Environmental Toxicology & Water Quality最新文献_第8页

Relationships between microtox test results, extraction methods, and physical and chemical compositions of marine sediment samples 微毒素测试结果、提取方法与海洋沉积物样品的物理和化学成分之间的关系

Environmental Toxicology & Water Quality Pub Date : 1990-02-01 DOI: 10.1002/TOX.2540050104

C. True, A. Heyward

{"title":"Relationships between microtox test results, extraction methods, and physical and chemical compositions of marine sediment samples","authors":"C. True, A. Heyward","doi":"10.1002/TOX.2540050104","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/TOX.2540050104","url":null,"abstract":"Samples of marine subtidal sediments collected in 1985 and 1986 from Elliott Bay, Washington, were analyzed at the Environmental Laboratories of the Municipality of Metropolitan Seattle as part of a larger study. Interstitial water and solvent extracts of subtidal sediments were analyzed by the Microtox procedure to determine toxicity. Particle size distribution, and concentration of oil and grease, metals, and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons, were compared to toxicity of interstitial water and solvent extracts. Physical and chemical compositions of sediments affects the toxicities of solvent extracts and interstitial water extracts differently. Samples with smaller particle sizes had relatively high concentrations of oil and grease and metals, and less toxic interstitial water. Samples with larger particles had less oil and grease and metals, and more toxic interstitial water. The opposite was true for the solvent extracts: samples with smaller particle sizes with relatively higher concentrations of oil and grease and metals had more toxic solvent extracts. Samples containing larger particles with relatively lower concentrations of oil and grease and metals had less toxic solvent extracts. No correlations were found between the toxicity of the solvent extracts and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons. The Microtox procedure has the potential to estimate toxicity of both water-soluble and solvent-soluble compounds in marine sediments if two different extraction procedures are used.","PeriodicalId":11824,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Toxicology & Water Quality","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79903383","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 47

Role of envelopes of gram‐negative bacteria in cadmium binding and toxicity 革兰氏阴性菌包膜在镉结合和毒性中的作用

Environmental Toxicology & Water Quality Pub Date : 1990-02-01 DOI: 10.1002/TOX.2540050105

P. Bauda, J. Block

引用次数: 12

Kinetics and effect of moisture content and preincubation on the decomposition of 14C‐labeled herbicides in soil 土壤含水量和预孵育对14C标记除草剂分解的动力学和影响

Environmental Toxicology & Water Quality Pub Date : 1990-02-01 DOI: 10.1002/TOX.2540050103

J. Stenström

{"title":"Kinetics and effect of moisture content and preincubation on the decomposition of 14C‐labeled herbicides in soil","authors":"J. Stenström","doi":"10.1002/TOX.2540050103","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/TOX.2540050103","url":null,"abstract":"The kinetics and the influence of soil moisture content (MC) on the mineralization of 14C-labeled linuron were investigated at 15 different MCs in the range from air-dried soil to 100% of the water-holding capacity (WHC). For all MCs used, the data on the liberated amount of 14C (x) were initially described by Eq. (1) x = k1t + a—after which the data were described by Eq. (2) x = k2t1/2 + b—where t is time, k1 and k2 are rate constants, and a and b are constants. The rate constants k1 and k2 for MCs < 100% of WHC were mathematically described by the equation k = l + m. MC12, where k is either of the rate constants, l is a constant that can account for a threshold value of MC below which no decomposition occurs, and m is a constant. The validity of this equation for first-order rate constants was tested by using data from the literature. The kinetics of mineralization of 14C-labeled glyphosate were investigated by adding glyphosate after different times of preincubation (tp) of a previously frozen soil. An initial phase of 11 days linear with t [Eq. (1)] was obtained when the herbicide was added immediately after the thawing, after which a phase linear with t1/2 [Eq. (2)] ensued. The length of the initial phase decreased and k1 increased with increasing tp, and for tp ≥ 8 days the initial phase could not be confirmed. The following phase was almost unaffected by the preincubation. Thus, the phases represented by Eqs. (1) and (2) are separate, since they can be affected independently of each other. It is suggested that the initial phase is an induction phase, or lag phase, which reflects the disturbances introduced by handling the soil, and that the second phase is the steady state.","PeriodicalId":11824,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Toxicology & Water Quality","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74794957","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 4

Antibiotic and toxicant susceptibility profiles of clinical and environmental Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates 临床和环境分离肺炎克雷伯菌的抗生素和毒物敏感性分析

Environmental Toxicology & Water Quality Pub Date : 1989-11-01 DOI: 10.1002/TOX.2540040404

P. Seyfried, Robert M. Desjardins, A. Alarcón, N. Kulendran, M. Sidarous, E. Harris, W. Bradbury, M. Young

引用次数: 3

Assessment of the interaction between microorganism and chemical mixture using resazurin reduction 利用瑞祖脲还原评价微生物与化学混合物的相互作用

Environmental Toxicology & Water Quality Pub Date : 1989-11-01 DOI: 10.1002/TOX.2540040406

Dickson L. S. Liu

引用次数: 5

Kinetics of decomposition of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid by Alcaligenes eutrophus JMP134 and in soil 富营养化Alcaligenes JMP134与土壤中2,4-二氯氧乙酸分解动力学

