{"title":"The semantics of Mandarin futurates","authors":"Yuyin He","doi":"10.1075/lali.00154.he","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/lali.00154.he","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This paper investigates future interpretations in Mandarin declarative root clauses without overt future modals,\u0000 i.e., Mandarin futurates. Mandarin futurates require future time adverbs and schedulable eventualities, which denote future\u0000 readings relative to the utterance time or a context-determined past time. Moreover, Mandarin futurates presuppose the existence\u0000 of a plan in the context and are incompatible with a single perfective aspect marker le1\u0000 . To account\u0000 for these facts, I argue that a covert future modal m-plan is present in futurates and extend the formal analysis for\u0000 English simple futurates to Mandarin with necessary modifications.","PeriodicalId":117772,"journal":{"name":"Language and Linguistics / 語言暨語言學","volume":"117 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139802048","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Sortal classifiers and noun categorization in Zauzou","authors":"Yu Li","doi":"10.1075/lali.00155.li","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/lali.00155.li","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This paper investigates the sortal classifier system in Zauzou, a Tibeto-Burman language spoken in Southwest\u0000 China. Three etymological subclasses – repeater, non-repeater, and quasi-repeaters – are identified in two morphosyntactic\u0000 contexts: the bare classifier phrase [n+clf] and the full noun phrase [n+mod+clf], serving as an\u0000 “individualizer” that transforms unindividualized nominal concepts into referential individuals. The three types of classifiers\u0000 classify nouns on the basis of different semantic parameters that differ in terms of semantic contrastiveness. Animacy, shape,\u0000 size, rigidity and quanta are non-contrastive semantic parameters commonly found among non-repeaters. Repeaters and\u0000 quasi-repeaters categorize nouns primarily on the basis of semantically contrastive taxonomy, meronomy, or arrangement. With\u0000 respect to the function of quantification, repeaters, quasi-repeaters, and non-repeaters are identical in [n+mod+clf] but\u0000 diverge in [n+clf]. They do not uniformly render the singular interpretation with all kinds of referents in\u0000 [n+clf]. Non-repeaters are more grammaticalized classifiers than (quasi-)repeaters. The Zauzou data provide evidence\u0000 for the development from repeaters to non-repeaters, on a par with the commonly recognized grammaticalization path from nouns to\u0000 classifiers, which is conditioned by two types of “parameter shift”. This study offers a descriptive model that effectively\u0000 captures the relationship between semantic-functional properties of sortal classifiers and their historical development in\u0000 “repeater” languages.","PeriodicalId":117772,"journal":{"name":"Language and Linguistics / 語言暨語言學","volume":"79 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139860841","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The semantics of Mandarin futurates","authors":"Yuyin He","doi":"10.1075/lali.00154.he","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/lali.00154.he","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This paper investigates future interpretations in Mandarin declarative root clauses without overt future modals,\u0000 i.e., Mandarin futurates. Mandarin futurates require future time adverbs and schedulable eventualities, which denote future\u0000 readings relative to the utterance time or a context-determined past time. Moreover, Mandarin futurates presuppose the existence\u0000 of a plan in the context and are incompatible with a single perfective aspect marker le1\u0000 . To account\u0000 for these facts, I argue that a covert future modal m-plan is present in futurates and extend the formal analysis for\u0000 English simple futurates to Mandarin with necessary modifications.","PeriodicalId":117772,"journal":{"name":"Language and Linguistics / 語言暨語言學","volume":"22 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139861844","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The sole relative marker","authors":"Xinjunrong Huang, Cheng-Yu Edwin Tsai","doi":"10.1075/lali.00156.tsa","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/lali.00156.tsa","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The exclusive expression weiyi ‘sole/only’ in Mandarin can appear preverbally in a relative\u0000 clause (e.g., wo weiyi xihuan de shu ‘the sole book I like’) but not in other types of clauses (e.g., *Wo\u0000 weiyi xihuan shu, intended: ‘I only like books’). This paper first justifies the claim that weiyi\u0000 may not only function as an adjectival modifier but also appear preverbally inside a relative clause, and then demonstrates how\u0000 weiyi is related to definiteness and takes scope out of a relative clause. It is proposed that preverbal\u0000 weiyi is part of a DP which undergoes overt A’-movement in the process of relativization. The syntactic\u0000 structure and semantic composition of a matching analysis are offered to show how a uniform account can be given across adjectival\u0000 and relative weiyi. A major implication of this paper is that Mandarin does not possess a relative pronoun but\u0000 allows