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Asynchronous interface circuit for nonlinear connectivity in multicore spiking neural networks 多核尖峰神经网络非线性连接的异步接口电路
IF 1.3 4区 计算机科学
ETRI Journal Pub Date : 2024-10-12 DOI: 10.4218/etrij.2024-0135
Sung-Eun Kim, Kwang-Il Oh, Taewook Kang, Sukho Lee, Hyuk Kim, Mi-Jeong Park, Jae-Jin Lee
{"title":"Asynchronous interface circuit for nonlinear connectivity in multicore spiking neural networks","authors":"Sung-Eun Kim,&nbsp;Kwang-Il Oh,&nbsp;Taewook Kang,&nbsp;Sukho Lee,&nbsp;Hyuk Kim,&nbsp;Mi-Jeong Park,&nbsp;Jae-Jin Lee","doi":"10.4218/etrij.2024-0135","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4218/etrij.2024-0135","url":null,"abstract":"<p>To expand the scale of spiking neural networks (SNNs), an interface circuit that supports multiple SNN cores is essential. This circuit should be designed using an asynchronous approach to leverage characteristics of SNNs similar to those of the human brain. However, the absence of a global clock presents timing issues during implementation. Hence, we propose an intermediate latching template to establish asynchronous nonlinear connectivity with multipipeline processing between multiple SNN cores. We design arbitration and distribution blocks in the interface circuit based on the proposed template and fabricate an interface circuit that supports four SNN cores using a full-custom approach in a 28-nm CMOS (complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor) FDSOI (fully depleted silicon on insulator) process. The proposed template can enhance throughput in the interface circuit by up to 53% compared with the conventional asynchronous template. The interface circuit transmits spikes while consuming 1.7 and 3.7 pJ of power, supporting 606 and 59 Mevent/s in intrachip and interchip communications, respectively.</p>","PeriodicalId":11901,"journal":{"name":"ETRI Journal","volume":"46 5","pages":"878-889"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.4218/etrij.2024-0135","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142524645","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
XEM: Tensor accelerator for AB21 supercomputing artificial intelligence processor XEM：用于 AB21 超级计算人工智能处理器的张量加速器
IF 1.3 4区 计算机科学
ETRI Journal Pub Date : 2024-10-12 DOI: 10.4218/etrij.2024-0141
Won Jeon, Mi Young Lee, Joo Hyun Lee, Chun-Gi Lyuh
{"title":"XEM: Tensor accelerator for AB21 supercomputing artificial intelligence processor","authors":"Won Jeon,&nbsp;Mi Young Lee,&nbsp;Joo Hyun Lee,&nbsp;Chun-Gi Lyuh","doi":"10.4218/etrij.2024-0141","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4218/etrij.2024-0141","url":null,"abstract":"<p>As computing systems become increasingly larger, high-performance computing (HPC) is gaining importance. In particular, as hyperscale artificial intelligence (AI) applications, such as large language models emerge, HPC has become important even in the field of AI. Important operations in hyperscale AI and HPC are mainly linear algebraic operations based on tensors. An AB21 supercomputing AI processor has been proposed to accelerate such applications. This study proposes a XEM accelerator to accelerate linear algebraic operations in an AB21 processor effectively. The XEM accelerator has outer product-based parallel floating-point units that can efficiently process tensor operations. We provide hardware details of the XEM architecture and introduce new instructions for controlling the XEM accelerator. Additionally, hardware characteristic analyses based on chip fabrication and simulator-based functional verification are conducted. In the future, the performance and functionalities of the XEM accelerator will be verified using an AB21 processor.</p>","PeriodicalId":11901,"journal":{"name":"ETRI Journal","volume":"46 5","pages":"839-850"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.4218/etrij.2024-0141","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142524642","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Quantum electrodynamical formulation of photochemical acid generation and its implications on optical lithography 光化学酸生成的量子电动力学公式及其对光学光刻技术的影响
IF 1.3 4区 计算机科学
ETRI Journal Pub Date : 2024-10-12 DOI: 10.4218/etrij.2024-0127
Seungjin Lee
