titilope Abosede, Enenche E. Daniel, Adediji A. Yetunde, Salawu R. Adenike, Lawal Israel Oluwasanmi","doi":"10.9734/EJNFS/2021/V13I430402","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/EJNFS/2021/V13I430402","url":null,"abstract":"Almond (Terminalia catappa) seeds are rich in oil; however, their study has received limited attention, with researches focused mainly on their health potentials. The present study assesses the composition of the fatty acid (FA) components present in the almond seed oils extracted using soxhlet apparatus and analysed by 1H-NMR (Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance) and Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). Generally, there was significant agreement between the results from the 1H-NMR and GC-MS analyses, however, 1H NMR gave more reliable and reproducible results. The GC-MS and 1H NMR results revealed that the oils contained oleic acid (>18 %), linoleic (>28%) linolenic acid (≤0.03 %) and saturated fatty acids (>44 %).","PeriodicalId":11994,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Nutrition & Food Safety","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88529072","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}