Epilepsy Research最新文献

{"title":"Corrigendum to “Long-term outcome and predictors of vagus nerve stimulation for drug-resistant epilepsy: Real-world evidence from the Korean National Hospital Consortium” [Epilepsy Res. 210 (2025) 107511 0920-1211]","authors":"Seo-Young Lee , Hyesung Lee , Jae-Wook Cho , Kyung Wook Kang , Jong-Geun Seo , Jon Soo Kim , Joon-Won Kang , Daeyoung Kim , Young-Soo Kim , Sun Ah Choi , Jeonghoon Park , Ji Hoon Phi , Sang Ook Nam , Won Seop Kim , Jae-Moon Kim , Ki Joong Kim , Korean National Hospital Consortium for VNS Outcome Study","doi":"10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2025.107522","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2025.107522","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":11914,"journal":{"name":"Epilepsy Research","volume":"211 ","pages":"Article 107522"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143448619","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Extracellular bromide enhances GABAA receptor function in the immature, but not the adolescent rat pilocarpine epilepsy model","authors":"Heiner Kolp ,&nbsp;Jana K. Hackert ,&nbsp;Marco Heerdegen ,&nbsp;Christa Unger ,&nbsp;Tina Sellmann ,&nbsp;Katrin Porath ,&nbsp;Valentin Neubert ,&nbsp;Marco Weiergräber ,&nbsp;Timo Kirschstein ,&nbsp;Rüdiger Köhling","doi":"10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2025.107535","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2025.107535","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>To study the effects of extracellular bromide in a novel immature rat pilocarpine model compared to the standard adolescent rat model.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>We employed an immature rat model of repetitive pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus (340 mg/kg on postnatal days 9, 11 and 15). The electrophysiological characterization of the Schaffer collateral CA1-synapse and of CA1 pyramidal neurons was performed in 30–70 day-old animals. To explore the effects of bromide, 20 mM NaCl in the bath solution was replaced by 20 mM NaBr. We compared our findings in the immature model with data from the standard adolescent model of a single pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus (340 mg/kg on postnatal day 30) obtained from 40−90 day-old animals.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>In the immature, but not in the adolescent model, extracellular bromide (20 mM) enhanced the GABA_A-receptor component of the inhibitory postsynaptic potential, hyperpolarized the GABA_A-receptor reversal potential and reduced intrinsic excitability. However, bromide left high-frequency stimulation-induced long-term potentiation unaltered – in both the immature and the adolescent model.</div></div><div><h3>Significance</h3><div>The immature model, but not the commonly used adolescent pilocarpine model, showed a persistent bromide-enhanced GABA_A-receptor function leading to reduced intrinsic excitability. Hence, we suggest that immature animal models are needed to explore novel therapeutic strategies for epilepsies acquired during infancy.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11914,"journal":{"name":"Epilepsy Research","volume":"211 ","pages":"Article 107535"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143527442","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Inductive reasoning with large language models: A simulated randomized controlled trial for epilepsy","authors":"Daniel M. Goldenholz ,&nbsp;Shira R. Goldenholz ,&nbsp;Sara Habib ,&nbsp;M. Brandon Westover","doi":"10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2025.107532","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2025.107532","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>To investigate the potential of using artificial intelligence (AI), specifically large language models (LLMs), for synthesizing information in a simulated randomized clinical trial (RCT) for an anti-seizure medication, cenobamate, demonstrating the feasibility of inductive reasoning via medical chart review.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>An LLM-generated simulated RCT was conducted, featuring a placebo arm and a full-strength drug arm with a cohort of 240 patients divided 1:1. Seizure counts were simulated using a realistic seizure diary simulator. The study utilized LLMs to generate clinical notes with four neurologist writing styles and random extraneous details. A secondary LLM pipeline synthesized data from these notes. The efficacy and safety of cenobamate in seizure control were evaluated by both an LLM-based pipeline and a human reader.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The AI analysis closely mirrored human analysis, demonstrating the drug's efficacy with marginal differences (&lt;3 %) in identifying both drug efficacy and reported symptoms. The AI successfully identified the number of seizures, symptom reports, and treatment efficacy, with statistical analysis comparing the 50 %-responder rate and median percentage change between the placebo and drug arms, as well as side effect rates in each arm.</div></div><div><h3>Discussion</h3><div>This study highlights the potential of AI to accurately analyze noisy clinical notes to inductively produce clinical knowledge. Here, treatment effect sizes and symptom frequencies derived from unstructured simulated notes were inferred despite many distractors. The findings emphasize the relevance of AI in future clinical research, offering a scalable and efficient alternative to traditional labor-intensive data mining.