{"title":"Quantum electrodynamical formulation of photochemical acid generation and its implications on optical lithography","authors":"Seungjin Lee","doi":"10.4218/etrij.2024-0127","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4218/etrij.2024-0127","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The photochemical acid generation is refined from the first principles of quantum electrodynamics. First, we briefly review the formulation of the quantum theory of light based on the quantum electrodynamics framework to establish the probability of acid generation at a given spacetime point. The quantum mechanical acid generation is then combined with the deprotection mechanism to obtain a probabilistic description of the deprotection density directly related to feature formation in a photoresist. A statistical analysis of the random deprotection density is presented to reveal the leading characteristics of stochastic feature formation.</p>","PeriodicalId":11901,"journal":{"name":"ETRI Journal","volume":"46 5","pages":"774-782"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.4218/etrij.2024-0127","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142524643","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Performance improvement of microLED-to-microLED visible light communication using reverse bias 利用反向偏置改进微led到微led可见光通信的性能
IF 1.3 4区 计算机科学
ETRI Journal Pub Date : 2024-10-12 DOI: 10.4218/etrij.2023-0484
Bo-Guen Kim, Sung-Man Kim
{"title":"Performance improvement of microLED-to-microLED visible light communication using reverse bias","authors":"Bo-Guen Kim,&nbsp;Sung-Man Kim","doi":"10.4218/etrij.2023-0484","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4218/etrij.2023-0484","url":null,"abstract":"<p>LED-to-LED visible light communication (VLC), which uses LEDs not only for the transmitter but also for the receiver, is being studied as an efficient optical wireless communication technology that uses LED lighting infrastructure. In this paper, we investigate microLED-to-LED VLC, which uses microLEDs as both the transmitter and receiver. In particular, we conducted a study to improve the performance of microLED-to-microLED VLC. For this, we measured the performance depending on the transmitter and receiver LED color combination. In addition, the effects of zero bias and reverse bias at the receiver LED were investigated. We also investigated the improvement in the reverse bias when applying a transimpedance amplifier to the receiver LED. Finally, we experimentally demonstrated a data rate of 360 kbps in the microLED-to-microLED VLC.</p>","PeriodicalId":11901,"journal":{"name":"ETRI Journal","volume":"47 2","pages":"270-277"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.4218/etrij.2023-0484","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143835982","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Mixed-mode SNN crossbar array with embedded dummy switch and mid-node pre-charge scheme 采用嵌入式假开关和中节点预充电方案的混合模式 SNN 横杆阵列
IF 1.3 4区 计算机科学
ETRI Journal Pub Date : 2024-10-12 DOI: 10.4218/etrij.2024-0120
Kwang-Il Oh, Hyuk Kim, Taewook Kang, Sung-Eun Kim, Jae-Jin Lee, Byung-Do Yang
{"title":"Mixed-mode SNN crossbar array with embedded dummy switch and mid-node pre-charge scheme","authors":"Kwang-Il Oh,&nbsp;Hyuk Kim,&nbsp;Taewook Kang,&nbsp;Sung-Eun Kim,&nbsp;Jae-Jin Lee,&nbsp;Byung-Do Yang","doi":"10.4218/etrij.2024-0120","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4218/etrij.2024-0120","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This paper presents a membrane computation error-minimized mixed-mode spiking neural network (SNN) crossbar array. Our approach involves implementing an embedded dummy switch scheme and a mid-node pre-charge scheme to construct a high-precision current-mode synapse. We effectively suppressed charge sharing between membrane capacitors and the parasitic capacitance of synapses that results in membrane computation error. A 400 × 20 SNN crossbar prototype chip is fabricated via a 28-nm FDSOI CMOS process, and 20 MNIST patterns with their sizes reduced to 20 × 20 pixels are successfully recognized under 411 μW of power consumed. Moreover, the peak-to-peak deviation of the normalized output spike count measured from the 21 fabricated SNN prototype chips is within 16.5% from the ideal value, including sample-wise random variations.</p>","PeriodicalId":11901,"journal":{"name":"ETRI Journal","volume":"46 5","pages":"865-877"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.4218/etrij.2024-0120","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142524644","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Trends in quantum reinforcement learning: State-of-the-arts and the road ahead 量子强化学习的趋势：艺术现状与未来之路
IF 1.3 4区 计算机科学
ETRI Journal Pub Date : 2024-10-03 DOI: 10.4218/etrij.2024-0153
Soohyun Park, Joongheon Kim
