European journal of cancer prevention : the official journal of the European Cancer Prevention Organisation最新文献

{"title":"Physical activity and cancer prevention -- is 'no pain, no gain' passé?","authors":"H. Vainio, F. Bianchini","doi":"10.1097/00008469-200108000-00001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/00008469-200108000-00001","url":null,"abstract":"Physical activity is important in the prevention of a Ž variety of diseases and health conditions US DHHS, . 1996 . It is known to exert marked effects on several functions of the human body that may influence cancer risk, such as endogenous hormone levels, immune function, antioxidant defence, DNA repair and bowel motility. These effects vary according to the mode, duration, frequency and intensity of the activity. The interest in the association between physical activity and cancer is a relatively recent phenomenon: it is mainly in the past decade that well over 100 epidemiological studies have linked work, leisure and household physical activities to cancer risk. The most researched cancers are those of the colon, breast and endometrium. Cancer of the colon is the most commonly studied cancer in relation to physical activity, with approximately 50 studies. A recent review by an international group, which met in Lyon in February 2001, showed that physically active men and women experience around half the risk of their sedentary counŽ . terparts IARC, 2001 . The protective effect is seen across populations and study methods. Increasing levels of activity, whether in intensity, frequency or duration, generally seem to be associated with greater reductions in cancer risk. Most of the more than 30 epidemiological studies conducted in North America, Asia and Europe also demonstrated lower breast cancer risk among the most physically active women. The decrease in risk of breast cancer was, on average, 20 40%. In addition to concluding that there is sufficient evidence for causality for the association between physical activity and prevention of cancer in colon and breast, the Working Group considered the evidence to be limited for a possible protective effect of physical activity against cancers of the endometrium and prostate. For endometrial cancer, only a small number of studies reported on physical activity, but these were quite consistent in suggesting a moderately strong protective effect. For prostate cancer, about 20 epidemiological studies on the relationship with physical activity levels showed somewhat inconsistent results, but a majority of them found an inverse association with physical activity, which generally was only moderately strong and sometimes only in subgroups. Endogenous sex hormones are strongly implicated in the development of breast, endometrial and prosŽ . tate cancer IARC, 2001 . Physical activity may modulate the production, metabolism and excretion of the endogenous hormones, such as sex steroids, glucocorticoids, insulin-like growth factor 1 and its binding proteins, so an association with the hormonally related cancers is biologically plausible. Physical activity may also reduce the risk of cancer through its normalizing effect on body weight. For colon cancer, the plausible mechanisms of protection include the favourable effect of physical exertion on insulin, prostaglandins and bile acid levels, all of which may pro","PeriodicalId":11950,"journal":{"name":"European journal of cancer prevention : the official journal of the European Cancer Prevention Organisation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85595101","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Trends in skin cancer incidence in Vaud: an update, 1976-1998.","authors":"F. Levi, V. Te, L. Randimbison, G. Erler, C. la Vecchia","doi":"10.1097/00008469-200108000-00011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/00008469-200108000-00011","url":null,"abstract":"Trends of skin cancer incidence by histotype in the Swiss Canton of Vaud (608,000 inhabitants) between 1976 and 1992 were updated on the basis of 6720 further skin cancers registered over the period 1993-1998. Trends in the last period were downwards for squamous cell carcinoma in both sexes, still on the rise for basal cell carcinoma, and levelled off for malignant melanoma in females.","PeriodicalId":11950,"journal":{"name":"European journal of cancer prevention : the official journal of the European Cancer Prevention Organisation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75805308","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Coke is not it.","authors":"L. Ovesen","doi":"10.1097/00008469-200106000-00015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/00008469-200106000-00015","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":11950,"journal":{"name":"European journal of cancer prevention : the official journal of the European Cancer Prevention Organisation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85896212","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The gastro-oesophageal reflux disease complex in sub-Saharan Africa.","authors":"I. Segal","doi":"10.1097/00008469-200106000-00003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/00008469-200106000-00003","url":null,"abstract":"Epidemiological and clinical studies that have reported on gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GERD), Barrett's oesophagus, oesophageal adenocarcinoma and Helicobacter pylori infection in sub-Saharan Africa were reviewed. The data indicate that Barrett's oesophagus is rare and oesophageal adenocarcinoma uncommon in all regions of sub-Saharan Africa studied (South Africa, Ethiopia, Nigeria, Zimbabwe, Kenya and Uganda). Hiatus hernia is also uncommon. There are too few reports of GERD to allow comment. The overwhelming majority of oesophageal cancers are squamous cell type. H. pylori infection is ubiquitous with an overall prevalence of 61-100%. It