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11914,"journal":{"name":"Epilepsy Research","volume":"211 ","pages":"Article 107532"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143509720","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Seizures associated with dural arteriovenous fistulas: A systematic review of cases","authors":"Léa Proulx-Chartier ,&nbsp;Ève Parenteau ,&nbsp;Jimmy Li ,&nbsp;Jean-Simon Dallaire ,&nbsp;Cassandra C. Areal ,&nbsp;Izumi Kuramochi ,&nbsp;Charles Deacon ,&nbsp;Ann-Marie Beaudoin","doi":"10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2025.107531","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2025.107531","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>Dural arteriovenous fistulas (DAVFs) are an unusual cause of seizures. In this systematic review, we aim to describe the clinical features, paraclinical findings, management, and prognosis of cases of DAVF-related seizures, raising awareness for a potentially treatable cause of epilepsy.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>This review was registered on PROSPERO (CRD42024529316). We searched OVID MEDLINE, OVID Embase, Web of Science, and Google Scholar for case reports/series of patients presenting with seizures associated with DAVFs. Original studies describing at least two out of four outcome categories (clinical features, paraclinical findings, treatment, and prognosis) were included. The methodological quality of each study was evaluated using a standardized tool. We performed descriptive analyses to summarize the clinical characteristics of all cases. We repeated these analyses while excluding cases where seizures may have had a likelier cause than DAVFs.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>In total, 120 patients were included from 94 articles. Median age was 57 years, and most patients were male (70 %). The most common manifestations accompanying seizures were headaches (22 %). Status epilepticus occurred in 38 % of cases. DAVFs were most commonly in the left hemisphere. The main venous sinus involved was the transverse sinus. Cortical venous reflux was present in almost all cases (93 %); most DAVFs were considered aggressive according to Cognard and Borden classifications. Seizure freedom was most common following angiographic interventions.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>DAVFs, even when uncomplicated, can be a potential cause of treatable seizures. More aggressive DAVFs with cortical venous reflux seem to be the main culprit. Angiographic interventions can help achieve seizure freedom.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11914,"journal":{"name":"Epilepsy Research","volume":"211 ","pages":"Article 107531"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143519545","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Personal impact of epilepsy and well-being in individuals with epilepsy","authors":"Ozlem Ozdemir ,&nbsp;Fatih Tuglu","doi":"10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2025.107536","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2025.107536","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Aim</h3><div>The aim was to examine the personal impact of epilepsy on well-being, and influencing factors in individuals with epilepsy.</div></div><div><h3>Method</h3><div>This cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted on 138 individuals with epilepsy. Data were collected using the \"Descriptive Information Form,\" the \"Personal Impact of Epilepsy Scale (PIES),\" and the “World Health Organization-Five Well-Being Index (WHO-5)”. In the statistical analysis, p &lt; 0.05 was considered significant.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The mean age of individuals with epilepsy was 31.22 ± 13.12 years, and the mean duration of epilepsy diagnosis was 9.93 ± 6.84 years. The mean WHO-5 Well-Being Index score was 62.55 ± 26.26 and the mean PIES scale score was 34.27 ± 20.27. According to the regression analysis results, well-being (β = −0.568; p = 0.000) and the duration of epilepsy diagnosis (β = −0.130; p = 0.041) were negative predictors, while the number of seizures (β = 0.209; p = 0.001) and age (β = 0.180; p = 0.010) were positive predictors of PIES. This explained 52.8 % of the total PIES score.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>The well-being of individuals with epilepsy was found to be above average, and the personal impact of epilepsy was found to be low. Low well-being of individuals with epilepsy increased the negative impact of epilepsy on the individual. Number of seizures, older age, and the shortness of the diagnosis period negatively affected the individual with epilepsy personally. Health professionals need to focus on the influencing factors of individuals with epilepsy to increase their well-being and reduce the negative effects of epilepsy.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11914,"journal":{"name":"Epilepsy Research","volume":"212 ","pages":"Article 107536"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143681637","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Psychogenic non-epileptic seizures and epilepsy: How are they affected by associated psychiatric disorders?","authors":"Prateek Kumar Panda,&nbsp;Indar Kumar Sharawat","doi":"10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2025.107534","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2025.107534","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":11914,"journal":{"name":"Epilepsy Research","volume":"211 ","pages":"Article 107534"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143464760","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of valproate therapy on timing of puberty in adolescents with childhood-onset epilepsy","authors":"Nirmeen A. Kishk ,&nbsp;Amr Mohamed Fouad ,&nbsp;Shereen El-Sawy ,&nbsp;Nourhan A. Soliman ,&nbsp;Rehab Magdy","doi":"10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2025.107533","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2025.107533","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Data regarding the timing of puberty in adolescents with childhood-onset epilepsy is scarce. This study aimed to explore whether pre-pubertal valproate intake negatively affects the timing of puberty.