{"title":"Trends in quantum reinforcement learning: State-of-the-arts and the road ahead","authors":"Soohyun Park,&nbsp;Joongheon Kim","doi":"10.4218/etrij.2024-0153","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4218/etrij.2024-0153","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This paper presents the basic quantum reinforcement learning theory and its applications to various engineering problems. With the advances in quantum computing and deep learning technologies, various research works have focused on quantum deep learning and quantum machine learning. In this paper, quantum neural network (QNN)-based reinforcement learning (RL) models are discussed and introduced. Moreover, the pros of the QNN-based RL algorithms and models, such as fast training, high scalability, and efficient learning parameter utilization, are presented along with various research results. In addition, one of the well-known multi-agent extensions of QNN-based RL models, the quantum centralized-critic and multiple-actor network, is also discussed and its applications to multi-agent cooperation and coordination are introduced. Finally, the applications and future research directions are introduced and discussed in terms of federated learning, split learning, autonomous control, and quantum deep learning software testing.</p>","PeriodicalId":11901,"journal":{"name":"ETRI Journal","volume":"46 5","pages":"748-758"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.4218/etrij.2024-0153","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142524655","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
A compact dual-band bandpass filter based on coupled stub-loaded square ring resonators by using transversal signal-interaction concepts 利用横向信号相互作用的概念，设计了一种基于耦合短桩负载方形环形谐振器的紧凑双带带通滤波器
IF 1.3 4区 计算机科学
ETRI Journal Pub Date : 2024-09-30 DOI: 10.4218/etrij.2023-0338
Dong-sheng Xu, Li-tian Wang, Li-rong Qian, Cui-ping Li, Ya-hui Tian, Hong-lang Li, Xuan Chen, Yu-qi Li
{"title":"A compact dual-band bandpass filter based on coupled stub-loaded square ring resonators by using transversal signal-interaction concepts","authors":"Dong-sheng Xu,&nbsp;Li-tian Wang,&nbsp;Li-rong Qian,&nbsp;Cui-ping Li,&nbsp;Ya-hui Tian,&nbsp;Hong-lang Li,&nbsp;Xuan Chen,&nbsp;Yu-qi Li","doi":"10.4218/etrij.2023-0338","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4218/etrij.2023-0338","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In this paper, a novel dual-band wideband bandpass filter (BPF) based on transversal signal-interaction concepts with a wide upper stopband is proposed and investigated. The designed specification of two passbands can be managed and satisfied based on the independent controllable fractional bandwidth of the two passbands and the centered frequencies. The centered frequencies of dual-band BPF are, respectively, 0.79 GHz (ƒ<sub>1</sub>) and 1.24 GHz (ƒ<sub>2</sub>) with 3 dB fraction bandwidths of 26.54% and 11.3%. Two transmission paths consisting of coupled stub-loaded square ring resonators and anti-coupled shorted lines are used to realize signal cancellation of multiple transmission path signal transmission from Port 1 to Port 2. Eleven transmission zeros (TZs) modify harmonic suppression up to 10 ƒ<sub>1</sub> with stopband rejection higher than 15 dB. Butterworth lumped notch network and step impedance resonator (SIR) are also utilized to improve the selectivity and harmonic suppression. A compact filter with a circuit size of 0.08<i>λ</i>g × 0.08<i>λ</i>g is implemented and tested. Good agreement between simulation and measured results verifies the reliability of the designing scheme.</p>","PeriodicalId":11901,"journal":{"name":"ETRI Journal","volume":"46 6","pages":"1113-1124"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.4218/etrij.2023-0338","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142862320","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Enhancement of eye socket recognition performance using inverse histogram fusion images and the Gabor transform 利用反直方图融合图像和Gabor变换增强眼窝识别性能
IF 1.3 4区 计算机科学
ETRI Journal Pub Date : 2024-09-30 DOI: 10.4218/etrij.2023-0395
Harisu Abdullahi Shehu, Ibrahim Furkan Ince, Faruk Bulut
{"title":"Enhancement of eye socket recognition performance using inverse histogram fusion images and the Gabor transform","authors":"Harisu Abdullahi Shehu,&nbsp;Ibrahim Furkan Ince,&nbsp;Faruk Bulut","doi":"10.4218/etrij.2023-0395","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4218/etrij.2023-0395","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The eye socket is a cavity in the skull that encloses the eyeball and its surrounding muscles. It has unique shapes in individuals. This study proposes a new recognition method that relies on the eye socket shape and region. This method involves the utilization of an inverse histogram fusion image to generate Gabor features from the identified eye socket regions. These Gabor features are subsequently transformed into Gabor images and employed for recognition by utilizing both traditional methods and deep-learning models. Four distinct benchmark datasets (Flickr30, BioID, Masked AT &amp; T, and CK+) were used to evaluate the method's performance. These datasets encompass a range of perspectives, including variations in eye shape, covering, and angles. Experimental results and comparative studies indicate that the proposed method achieved a significantly (\u0000<span></span><math>\u0000 <mi>p</mi>\u0000 <mo>&lt;</mo>\u0000 <mn>0.001</mn></math>) higher accuracy (average value greater than 92.18%) than that of the relevant identity recognition method and state-of-the-art deep networks (average value less than 78%). We conclude that this improved generalization has significant implications for advancing the methodologies employed for identity recognition.