Ethics & International Affairs最新文献_第2页

Mapping the Lethal Autonomous Weapons Debate: An Introduction 绘制致命自主武器辩论地图：导言

IF 1.3 3区哲学

Ethics & International Affairs Pub Date : 2023-12-01 DOI: 10.1017/S0892679423000345

Josephine Jackson

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引用次数: 0

Introduction: Probing the Limits of Ethical Espionage 导论:探索伦理间谍活动的界限

IF 1.3 3区哲学

Ethics & International Affairs Pub Date : 2023-08-29 DOI: 10.1017/s0892679423000163

Juan Espindola

引用次数: 0

Artificial Intelligence and the Problem of Judgment 人工智能与判断问题

IF 1.3 3区哲学

Ethics & International Affairs Pub Date : 2023-08-29 DOI: 10.1017/S089267942300014X

Zeynep Pamuk

{"title":"Artificial Intelligence and the Problem of Judgment","authors":"Zeynep Pamuk","doi":"10.1017/S089267942300014X","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S089267942300014X","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Will existing forms of artificial intelligence (AI) lead to genuine intelligence? How is AI changing our society and politics? This essay examines the answers to these questions in Brian Cantwell Smith's The Promise of Artificial Intelligence and Mark Coeckelbergh's The Political Philosophy of AI with a focus on their central concern with judgment—whether AI can possess judgment and how developments in AI are affecting human judgment. First, I argue that the existentialist conception of judgment that Smith defends is highly idealized. While it may be an appropriate standard for intelligence, its implications for when and how AI should be deployed are not as clear as Smith suggests. Second, I point out that the concern with the displacement of judgment in favor of “reckoning” (or calculation) predates the rise of AI. The meaning and implications of this trend will become clearer if we move beyond ontology and metaphysics and into political philosophy, situating technological changes in their social context. Finally, I suggest that Coeckelbergh's distinctly political conception of judgment might offer a solution to the important boundary-drawing problem between tasks requiring judgment and those requiring reckoning, thus filling a gap in Smith's argument and clarifying its political stakes.","PeriodicalId":11772,"journal":{"name":"Ethics & International Affairs","volume":"32 1","pages":"232 - 243"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2023-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83269881","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Multilateralism and the Global Co-Responsibility of Care in Times of a Pandemic: The Legal Duty to Cooperate 大流行时期多边主义与全球共同照顾责任:合作的法律义务

IF 1.3 3区哲学

Ethics & International Affairs Pub Date : 2023-08-29 DOI: 10.1017/S0892679423000230

Thana C. de Campos-Rudinsky

{"title":"Multilateralism and the Global Co-Responsibility of Care in Times of a Pandemic: The Legal Duty to Cooperate","authors":"Thana C. de Campos-Rudinsky","doi":"10.1017/S0892679423000230","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0892679423000230","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This article challenges the orthodox view of international law, according to which states have no legal duty to cooperate. It argues for this legal duty in the context of COVID-19, based on the ethical principles of solidarity, stewardship, and subsidiarity. More specifically, the article argues that states have a legal duty to cooperate during a pandemic (as solidarity requires); and while this duty entails an extraterritorial responsibility to care for and assist other nations (as stewardship requires), the legal duty to cooperate still allows states to attend first to the basic needs of those under their own jurisdiction—namely, fellow nationals and residents (as subsidiarity requires). The article provides a definition and philosophical justifications for this legal duty that are lacking in the literature by examining its application to a current COVID-19 controversy: namely, states’ responsibility to assist other countries in greater need by, inter alia, exporting at a discount or donating scarce COVID-19 treatments (including vaccines). In providing a principled tripartite account of pandemic governance, this conceptual and normative article offers a new lens for debating the potential international treaty for pandemic prevention, preparedness, and response that has now been drafted and is under negotiation at the World Health Assembly, by responding to the recent backlash against multilateralism by substantiating global co-responsibilities in times of pandemics and beyond.","PeriodicalId":11772,"journal":{"name":"Ethics & International Affairs","volume":"3 1","pages":"206 - 231"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2023-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73027197","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The Ethics of Economic Espionage 经济间谍的伦理

IF 1.3 3区哲学

Ethics & International Affairs Pub Date : 2023-08-29 DOI: 10.1017/S0892679423000138

Ross W. Bellaby

{"title":"The Ethics of Economic Espionage","authors":"Ross W. Bellaby","doi":"10.1017/S0892679423000138","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0892679423000138","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The ethical value of intelligence lies in its crucial role in safeguarding individuals from harm by detecting, locating, and preventing threats. As part of this undertaking, intelligence can include protecting the economic well-being of the political community and its people. Intelligence, however, also entails causing people harm when it violates their vital interests through its operations. The challenge, therefore, is how to reconcile this tension, which Cécile Fabre's recent book Spying through a Glass Darkly does by arguing for the “ongoing and preemptive imposition of defensive harm.” Fabre applies this underlying argument to the specifics of economic espionage to argue that while states, businesses, and individuals do have a general right over their information that prevents others from accessing it, such protections can be forfeited or overridden when there is a potential threat to the fundamental rights of third parties. This essay argues, however, that Fabre's discussion on economic espionage overlooks important additional proportionality and discrimination concerns that need to be accounted for. In addition to the privacy violations it causes, economic espionage can cause harms to people's other vital interests, including their physical and mental well-being and autonomy. Given the complex way in which the economy interlinks with people's lives and society, harms to one economic actor will have repercussions on those secondary economic entities dependent on them, such as workers, buyers, and investors. This, in turn, can produce further harms on other economic actors, causing damages to ripple outward across society.","PeriodicalId":11772,"journal":{"name":"Ethics & International Affairs","volume":"28 1","pages":"116 - 133"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2023-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81674766","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Tinker, Tailor, Soldier, Informer: Revisiting the Ethics of Espionage in the Context of Insurgencies and New Wars 补锅匠、裁缝、士兵、告密者:在叛乱和新战争的背景下重新审视间谍的伦理