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>In this cross-sectional study, adolescents with childhood-onset epilepsy were asked to report when they attained Tanner 2 thelarche and gonadarche, respectively, using a Tanner self-staging score. Girls aged 13–18 years and boys aged 14–18 years -the ages at which the definition of delayed puberty can be applied- were included. Data regarding the pre-pubertal period were recorded, including seizure frequency/month, longest seizure-free interval, valproate intake, and duration.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Eighty-one PWE (48 boys and 33 girls) were included. Forty-nine patients received valproate during the pre-pubertal period. Only 18 patients (22.2 %) had delayed onset puberty (4 girls and 14 boys). Delayed menarche was identified in 7 girls. Patients with delayed onset puberty had significantly younger age at epilepsy onset and shorter pre-pubertal longest seizure-free interval than patients with normal onset (P = 0.01, for each). Furthermore, the percentage of patients who received pre-pubertal valproate was significantly higher in patients with delayed puberty (94.4 %) than in patients with normal onset puberty (50.7 %), with significantly longer treatment duration in the former group (P = 0.0006). Duration of pre-pubertal valproate intake was an independent predictor for delayed onset puberty (OR=1.36, 95 %CI =1.14–1.62) while female sex had a protective effect (OR=0.21, 95 %CI =0.04–0.92).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Pre-pubertal valproate intake might delay pubertal onset in both sexes with epilepsy. Serial assessment to track pubertal development across the adolescence period is highly needed.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11914,"journal":{"name":"Epilepsy Research","volume":"211 ","pages":"Article 107533"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143453551","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characterization of the phenotype and functional alternations of three HCN1 variants in Chinese epilepsy patients","authors":"Ziyao Han,&nbsp;Lingling Xie,&nbsp;Xiaorui Liu,&nbsp;Jiaxin Yang,&nbsp;Hanyu Luo,&nbsp;Ran Ding,&nbsp;Hengsheng Chen,&nbsp;Li Cheng,&nbsp;Zhixu Fang,&nbsp;Li Jiang","doi":"10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2025.107521","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2025.107521","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><div>To evaluate the electrophysiological properties of three <em>HCN1</em> variant sites found in Chinese epileptic patients and to explore the potential relationship between genotype and phenotype.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>We correlated clinical severity of three patients with <em>HCN1</em> variants with whole-cell patch-clamp measurements of channel activity, channel expression detected by Western blot, and bioinformatics prediction of the damaging effects of each variant.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Three patients with the variants p.L400P, p.D534H and p.M243delinsTL, showed different phenotypes, ranging from mild epilepsy to severe epileptic encephalopathy. Variants L400P and D534H were classified as pathogenic by all bioinformatics tools, and variant M243delinsTL was classified as a polymorphism by MutationTaster. The L400P and D534H variants showed significantly reduced current compared with that of the wild-type (WT), while the current density of M243delinsTL was similar to WT. The half-activation voltage (V_1/2) of M243delinsTL variant was shifted in the hyperpolarizing direction when compared to the WT, and the slope factor (k) of activation of the M243delinsTL variant was significantly lower than that of the WT. The L400P variant was associated with a significantly higher activation time constant compared with that of the WT. In addition, quantitative detection of the FLAG-tagged <em>HCN1</em> channel revealed that the expression level of the L400P variant was significantly decreased compared to WT.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Elucidation of the type and location of variant sites combined with the use of bioinformatics tools and patch-clamp techniques can improve our understanding of the clinical phenotype of epilepsy associated with <em>HCN1</em> variants.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11914,"journal":{"name":"Epilepsy Research","volume":"211 ","pages":"Article 107521"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143396115","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Long-term outcome and predictors of vagus nerve stimulation for drug-resistant epilepsy: Real-world evidence from the Korean national hospital consortium","authors":"Seo-Young Lee ,&nbsp;Hyesung Lee ,&nbsp;Jae-Wook Cho ,&nbsp;Kyung Wook Kang ,&nbsp;Jong-Geun Seo ,&nbsp;Jon Soo Kim ,&nbsp;Joon-Won Kang ,&nbsp;Daeyoung Kim ,&nbsp;Young-Soo Kim ,&nbsp;Sun Ah Choi ,&nbsp;Jeonghoon Park ,&nbsp;Ji Hoon Phi ,&nbsp;Sang Ook Nam ,&nbsp;Won Seop Kim ,&nbsp;Jae-Moon Kim ,&nbsp;Ki Joong Kim ,&nbsp;Korean National Hospital Consortium for VNS Outcome Study","doi":"10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2025.107511","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2025.107511","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>This study aimed to assess the long-term outcome and prognostic factors of vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) for drug-resistant epilepsy (DRE) using real-world data.