Environmental Toxicology & Water Quality Pub Date : 1989-11-01 DOI: 10.1002/TOX.2540040402

J. Stenström

{"title":"Kinetics of decomposition of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid by Alcaligenes eutrophus JMP134 and in soil","authors":"J. Stenström","doi":"10.1002/TOX.2540040402","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/TOX.2540040402","url":null,"abstract":"Data on the decomposition of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) by pure cultures of Alcaligenes eutrophus JMP134 and in soil were obtained to investigate the validity of the Eq. (1), c = c0 - k1t1/2 for decomposition at a decreasing rate by a constant amount of enzymes, and Eq. (2), c = c0 - k1t1/2, for decomposition at an increasing rate by an exponentially increasing amount of cells. In the equations, c is the concentration of 2,4-D at time t, c0 is the initial concentration of 2,4-D, q is the maximum metabolic rate, N0 is the initial amount of 2,4-D-degrading microorganisms, and k1 and k2 are rate constants. Equation 2 satisfactorily described the data on decomposition of 2,4-D by A. eutrophus at c0 of 100–400 μg mL−1, with N0 of 0.33-11.8 × 107 cells mL−1, and at initial pH values between 7.1 and 8.4. At an initial pH of 6.1 there was accumulation of 2,4-dichlorophenol (DCP), and the pattern of decomposition of 2,4-D was sigmoidal. When approximately 20 μg of DCP mL−1 had accumulated, the kinetics of decomposition switched from Eq. (2) to Eq. (1). Growth and DCP accumulation then also became linear with t1/2. Equation (1) was also valid for decomposition of 2,4-D under conditions of nitrogen starvation. In soil, Eq. (1) was valid when the number of 2,4-D degrading microorganisms was constant, and Eq. (2) was valid when the number increased exponentially. It is concluded that several occurring patterns of decomposition are described mathematically by Eq. (1), by Eq. (2), or by the sum of these equations. Sigmoidal curves are described by combining the equations in a sequence, thus providing an alternative to models where decomposition curves are treated by one continuous function.","PeriodicalId":11824,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Toxicology & Water Quality","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77381960","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 12

Factors affecting the magnitude of toxicant interactions in microbial bioassays 微生物生物测定中影响毒物相互作用程度的因素

Environmental Toxicology & Water Quality Pub Date : 1989-11-01 DOI: 10.1002/TOX.2540040403

G. Stratton

{"title":"Factors affecting the magnitude of toxicant interactions in microbial bioassays","authors":"G. Stratton","doi":"10.1002/TOX.2540040403","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/TOX.2540040403","url":null,"abstract":"A toxicant interaction method was used to study the effects of various bioassay parameters on interaction responses obtained in microbial bioassays. The fungus Pythium ultimum was employed as the test organism, and was exposed to various combinations of the fungicide captan and several organic solvents, using a poisoned agar technique. In all cases the fungicide and solvents interacted synergistically toward culture growth. For most experiments acetone was used as the test solvent. Where pH and temperature were altered, the magnitude of the interaction response between captan and acetone increased dramatically as the pH or temperature was raised from 4.5 to 7.5, or 15 to 30°C, respectively. This corresponded to similar increases in the culture growth rate and decreases in the toxicity of captan. When the medium composition was changed, interaction magnitudes were again greatest in media eliciting the fastest growth rate. These media also yielded the lowest captan toxicity. The largest interaction magnitudes occurred with V8 juice agar, followed by corn meal agar, potato dextrose agar, and malt extract agar. When the solvent used in the interaction experiments was changed, a similar response was obtained, in that the greatest interaction magnitudes occurred in systems eliciting the lowest captan toxicity. The largest magnitudes were measured with acetone, followed by hexane, ethanol, dimethylformamide, methanol, and dimethyl sulfoxide. The significance of these data in toxicant interaction bioassays is discussed.","PeriodicalId":11824,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Toxicology & Water Quality","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87276243","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 8

Heptapeptide toxins contained in natural samples of Microcystis species 微囊藻天然标本中所含的七肽毒素

Environmental Toxicology & Water Quality Pub Date : 1989-11-01 DOI: 10.1002/TOX.2540040408

M. Watanabe, K. Harada, K. Matsuura, S. Oishi, Yasunori Watanabe, Makoto Suzuki

引用次数: 51

Copper toxicity in freshwater sediment and Aeromonas hydrophila cell suspensions measured using an O2 electrode 使用氧电极测量淡水沉积物和嗜水气单胞菌细胞悬浮液中的铜毒性

Environmental Toxicology & Water Quality Pub Date : 1989-11-01 DOI: 10.1002/TOX.2540040407

C. Flemming, J. Trevors

引用次数: 6

Production, detection, and quantification of cyanobacterial toxins 蓝藻毒素的生产、检测和定量

Environmental Toxicology & Water Quality Pub Date : 1989-11-01 DOI: 10.1002/TOX.2540040409

G. Codd, W. Brooks, I. Priestley, G. K. Poon, S. Bell, J. Fawell

引用次数: 26