a DP-internal focus expression to mark syntactic movement in relativization. A comparison between relative constructions\u0000 involving weiyi and English all-clefts is also discussed.","PeriodicalId":117772,"journal":{"name":"Language and Linguistics / 語言暨語言學","volume":"32 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139859797","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Interrogatives of reason in Tibeto-Burman languages of Sichuan","authors":"Hongdi Ding, Sicong Dong","doi":"10.1075/lali.00153.don","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/lali.00153.don","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This is a typological study of the why-interrogative expressions in Tibeto-Burman languages, or\u0000 the non-Chinese Sino-Tibetan languages, in Sichuan, southwest China. After examining 22 languages/dialects, the interrogative\u0000 category of reason is grouped into three types, viz. the distinct why-type, the how-type, and\u0000 the what-type, according to the interrogative categories from which they are derived. It is discovered that the\u0000 what-type is the dominant strategy for languages in Sichuan to derive the reason category. It is also common\u0000 for Tibeto-Burman languages to use verbal interrogatives, namely interrogative verb phrases and interrogative words with verbal\u0000 origins, dominantly in the sense of ‘to do what’ and ‘to become what’, to ask for reason. After a focused investigation of the\u0000 verbal interrogatives, it is found that Tibeto-Burman languages in Sichuan distinguish purpose from cause via word/phrase\u0000 distinction, sentential positions and semantic differences. A path of grammaticalization of the verbal interrogatives is thus\u0000 proposed and analyzed. Finally, the derivation maps of interrogatives in Cysouw (2005)\u0000 and Hölzl (2018) are complemented with a refined distinction between purpose and\u0000 cause.","PeriodicalId":117772,"journal":{"name":"Language and Linguistics / 語言暨語言學","volume":"56 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139860587","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The sole relative marker","authors":"Xinjunrong Huang, Cheng-Yu Edwin Tsai","doi":"10.1075/lali.00156.tsa","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/lali.00156.tsa","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The exclusive expression weiyi ‘sole/only’ in Mandarin can appear preverbally in a relative\u0000 clause (e.g., wo weiyi xihuan de shu ‘the sole book I like’) but not in other types of clauses (e.g., *Wo\u0000 weiyi xihuan shu, intended: ‘I only like books’). This paper first justifies the claim that weiyi\u0000 may not only function as an adjectival modifier but also appear preverbally inside a relative clause, and then demonstrates how\u0000 weiyi is related to definiteness and takes scope out of a relative clause. It is proposed that preverbal\u0000 weiyi is part of a DP which undergoes overt A’-movement in the process of relativization. The syntactic\u0000 structure and semantic composition of a matching analysis are offered to show how a uniform account can be given across adjectival\u0000 and relative weiyi. A major implication of this paper is that Mandarin does not possess a relative pronoun but\u0000 allows a DP-internal focus expression to mark syntactic movement in relativization. A comparison between relative constructions\u0000 involving weiyi and English all-clefts is also discussed.","PeriodicalId":117772,"journal":{"name":"Language and Linguistics / 語言暨語言學","volume":"92 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139799845","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Sortal classifiers and noun categorization in Zauzou","authors":"Yu Li","doi":"10.1075/lali.00155.li","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/lali.00155.li","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This paper investigates the sortal classifier system in Zauzou, a Tibeto-Burman language spoken in Southwest\u0000 China. Three etymological subclasses – repeater, non-repeater, and quasi-repeaters – are identified in two morphosyntactic\u0000 contexts: the bare classifier phrase [n+clf] and the full noun phrase [n+mod+clf], serving as an\u0000 “individualizer” that transforms unindividualized nominal concepts into referential individuals. The three types of classifiers\u0000 classify nouns on the basis of different semantic parameters that differ in terms of semantic contrastiveness. Animacy, shape,\u0000 size, rigidity and quanta are non-contrastive semantic parameters commonly found among non-repeaters. Repeaters and\u0000 quasi-repeaters categorize nouns primarily on the basis of semantically contrastive taxonomy, meronomy, or arrangement. With\u0000 respect to the function of quantification, repeaters, quasi-repeaters, and non-repeaters are identical in [n+mod+clf] but\u0000 diverge in [n+clf]. They do not uniformly render the singular interpretation with all kinds of referents in\u0000 [n+clf]. Non-repeaters are more grammaticalized classifiers than (quasi-)repeaters. The Zauzou data provide evidence\u0000 for the development from repeaters to non-repeaters, on a par with the commonly recognized grammaticalization path from nouns to\u0000 classifiers, which is conditioned by two types of “parameter shift”. This study offers a descriptive model that effectively\u0000 captures the relationship between semantic-functional