</div></div><div><h3>Method</h3><div>We included 189 DRE patients who underwent VNS implantation between 2005 and 2018 at nine national hospitals in Korea. Seizure-frequency data obtained quarterly one year before and after surgery and annually up to four years after surgery were collected from medical records. Health resource utilization trends over the four years preceding and following surgery were assessed through linkage with national health insurance data. We performed interrupted time series analysis to examine the trend in seizure frequency before and after one year following surgery.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The seizure frequency exhibited a decreasing trend in 27.5 % and an increasing trend in 3.8 % during the first year following VNS implantation without a significant change in efficacy over the subsequent three years. Patients with focal spikes with secondary bilateral synchrony (SBS) in electroencephalography had a higher responder rate (adjusted odds ratio (aOR)= 3.06 [1.36–6.90]), whereas those with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome had a lower responder rate (aOR=0.38 [0.15–0.94]). One-year seizure-freedom was achieved in 6.0 % of patients at some point during the four-year follow-up. Over an eight-year period, the number of antiseizure medications (ASMs) tended to increase before surgery and remained at a median of 5 [4−6] after surgery. While the total medical and epilepsy-related costs tended to decrease after surgery, the ASM cost continued to increase.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>VNS was substantially beneficial for one in four patients with DRE, offering the chance of seizure-freedom. However, the efficacy of VNS fell within the efficacy range of recently introduced medical treatments and did not lead to a decrease in the ASM burden. Focal spike with SBS is a potential biomarker for a favorable response to VNS.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11914,"journal":{"name":"Epilepsy Research","volume":"210 ","pages":"Article 107511"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143028344","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The significance of interictal electroencephalogram analysis based on the grand total electroencephalogram score in early assessment of cognitive impairment in epilepsy patients","authors":"Honghua Chen,&nbsp;Lingli Ju,&nbsp;Yanyan Ji,&nbsp;Lihong Tao","doi":"10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2025.107506","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2025.107506","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><div>Epilepsy is a widespread neurological disorder that increases the risk of cognitive impairment (CI) or dementia. We aimed to assess the relationship between cognition and interictal electroencephalogram (EEG) in epilepsy patients, using the Grand Total EEG (GTE) score. Additionally, we investigated the GTE score's utility in the early detection of CI in these patients.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Data from 93 patients diagnosed with unexplained epilepsy at the Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University were analyzed. EEG recordings and cognitive evaluations were performed. Patients were categorized into three groups based on their Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) scores: normal cognitive (NC) group, mild cognitive impairment (MCI) group, and dementia group. The study included analysis of correlations between cognitive test results and clinical characteristics. Additionally, the influence of GTE scores and subscores on cognition was examined. Statistical analyses included one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), Kruskal-Wallis H-test, Mann-Whitney U-test, Chi-square test, Spearman rank correlation analysis, and multiple linear regression.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>(1) There was a significant negative correlation between cognitive test scores and GTE scores. Strong negative correlations were found between cognition (MoCA) and the GTE score (ρ = −0.754, P &lt; 0.001), as well as for the subscores \"Diffuse Slow Activity\" (ρ = −0.712, P &lt; 0.001), \"Frequency of Rhythmic Background Activity\" (ρ = −0.490, P &lt; 0.001), and \"Paroxysmal Activity\" (ρ = −0.565, P &lt; 0.001). (2) Multiple linear regression analysis identified the GTE score, \"Diffuse Slow Activity\", \"Paroxysmal Activity\", age, and education as significant predictors of cognitive decline. (3) At a threshold of 4.5, the GTE score effectively differentiated between individuals with and without CI, demonstrating a sensitivity of 73.8 % and a specificity of 93.7 %.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>The GTE score provides clinically valuable information for the early detection of CI in patients with epilepsy. As CI worsens in epilepsy patients, the GTE score, Diffuse Slow Activity, Frequency of Rhythmic Background Activity, and Paroxysmal Activity increase. Healthcare providers should focus on managing not only seizures but also interictal EEG abnormalities to prevent or mitigate the risk of CI.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11914,"journal":{"name":"Epilepsy Research","volume":"210 ","pages":"Article 107506"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143022648","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}