Equine Veterinary Education最新文献

{"title":"Climate change. What role should equine veterinarians take?","authors":"Q. H. W. Wedmore, T. S. Mair","doi":"10.1111/eve.14084","DOIUrl":"10.1111/eve.14084","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":11786,"journal":{"name":"Equine Veterinary Education","volume":"37 5","pages":"228-229"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143749746","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Descriptive analysis of the use of and preferences for equine veterinary services","authors":"O. L. Gibson,&nbsp;E. Adam,&nbsp;C. J. Stowe","doi":"10.1111/eve.14100","DOIUrl":"10.1111/eve.14100","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Little is known about horse owners' use of and preferences for equine veterinary services, which are key components of the financial health of equine veterinary practices and challenges facing the profession.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objectives</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The objective of this research is to describe horse owners' use of and preferences for equine veterinary services and assess their willingness to adapt to changes in delivery of services.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Study design</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>An online survey was used to collect data for the study. The target audience was US residents aged 18+ who were financially responsible for at least one horse, pony, mule or donkey.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The online survey was distributed through participating organisations' social media and email lists. Microsoft Excel 16 was used to tabulate summary statistics.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The survey received a total of 4915 usable responses from every state in the United States. Most respondents are financially responsible for one to five horses, have a primary equine veterinarian and are visited by a veterinarian two to four times per year. Low rates of equine health savings accounts and health insurance may limit financial access to veterinary care. The majority of respondents report a willingness to accommodate deviations from traditional delivery of services. The most common maximum willingness-to-pay for annual vaccinations was $150, lameness exams was $200 and emergency colic surgery was $5000.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Main limitations</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The response rate cannot be computed due to the distribution method. The representativeness of the sample cannot be determined due to lack of information on the horse owning population. In stated preference studies, hypothetical bias is common.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The results from this survey provide the first-known documented evidence on the utilisation of equine veterinary services in the United States, willingness to adapt to changes and willingness to pay for three sample services. These data can inform the profession on attitudes towards services provided.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":11786,"journal":{"name":"Equine Veterinary Education","volume":"37 9","pages":"490-497"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144782503","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Progressive sequential development of left and right-sided idiopathic recurrent laryngeal neuropathy in a Standardbred racehorse","authors":"H. M. B. Olsen,&nbsp;R. Sørby,&nbsp;E. Strand","doi":"10.1111/eve.14089","DOIUrl":"10.1111/eve.14089","url":null,"abstract":"<p>A 4-year-old Standardbred racehorse presented to the hospital due to poor performance and abnormal respiratory noises. A high-speed treadmill videoendoscopic examination including tracheal airway pressure measurements was performed. Grade C left recurrent neuropathy was diagnosed and a prosthetic laryngoplasty was performed. Following surgery, the horse went back into training and eventually racing and performed well in its first two starts. Ten and a half months later the horse re-presented with abnormal respiratory noise, and poor performance had returned. Therefore, the examination was repeated. This revealed that the left arytenoid cartilage was in a similar abducted position as immediately after prosthetic laryngoplasty surgery. However, right-sided arytenoid paresis was present as well as bilateral aryepiglottic fold collapse and right vocal fold collapse. Bilateral aryepiglottic fold resection and right vocal cordectomy was performed using a diode laser under standing sedation. The horse presented a third time, four and a half months later. At this point, the horse had developed right arytenoid paralysis, and it was euthanised. Necroscopy and histopathological examinations were performed. The right cricoarytenoideus dorsalis muscle was moderately reduced in size and showed signs of denervation atrophy. There was loss of normal myelinated fibres of both recurrent laryngeal nerves as well as evidence of active degeneration of the right recurrent laryngeal nerve. In the way the horse sequentially developed first left-sided then right-sided arytenoid paralysis, combined with histological evidence of nerve degeneration, a diagnosis of ‘clinical’ bilateral idiopathic recurrent laryngeal neuropathy was established.