</p>","PeriodicalId":11901,"journal":{"name":"ETRI Journal","volume":"47 1","pages":"123-133"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.4218/etrij.2023-0395","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143497166","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Precharge switch based on metal–oxide–semiconductor-controlled thyristor for power relay assembly of battery electric vehicles 基于金属氧化物-半导体控制晶闸管的纯电动汽车功率继电器组件预充开关
IF 1.3 4区 计算机科学
ETRI Journal Pub Date : 2024-09-30 DOI: 10.4218/etrij.2023-0482
Dong Yun Jung, Kun Sik Park, Sang In Kim, Hyun Gyu Jang, Jongil Won, Yong Ha Lee, Jong-Won Lim
{"title":"Precharge switch based on metal–oxide–semiconductor-controlled thyristor for power relay assembly of battery electric vehicles","authors":"Dong Yun Jung,&nbsp;Kun Sik Park,&nbsp;Sang In Kim,&nbsp;Hyun Gyu Jang,&nbsp;Jongil Won,&nbsp;Yong Ha Lee,&nbsp;Jong-Won Lim","doi":"10.4218/etrij.2023-0482","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4218/etrij.2023-0482","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The power relay assembly (PRA) is an essential component to ensure the safety of an electric vehicle. We propose a semiconductor-based precharge switch to overcome the shortcomings of the conventional mechanical relay, which is currently used as the precharge switch in the PRA. The gate-driving circuit uses a photocoupler instead of a gate-driving integrated circuit to reduce complexity and cost. Five devices, namely, two insulated-gate bipolar transistors (IGBTs), two silicon carbide metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistors (SiC MOSFETs), and one metal–oxide–semiconductor-controlled thyristor (MCT) are tested as candidate precharge switches. Each device is analyzed under varying battery voltage and fixed measurement conditions. The IGBT and SiC MOSFET burn below 600 V, while the MCT exhibits normal operation up to 800 V. The MCT precharge switch can solve shortcomings of the conventional mechanical relay and increase the performance with a simple gate-driving circuit. Furthermore, the PRA with an MCT precharge switch can reduce the volume, weight, and cost while improving reliability.</p>","PeriodicalId":11901,"journal":{"name":"ETRI Journal","volume":"47 2","pages":"326-337"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.4218/etrij.2023-0482","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143836384","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Multicarrier dual-index permuted chaos shift keying system for efficiency improvement in chaotic communications 提高混沌通信效率的多载波双指标排列混沌移位键控系统
IF 1.6 4区 计算机科学
ETRI Journal Pub Date : 2024-09-30 DOI: 10.4218/etrij.2024-0124
Bavatharani Gurusamy, Laxmikandan Thangavelu, Manimekalai Thirunavukkarasu
{"title":"Multicarrier dual-index permuted chaos shift keying system for efficiency improvement in chaotic communications","authors":"Bavatharani Gurusamy,&nbsp;Laxmikandan Thangavelu,&nbsp;Manimekalai Thirunavukkarasu","doi":"10.4218/etrij.2024-0124","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4218/etrij.2024-0124","url":null,"abstract":"<p>We propose a multicarrier chaotic system that incorporates dual-index and <i>M</i>-ary modulation techniques. The proposed system improves the energy and spectrum efficiencies with a tradeoff in computational complexity. In addition, it applies index modulation to select the chaotic signal and permuted chaotic signals along with \u0000<span></span><math>\u0000 <mi>M</mi></math>-ary modulated symbols. As a result, the spectral and energy efficiencies are increased in chaotic systems. Theoretical expressions are derived to calculate the bit error rate of the proposed system under additive white Gaussian noise and Rayleigh fading channels. The equations are validated through Monte Carlo simulations, whose results demonstrate a reduction in bit error rate for the proposed system. The data rate, spectral efficiency, energy efficiency, and computational complexity of the proposed system are analyzed and compared with those of existing multicarrier chaotic systems.</p>","PeriodicalId":11901,"journal":{"name":"ETRI Journal","volume":"47 4","pages":"590-602"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.4218/etrij.2024-0124","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144843368","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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