is concluded that although urbanization has resulted in an increase of risk factors associated with GERD, which would be expected to lead to an increase in this disease among Africans, this increase has not happened. It is believed that the critical factor preventing GERD in black Africans is H. pylori infection, which is usually acquired in childhood, is lifelong and is probably protective for the oesophagus.","PeriodicalId":11950,"journal":{"name":"European journal of cancer prevention : the official journal of the European Cancer Prevention Organisation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78535699","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hair dyes and bladder cancer: an update.","authors":"C. Vecchia, A. Tavani","doi":"10.1097/00008469-200106000-00002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/00008469-200106000-00002","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":11950,"journal":{"name":"European journal of cancer prevention : the official journal of the European Cancer Prevention Organisation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88632180","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Aetiology of sex differences in colorectal cancer.","authors":"M. Allam, R. A. Lucena","doi":"10.1097/00008469-200106000-00016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/00008469-200106000-00016","url":null,"abstract":"The aetiology of sex differences in colorectal cancer Ž is controversial. Fernandez et al. European Journal ́ . of Cancer Pre ention 9: 99 104, 2000 explained favourable trends for women analysing colorectal mortality sex ratio trends in major European countries over the last four decades. Their conclusions were based on the protective effect of female hormones, including replacement therapy and oral conŽ . traceptives. McMichael and Potter 1980 raised this hypothesis for the first time after narrative review Ž . study. Meanwhile, MacLennan et al. 1995 reported no association after their meta-analysis study. We think that this protective effect could be excluded on seeing the colorectal cancer mortality rates among women during the last 40 years. It is obvious that in Ž nearly all Northern countries Sweden, Switzerland, UK, Scotland, Austria, Belgium, The Netherlands . and Norway , in spite of lowering use of oral contraŽ . ceptives IARC, 1999 , these rates are decreasing. In general, the colorectal cancer mortality rate among females in nearly all Northern countries is falling compared with the increase in all Southern countries. Perhaps these contradictions come from other unconsidered risk factors, which must be taken into account. Sex-specific mortalities could be an explanation for the favourable trends for women in colorectal cancer. According to WHO, among males in the age group 35 39 years suicide is the principal cause of mortality, and between 40 and 64 years acute myocardial infarction, leaving the field open for different types of cancer, such as lung cancer and colorectal cancer. For women between 35 and 64 years breast cancer is the principal cause of mortality, leaving a small percentage of women vulnerable for colorectal Ž cancer Anuario de la Sanidad y del Medicamento . en Espana, 2000 . Moreover, breast cancer, the most ̃ frequent malignancy among females with rising incidence in all European countries over the last 50 years, represents the majority of female proportional Ž mortality attributed to cancer Boring et al., 1993; . Morillo et al., 2000 . These point at selective mortality among females by breast cancer, a cancer known to be more frequent among females using exogenous Ž . hormones Kelsey and Bernstein, 1996 . The possible carcinogenic role of smoking in colorectal cancer is a cause for concern. Many previous Ž studies Potter, 1996; Tulinius et al., 1997; World Cancer Research Fund and American Institute for . Cancer Research, 1997; Slattery et al., 1998 have considered smoking as a possible risk factor for colorectal cancer, especially rectal cancer. Smoking is well known to be more prevalent among males than females. In Spain, the male to female ratio of smoking in the population older than 15 years is 1.7, a ratio that coincides with that recorded for colorecŽ tal cancer mortality rate Castillejo and Mercade,́ . 2000 . We agree with Fernandez et al. in singling out ́ alcohol drinking as a possible risk factor for co","PeriodicalId":11950,"journal":{"name":"European journal of cancer prevention : the official journal of the European Cancer Prevention Organisation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81645575","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Faecal occult blood testing in the secondary prevention of colorectal cancer.","authors":"O. Kronborg","doi":"10.1097/00008469-200104000-00009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/00008469-200104000-00009","url":null,"abstract":"Ž . Three major randomized trials RCT have confirmed the results of a large number of case control studies, demonstrating a reduction in mortality from Ž . colorectal cancer CRC by screening average-risk Ž . persons 45 80 years annually or biennially with Ž . Ž Haemoccult-II H-II Smith Kline Diagnostics Inc., . Ž . Palo Alto, CA, USA Table 1 . The largest reduction has been obtained by the use of rehydrated H-II in Minnesota. However, this benefit was paid for by a very high rate of full colonoscopy in persons with positive H-II. The Danish study suggests that the reduction in mortality may be most pronounced in patients with CRC above the sigmoid colon, and the English as well as the Danish study suggest a more pronounced reduction in persons less than 65 years. The possibility of reproducing the results from randomized trials with Haemoccult-II in countrywide population screening programmes will be examined in the UK in two large pilot studies, and a detailed medico-technical evaluation has been