</p>","PeriodicalId":11786,"journal":{"name":"Equine Veterinary Education","volume":"37 6","pages":"e98-e104"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/eve.14089","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143913989","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ependymoma in a filly","authors":"M. C. de Sousa,&nbsp;A. F. M. S. C. Ferreira,&nbsp;T. C. Peixoto,&nbsp;S. D. S. dos Reis,&nbsp;D. C. R. Dias,&nbsp;P. V. Leal","doi":"10.1111/eve.14090","DOIUrl":"10.1111/eve.14090","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The goal of this case report is a description of the clinical presentation and diagnosis of ependymoma in a Quarter Horse filly with neurological clinical signs. Macroscopic examination identified an irregular, reddish, gelatinous mass with infiltrative growth in the fourth ventricle and choroid plexus. Histopathological findings revealed the proliferation of moderately pleomorphic ependymal cells, which compressed and infiltrated the adjacent parenchyma. The cells presented a papillary arrangement forming single or multiple layers, sometimes organised in the form of rosettes with a central area filled with eosinophilic amorphous material. The cells were characterised by sparse, basophilic cytoplasm, round to ovoid nuclei, granular chromatin and inconspicuous nucleoli. Neoplastic cells were immunopositive for S-100 and vimentin. Macroscopic and microscopic findings are compatible with a final diagnosis of ependymoma. In young animals, although less frequently reported, neoplasia should be considered a differential diagnosis for animals presenting with neurologic signs.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":11786,"journal":{"name":"Equine Veterinary Education","volume":"37 9","pages":"e192-e195"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144782749","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Highlights of recent clinically relevant papers","authors":"S. Wright","doi":"10.1111/eve.14078","DOIUrl":"10.1111/eve.14078","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":11786,"journal":{"name":"Equine Veterinary Education","volume":"37 2","pages":"58-59"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143112618","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative analysis of clinical, haematological and serum biochemical profiles in polo horses and their sedentary counterparts","authors":"O. O. Akinniyi,&nbsp;D. T. Okuneye,&nbsp;B. A. Alaba,&nbsp;O. G. Banwo,&nbsp;S. A. Koleosho,&nbsp;O. T. Jeremiah,&nbsp;T. O. Omobowale","doi":"10.1111/eve.14083","DOIUrl":"10.1111/eve.14083","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;div&gt;\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 &lt;section&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;h3&gt; Background&lt;/h3&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;p&gt;Regular exercise benefits horses' overall health; yet data on long-term physiological adaptations in polo horses remains limited.&lt;/p&gt;\u0000 &lt;/section&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;section&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;h3&gt; Objectives&lt;/h3&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;p&gt;The study aimed to compare the clinical, haematology and serum biochemical profiles of polo and sedentary horses.&lt;/p&gt;\u0000 &lt;/section&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;section&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;h3&gt; Study design&lt;/h3&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;p&gt;Cross-sectional study.&lt;/p&gt;\u0000 &lt;/section&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;section&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;h3&gt; Methods&lt;/h3&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;p&gt;Forty adult mares (20 sedentary and 20 polo), aged 10–15 years, were evaluated. The polo horses had competed in three major high-goal and nine medium/low-goal tournaments in the previous 12 months and received daily exercise, while the sedentary horses were for leisure and kept in their stalls most of the time with no physical activity. The study evaluated the following clinical parameters at rest: respiratory rate (RR), rectal temperature (RT), blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR). Blood samples were collected from the jugular vein via 10 mL syringes and analysed for haematological and biochemical parameters. Independent &lt;i&gt;t&lt;/i&gt; test was used for statistical analysis, with a &lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt; ≤ 0.05 considered significant.&lt;/p&gt;\u0000 &lt;/section&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;section&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;h3&gt; Results&lt;/h3&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;p&gt;Polo horses showed significantly lower (&lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt; &lt; 0.05) resting respiratory rate, heart rate, systolic blood pressure, and mean arterial pressure compared to sedentary horses. Haematologically, polo horses exhibited higher (&lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt; &lt; 0.05) packed cell volume (37.2 ± 5.9% vs. 33.1 ± 3.0%), haemoglobin (12.1 ± 2.1 vs. 10.8 ± 1.0 g/dL), red blood cells (5.9 ± 1.1 vs. 5.2 ± 0.8 × 10&lt;sup&gt;6&lt;/sup&gt;/μL) and platelets (127.4 ± 17.7 vs. 108.1 ± 20.5 × 10&lt;sup&gt;9&lt;/sup&gt;/μL). Biochemically, polo horses demonstrated higher (&lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt; &lt; 0.05) total protein, albumin, globulin, creatinine, total bilirubin, creatine kinase, and high-density lipoprotein, while showing lower (&lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt; &lt; 0.05) aspartate transaminase, alkaline phosphatase, blood urea nitrogen, cholesterol, triglycerides and low-density lipoprotein. No significant differences (&lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt; &gt; 0.05) were observed in rectal temperature, diastolic blood pressure, most white blood cell parameters, glucose, electrolytes and several other biochemical markers.