properties of sortal classifiers and their historical development in\u0000 “repeater” languages.","PeriodicalId":117772,"journal":{"name":"Language and Linguistics / 語言暨語言學","volume":"15 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139801086","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Interrogatives of reason in Tibeto-Burman languages of Sichuan","authors":"Hongdi Ding, Sicong Dong","doi":"10.1075/lali.00153.don","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/lali.00153.don","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This is a typological study of the why-interrogative expressions in Tibeto-Burman languages, or\u0000 the non-Chinese Sino-Tibetan languages, in Sichuan, southwest China. After examining 22 languages/dialects, the interrogative\u0000 category of reason is grouped into three types, viz. the distinct why-type, the how-type, and\u0000 the what-type, according to the interrogative categories from which they are derived. It is discovered that the\u0000 what-type is the dominant strategy for languages in Sichuan to derive the reason category. It is also common\u0000 for Tibeto-Burman languages to use verbal interrogatives, namely interrogative verb phrases and interrogative words with verbal\u0000 origins, dominantly in the sense of ‘to do what’ and ‘to become what’, to ask for reason. After a focused investigation of the\u0000 verbal interrogatives, it is found that Tibeto-Burman languages in Sichuan distinguish purpose from cause via word/phrase\u0000 distinction, sentential positions and semantic differences. A path of grammaticalization of the verbal interrogatives is thus\u0000 proposed and analyzed. Finally, the derivation maps of interrogatives in Cysouw (2005)\u0000 and Hölzl (2018) are complemented with a refined distinction between purpose and\u0000 cause.","PeriodicalId":117772,"journal":{"name":"Language and Linguistics / 語言暨語言學","volume":"186 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139800899","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Cleaving idioms with right-node-raising","authors":"Jeong-Seok Kim, Duk-Ho Jung, Jin Hyung Lee","doi":"10.1075/lali.00148.kim","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/lali.00148.kim","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This paper examines right-node-raising (RNR) with idiom chunks. RNR sentences allow idiomatic interpretation when\u0000 they contain the whole idiom chunk within the pivot (i.e., the shared element) (e.g., Jessica believed, but Zac doubted, that\u0000 Justin popped the question.), but those containing only a part of the idiom within the pivot do not (e.g., #John\u0000 kicked, and Mary filled, the bucket.). Given this, Woo\u0000 (2015) argues for a multidominance approach (cf. Wilder 1999) to RNR in that\u0000 the multiply dominated pivot must not be partially shared for idiomatic interpretation. However, we report that even if the pivot\u0000 contains the whole idiom part, the issue of missing idiomatic interpretation in RNR still lingers (e.g., #We played a party game,\u0000 and they used an ice hammer, to break the ice.). In order to deal with this problem, multidominance, movement, or\u0000 PF deletion analyses must resort to an extra interpretive parallelism according to which a pivot cannot be used in two different\u0000 senses simultaneously. From this perspective, we argue that an LF copying approach can explain the idiomaticity in RNR without\u0000 extra proviso since under this analysis, it is not necessary to postulate a separate LF constraint of interpretive symmetry. We\u0000 extend our analysis to Korean (and Japanese) data pertaining to RNR with idiomatic or polysemous expressions. We thus conclude\u0000 that lexical mismatches and interpretive mismatches in English and Korean RNR are solid evidence of interpretive identity in\u0000 RNR.","PeriodicalId":117772,"journal":{"name":"Language and Linguistics / 語言暨語言學","volume":"122 37","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139391449","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Topic drop and pro drop","authors":"C. -T. James Huang, Barry C.-Y. Yang","doi":"10.1075/lali.00147.yan","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/lali.00147.yan","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000One major difference between Chinese-type and German-type languages is that the former allows extensive types of argument drop, while the latter is quite limited beyond the existence of a null topic. This study argues (a) that it is necessary to distinguish among phenomena that have sometimes been referred to with the undifferentiating term “radical pro drop”; (b) that the null topic is restricted to root clauses (CP edge) based on its locality properties; (c) that the Chinese-type null topic requires licensing at the CP edge by Internal Merge; and (d) that the CP edge requirement may be lifted only under conditions of last resort. Evidence comes from our new observation of locality effects showing a contrast between overt and null topics. Specifically, while the pro option is available with an overt topic, null topics must be brought to the CP edge via Internal Merge.","PeriodicalId":117772,"journal":{"name":"Language and Linguistics / 語言暨語言學","volume":"131 26","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139453410","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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