IF 1.3 3区哲学

Ethics & International Affairs Pub Date : 2023-08-29 DOI: 10.1017/S0892679423000205

R. Dudai

{"title":"Tinker, Tailor, Soldier, Informer: Revisiting the Ethics of Espionage in the Context of Insurgencies and New Wars","authors":"R. Dudai","doi":"10.1017/S0892679423000205","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0892679423000205","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This essay starts by accepting Cécile Fabre's argument in her book Spying through a Glass Darkly that intelligence work, including using incentives and pressures to encourage betrayal and treason, can be morally justified based on the criteria of necessity, effectiveness, and proportionality. However, while assessments of spying tend to be based on Cold War notions, I explore it here in the messier reality of counterinsurgency, counterterrorism, and “new wars.” In addition, I suggest a methodological expansion: adding a sociological perspective to the ethical discussion by exploring the wider effects on society, over longer periods, of the operation of informers. Based on these shifts in perspective and context, I identify additional social harms generated by espionage that should lead to a more restrictive view of ethical espionage than the one emerging from Fabre's work. I argue that many of these social harms are created by the mass recruitment of informers, in asymmetrical conflicts where governments have leverage over suspected communities, and given the (often mistaken) belief that everyone recruited to act as informer is an “asset,” primarily providing advantages. I argue, therefore, that the decisive issue is one of scale: many of the ethical problems created by espionage in these contexts result from the widespread systematic recruitment of informers, while small-scale, targeted, ad-hoc recruitment can more easily avoid such problems.","PeriodicalId":11772,"journal":{"name":"Ethics & International Affairs","volume":"13 1","pages":"134 - 146"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2023-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88070802","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

Facial Recognition in War Contexts: Mass Surveillance and Mass Atrocity 面部识别在战争背景下:大规模监视和大规模暴行

IF 1.3 3区哲学

Ethics & International Affairs Pub Date : 2023-08-29 DOI: 10.1017/S0892679423000151

J. Espindola

引用次数: 2

Technology in Espionage and Counterintelligence: Some Cautionary Lessons from Armed Conflict 间谍和反情报技术:武装冲突的一些警世教训

IF 1.3 3区哲学

Ethics & International Affairs Pub Date : 2023-08-29 DOI: 10.1017/S0892679423000199

A. Leveringhaus

{"title":"Technology in Espionage and Counterintelligence: Some Cautionary Lessons from Armed Conflict","authors":"A. Leveringhaus","doi":"10.1017/S0892679423000199","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0892679423000199","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This essay contends that the ethics around the use of spy technology to gather intelligence (TECHINT) during espionage and counterintelligence operations is ambiguous. To build this argument, the essay critically scrutinizes Cécile Fabre's recent and excellent book Spying through a Glass Darkly, which argues that there are no ethical differences between the use of human intelligence (HUMINT) obtained from or by human assets and TECHINT in these operations. As the essay explains, Fabre arrives at this position by treating TECHINT as a like-for-like replacement for HUMINT. The essay argues instead that TECHINT is unlikely to act as a like-for-like replacement for HUMINT. As such, TECHINT might transform existing practices of espionage and counterintelligence, giving rise to new ethical challenges not captured in Fabre's analysis. To illustrate the point, the essay builds an analogy between TECHINT and recent armed conflicts in which precision weapons have been deployed. Although precision weapons seem ethically desirable, their availability has created new practices of waging war that are ethically problematic. By analogy, TECHINT, though not intrinsically undesirable, has the capacity to generate new practices of intelligence gathering that are ethically problematic—potentially more than HUMINT. Ultimately, recent negative experiences with the use of precision weaponry should caution against an overly positive assessment of TECHINT's ethical desirability.","PeriodicalId":11772,"journal":{"name":"Ethics & International Affairs","volume":"18 1","pages":"147 - 160"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2023-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89694406","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 2

Cyber Intelligence and Influence: In Defense of “Cyber Manipulation Operations” to Parry Atrocities 网络情报和影响:为阻止暴行的“网络操纵行动”辩护

IF 1.3 3区哲学

Ethics & International Affairs Pub Date : 2023-08-29 DOI: 10.1017/S0892679423000187

引用次数: 1

The Wealth of Refugees: How Displaced People Can Build Economies (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2021), Alexander Betts, 448 pp., cloth $25.95, eBook $17.99. 《难民的财富:流离失所的人如何建立经济》(牛津:牛津大学出版社，2021年)，亚历山大·贝茨，448页，布面25.95美元，电子书17.99美元。

IF 1.3 3区哲学

Ethics & International Affairs Pub Date : 2023-08-29 DOI: 10.1017/S0892679423000229

Brad K. Blitz

引用次数: 0