&lt;/p&gt;\u0000 &lt;/section&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;section&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;h3&gt; Conclusion&lt;/h3&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;p&gt;Regular polo training induces favourable physiological adaptations. Future research should track these changes longitudinally and inform improved training and care strategies for equine athletes.&lt;/p&gt;\u0000 &lt;/sect","PeriodicalId":11786,"journal":{"name":"Equine Veterinary Education","volume":"37 9","pages":"498-504"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144782698","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Factors affecting the mean electrical axis of the heart in trained Thoroughbreds","authors":"M. Felici,&nbsp;P. Pratelli,&nbsp;A. Gazzano,&nbsp;F. Cecchi,&nbsp;G. Incastrone,&nbsp;N. Bernabò,&nbsp;P. Baragli","doi":"10.1111/eve.14094","DOIUrl":"10.1111/eve.14094","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Assuming that the ventricular myocardium of horses is subjected to exercise-induced hypertrophy, we hypothesised that the mean electrical axis (MEA) of the heart would change.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objectives</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>To define a longitudinal study to detect any changes in the direction of the MEA in Thoroughbred horses using ECG.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Study design</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>ECGs were recorded on each horse in each training group at day 0 (T0), 1 month (T1) and 2 months (T2) of training.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>A total of 43 Thoroughbred horses in training in Italy were recruited. The horses were divided into three groups according to age. The ECGs were recorded by positioning the electrodes according to Dubois's method for measuring MEA in the frontal plane. Intervals with artefact-free QRS complexes in both bipolar DI and augmented unipolar aVF leads were selected, and the vector obtained was identified as the MEA. The statistical analysis was performed via generalised linear mixed model (GLMM) and principal component analysis (PCA).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>A statistically significant effect of time passing between T0 and T2 (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.001) and an interaction between time and sex on the MEA was found (<i>p</i> = 0.04). PCA revealed that the population studied had different patterns, with three horses showing higher variability in the MEA direction.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Main limitations</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>There was no good sex balance in the age groups of the population studied, and there was no control group. The 1-month sampling intervals of ECGs may have been too short. Confirmatory studies are needed.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We believe that our results are the first to suggest that training may lead to changes in MEA orientation in horses. Sex and individuality were found to influence MEA orientation and may have contributed to the difficulty in detecting training-dependent changes in MEA to date.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":11786,"journal":{"name":"Equine Veterinary Education","volume":"37 9","pages":"471-478"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/eve.14094","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144782653","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Intra-articular corticosteroids: Systematic review of effects on osteoarthritis and joint health","authors":"P. K. A. Tokawa,&nbsp;R. Y. A. Baccarin,&nbsp;G. M. Zanotto","doi":"10.1111/eve.14097","DOIUrl":"10.1111/eve.14097","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The importance of intra-articular corticosteroid treatment for osteoarthritis, with its possible adverse effects, requires a comprehensive review.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objectives</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This review answers the following questions: (1) What evidence is available regarding the symptom-modifying and disease-modifying changes related to a single intra-articular corticosteroid injection for treating osteoarthritis in horses and humans? (2) What evidence suggests corticosteroids are detrimental to equine joint health?</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Study design</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Systematic review.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>A systematic search was conducted in June 2022 in PubMed, CAB and the Web of Science. Inclusion criteria were applied to titles and abstracts. For each question, further criteria were applied. The risk of bias was assessed according to the study design.