performed in Denmark, suggesting that a pilot study should be set up in one or two counties. Other trials with H-II are performed in France and Sweden, but the final results are not available yet. Different types of faecal occult blood tests are available, making it possible at least to some degree to tailor the screening programme to the available colonoscopy resources. Economics suggest that in a Danish setting it would be optimal to screen 50 75year-old persons with annual H-II; this represents a more cost-effective programme than that for breast cancer and cervical cancer, although the last two cancers are detected more effectively.","PeriodicalId":11950,"journal":{"name":"European journal of cancer prevention : the official journal of the European Cancer Prevention Organisation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84830523","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"ECP dietary advice on cancer prevention.","authors":"M. Hill","doi":"10.1097/00008469-200104000-00014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/00008469-200104000-00014","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":11950,"journal":{"name":"European journal of cancer prevention : the official journal of the European Cancer Prevention Organisation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91478109","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Screening colonoscopy in asymptomatic increased-risk subjects.","authors":"S. Gullini, Matarese, A. Pezzoli, M. Rubini, P. Buldrini, S. Gamberini, Spadazzi Af, C. Rizzo, P. Pazzi","doi":"10.1097/00008469-200104000-00012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/00008469-200104000-00012","url":null,"abstract":"Like other western countries, Italy has a high inciŽ . dence of colorectal cancer CRC . Emilia Romagna is the region with the third highest number of cases of CRC, with a prevalence of 251 100 000 inhabitants. In particular, in the district of Ferrara, 648 new cases of CRC were diagnosed in 1994 1995 and 166 CRC-related deaths were recorded. The natural history of CRC suggests that screening programmes should be effective in preventing progression from adenoma to cancer. In fact, evidence from controlled trials suggests that removing adenomatous polyps reduces the incidence of CRC. Nevertheless, it is very difficult and expensive to perform a screening programme for the general population and most people are not currently screened for CRC. There is evidence from studies that people with close relatives with colorectal cancer have an increased risk of CRC and develop the disease at a younger age than people without a family history of CRC. Moreover, recent data have shown that there is a high prevalence of adenoma in first-degree relatives of patients affected by CRC. People with a first-degree relative who has developed CRC or adenomas at a relatively early age may prefer periodic complete evaluation of the colon, although there are no studies that have addressed the effectiveness of this approach directly. For these reasons we designed a screening endoscopy-based programme focused on this population. Here we report our preliminary results. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of adenomas in first-degree relatives of patients affected by CRC and to assess the usefulness and feasibility of a screening programme on this population using colonoscopy. In October 1999 we started a campaign stressing the usefulness of colonoscopy in first-degree relatives of CRC patients. We held meetings with general practitioners, surgeons and public conferences. Local newspaper articles, local ratio TV programmes and a booklet were published. A detailed website is also available. We try to reach as many people as possible in order to give the right information about the increased risk in these subjects. Moreover, all patients submitted to surgical intervention for CRC were asked to inform their first-degree relatives about the programme. All subjects aged between 45 and 75 and with one or more first-degree relative with CRC were invited to a preliminary interview, in order to collect personal and family history and to suggest colonoscopy as a screening option. When colonoscopy was refused, barium enema or faecal occult blood testing were suggested. At colonoscopy, we recorded the number of polyps and the size, histological type and degree of atypia of the most advanced adenoma in each patient. Between January and June 2000 we evaluŽ . ated 175 people age range 45 71 years , 57.1% of whom were male. One hundred and seventytwo participants were enrolled in the screening","PeriodicalId":11950,"journal":{"name":"European journal of cancer prevention : the official journal of the European Cancer Prevention Organisation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83872556","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Origin of ovarian cancer from benign cysts.","authors":"L. Maso, Vincenzo Canzonieri, R. Talamini, S. Franceschi, C. L. Vecchia","doi":"10.1097/00008469-200104000-00016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/00008469-200104000-00016","url":null,"abstract":"In a case-control study of 1031 epithelial ovarian cancers and 2311 controls conducted in Italy, 56 cases and 116 controls reported history of benign ovarian cysts, corresponding to a relative risk of 1.3 (95% confidence interval = 0.9-1.8). In a subset of 255 histologically reviewed cases, mucinous and endometrioid ovarian neoplasms and neoplasms of stage I or II arose more frequently from cysts, while use of oral contraceptives or parity were not significantly related to history of ovarian cysts.","PeriodicalId":11950,"journal":{"name":"European journal of cancer prevention : the official journal of the European Cancer Prevention Organisation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75677468","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}