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Searches generated 6417 titles. Twenty-three articles fit all inclusion criteria for single-injection corticosteroid treatments and 21 were included for their relevance to corticosteroid effects on joint health. Single-injection protocols lead to short-term symptom-modifying osteoarthritic changes with conflicting results regarding disease-modifying osteoarthritis effects. Healthy joints demonstrated disturbances in metabolism and tissue changes both in vivo and in vitro after corticosteroid. A dose-dependent effect was found in vitro.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Main limitations</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>There is a lack of studies regarding the questions, primarily for equine species. Furthermore, the majority of studies were rated as ‘unclear risk of bias’.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Symptom-modifying osteoarthritic changes after a single injection are short-term, and a consistent disease-modifying effect on osteoarthritis has yet to be established. Joint health is disturbed by corticosteroids as their effects on normal joints show adverse changes in tissues and metabolism.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":11786,"journal":{"name":"Equine Veterinary Education","volume":"37 7","pages":"371-381"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144206819","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Paraneoplastic pruritus in a 7-year-old Slovak Warmblood with malignant round cell tumour","authors":"N. Rovňanová,&nbsp;V. Kostolániová,&nbsp;K. Lešková,&nbsp;S. H. Csizmár,&nbsp;Z. Žert","doi":"10.1111/eve.14091","DOIUrl":"10.1111/eve.14091","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>A 7-year-old Slovak Warmblood gelding, used as a police horse, initially presented to the referral clinic as a 5-year-old, with a prominent nonhealing, itchy hypertrophic scar on the distal limb, which required surgical removal. After removal of the scar and successful closure of the skin, it was necessary to bandage the healing wound to prevent self-mutilation as the site remained pruritic post-operatively. Two years later, the horse was presented to the clinic again, but this time with pruritic and alopecic regions of the head, neck, limbs and base of the tail. Attempts to find the cause of dermal irritation included dermatological, parasitological, microbiological and ultrasonographic examination. Treatment with corticosteroids, antiparasitics and antibiotics were not successful. Further investigation, due to the horse's worsening general status, subsequently identified marked pleural effusion. Cytology of the pleural fluid confirmed there was, as suspected, neoplastic changes in the thoracic cavity. Upon post-mortem, there were gross pathological changes of the lymphatic tissue of the cranial mediastinum, surroundings of the thoracic aorta and the lymph nodes of the abdominal cavity. Histology of the lymphatic nodes confirmed poorly differentiated round cell tumours. Histopathological findings suggested that there was a very aggressive form of lymphoma present. The pruritus, generalised moth-eaten alopecia and self-mutilation were the first symptoms of terminal disease in this case.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":11786,"journal":{"name":"Equine Veterinary Education","volume":"37 9","pages":"e196-e202"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144782652","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Review of intra-articular 2.5% polyacrylamide hydrogel, a new concept in the management of osteoarthritis","authors":"A. Tnibar","doi":"10.1111/eve.14087","DOIUrl":"10.1111/eve.14087","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Recent observational and experimental trials have demonstrated that intra-articular 2.5% injectable polyacrylamide hydrogel (2.5 iPAAG) is highly effective, lasting and safe for the treatment of equine osteoarthritis (OA). Over the last decade, intra-articular 2.5 iPAAG has shown to be a potent and promising drug in the medication of OA in horses, as no other single medical treatment for OA has such prolonged efficacy. Preliminary observations on the mechanisms of action of intra-articular 2.5 iPAAG support a mechanical effect through integration into the synovial membrane, an increase in joint elasticity possibly reducing overall joint capsule stiffness, and provision of lasting viscosupplementation which contributes to protecting articular surfaces. Because 2.5 iPAAG is an inert and biocompatible hydrogel, no effects on arthrocentesis cytology parameters have been observed. Studies also suggest that the positive effects of 2.5 iPAAG occur in the absence of intra-articular neurotoxicity or fibrosis, with a low-level macrophage-driven foreign body response. The effect on the synovial membrane and joint capsule and the long-acting viscosupplementation represent new concepts in the management of equine OA.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":11786,"journal":{"name":"Equine Veterinary Education","volume":"37 3","pages":"161-168"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/eve.14087","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143253387","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}